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Kitagawa F, Takahashi K, Osanai R, Sasaki R, Kawai T. Application of on-line sample preconcentration by large-volume dual preconcentration by isotachophoresis and stacking (LDIS) on straight-channel microchips. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:1611-1617. [PMID: 38753117 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, large-volume dual preconcentration by isotachophoresis and stacking (LDIS) which is an on-line sample preconcentration technique coupling large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump (LVSEP) with transient isotachophoresis (tITP) was applied to microchip electrophoresis (MCE) for improving both detection sensitivities and peak shapes. To realize LDIS in MCE, we investigated experimental procedures for injecting a short plug of a leading electrolyte (LE) solution into a straight microchannel without any sophisticated injector apparatus. We found that a short LE plug could be injected into a sample-filled straight-channel only by making the liquid level of the LE solution in an outlet reservoir higher than that in an inlet one. By applying a reversed-polarity voltage to the microchip, anionic analytes injected throughout the microchannel were first enriched by LVSEP, followed by tITP. Through the second preconcentration effect by tITP in LDIS, sensitivity enhancement factor (SEF) and asymmetry factor for a standard dye were improved from 878 and 0.62 to 1330 and 1.14, respectively, relative to those in conventional LVSEP. It should be noted that more viscous running buffer containing sieving polymers could be employed to the LDIS analysis, which was effective for improving the SEF and the separation efficiencies, especially for bio-polymeric compounds. Finally, LDIS was applied to the oligosaccharide and protein analyses in MCE, resulting in the SEFs of 1410 and ca. 50 for maltotriose and bovine milk casein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Takahashi
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Reina Osanai
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Ryota Sasaki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-Oka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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2
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Kitagawa F, Sato S, Suzuki T, Kawai T. Combination of on-line sample preconcentration by large-volume dual preconcentration by isotachophoresis and stacking (LDIS) with field-amplified sample injection (FASI) on Y-channel microchips. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00647-y. [PMID: 39164467 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
In our previous study, the combination of two on-line sample preconcentration techniques, large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow (EOF) pump (LVSEP) and transient isotachophoresis (tITP), in microchip electrophoresis (MCE) was developed, which was named large-volume dual preconcentration by isotachophoresis and stacking (LDIS). LDIS was apparently effective for improving the sensitivity and the peak shape. In LDIS, however, there was a limit to the improvement of the sensitivity enhancement factor (SEF) since the amount of analytes to be concentrated was limited to the channel volume. To overcome this issue, in the present article, LDIS was coupled with field-amplified sample injection (FASI) technique on Y-shaped channel microchips. The use of a Y-channel in LDIS-FASI allowed consecutive LVSEP, FASI and tITP enrichments with a simple voltage control. In conventional LVSEP and LDIS analyses of a standard analyte, the SEFs were evaluated to be 2630 and 13,100, respectively, whereas in LDIS-FASI that was increased to 27,900 even at the FASI injection time of 0 s. To achieve higher SEFs, furthermore, the FASI injection time was increased to 150 s, resulting in the best SEF of 58,500. It should be emphasized that the peak width in LDIS-FASI was quite narrow, only 0.3-3.1 s, while in normal LVSEP that was 13 s. Furthermore, the LDIS-FASI technique was applied to the analysis of oligosaccharide mixture. Due to the focusing effect by LDIS-FASI, the resolutions were improved from 0.97-1.57 to 2.08-2.73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Sora Sato
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-Oka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Kuzyk VO, Somsen GW, Haselberg R. CE-MS for Proteomics and Intact Protein Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:51-86. [PMID: 34628627 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter aims to explore various parameters involved in achieving high-end capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) analysis of proteins, peptides, and their posttranslational modifications. The structure of the topics discussed in this book chapter is conveniently mapped on the scheme of the CE-MS system itself, starting from sample preconcentration and injection techniques and finishing with mass analyzer considerations. After going through the technical considerations, a variety of relevant applications for this analytical approach are presented, including posttranslational modifications analysis, clinical biomarker discovery, and its growing use in the biotechnological industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia O Kuzyk
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Fukushi K, Hirokawa T, Timerbaev AR. Recent developments of capillary electrophoresis in seawater analysis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:360240. [PMID: 31109744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to the determination of various seawater analytes are critically examined, with the aim to reveal method's state-of-the-art and possible future research trends in the area. Given highly developed separation and detection methodology, emphasis is given to the most advantageous sample preconcentration strategies used to evolve the method's practical utility, particularly to low-level analytes. Analytical performance of CE applied to seawater analysis is illustrated with a selection of real-world applications published from 2006, from which it appears that the primary developmental tendency is presently confined to a transit from inorganic to organic seawater analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukushi
- Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, 657-8501 Kobe, Japan
| | - T Hirokawa
- Professor-in-residence, 1087-3, Kamifukawa-cho, Asakita-ku, 739-1752 Hiroshima, Japan
| | - A R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Kosygin St. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Breadmore MC, Grochocki W, Kalsoom U, Alves MN, Phung SC, Rokh MT, Cabot JM, Ghiasvand A, Li F, Shallan AI, Keyon ASA, Alhusban AA, See HH, Wuethrich A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2016-2018). Electrophoresis 2018; 40:17-39. [PMID: 30362581 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most cited limitations of capillary and microchip electrophoresis is the poor sensitivity. This review continues to update this series of biannual reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, on developments in the field of online/in-line concentration methods in capillaries and microchips, covering the period July 2016-June 2018. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large-volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction, and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wojciech Grochocki
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mónica N Alves
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Joan M Cabot
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Aliaa I Shallan
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aemi S Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ala A Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Lee HG, Kwon JY, Chung DS. Sensitive arsenic speciation by capillary electrophoresis using UV absorbance detection with on-line sample preconcentration techniques. Talanta 2018; 181:366-372. [PMID: 29426526 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline states that the total arsenic concentration in drinking water must not exceed 10 ppb. However, arsenic toxicity varies significantly, with inorganic arsenic species being more toxic than organic species. Arsenic speciation is therefore important for evaluating the health risks from arsenic-contaminated drinking water. Capillary electrophoresis provides the necessary high performance separation to determine arsenic species in water, but its sensitivity with absorbance detection is far below than needed. Using a coated capillary, several on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as large volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump, field amplified sample injection (FASI), transient isotachophoresis (tITP), electrokinetic supercharging (EKS) combining FASI and tITP, and counter flow (CF)-EKS, were therefore investigated. With CF-EKS using phosphate and N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonate as leading and terminating electrolytes, respectively, standard samples of arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid were preconcentrated from 6,300- to 45,000-fold. The limits of detection obtained with UV absorbance detection were 0.08-0.3 ppb As. For a spring water sample spiked with the four arsenic species, LODs of 2-9 ppb As were obtained, which are lower than the WHO guideline of 10 ppb total As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Gyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yub Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Lu Y, Hou X, Wang D, Zhong H. Advances of a capillary electrophoretic on-line concentration technique: Electrokinetic supercharging. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1330756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lu
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - X. Hou
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Dezhou People’s Hospital, Dezhou, P. R. China
| | - D. Wang
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
| | - H. Zhong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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8
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Crevillén AG, de Frutos M, Diez-Masa JC. On-chip single column transient isotachophoresis with free zone electrophoresis for preconcentration and separation of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Wuethrich A, Quirino JP. Sensitivity enhancing injection from a sample reservoir and channel interface in microchip electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:927-932. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) School of Physical Sciences‐Chemistry University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) School of Physical Sciences‐Chemistry University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
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10
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Breadmore MC, Wuethrich A, Li F, Phung SC, Kalsoom U, Cabot JM, Tehranirokh M, Shallan AI, Abdul Keyon AS, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2014–2016). Electrophoresis 2016; 38:33-59. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ASTech, ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Joan M. Cabot
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Masoomeh Tehranirokh
- ASTech, ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University Cairo Egypt
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and industrial Research Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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11
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Application of capillary electrophoresis with electrokinetic supercharging and sweeping for the on-line preconcentration of phenolic acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7093-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Lian DS, Zhao SJ. Highly sensitive analysis of nucleic acids using capillary gel electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection based on the combination of matrix field-amplified and head-column field-amplified stacking injection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 978-979:29-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Progress in stacking techniques based on field amplification of capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6129-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Ye X, Mori S, Xu Z, Hayakawa S, Hirokawa T. DNA aggregation and cleavage in CGE induced by high electric field in aqueous solution accompanying electrokinetic sample injection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3155-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ye
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Zhongqi Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile; Donghua University; Ministry of Education; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shinjiro Hayakawa
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
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15
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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16
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Ye X, Mori S, Yamada M, Inoue J, Xu Z, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic supercharging preconcentration prior to CGE analysis of DNA: Sensitivity depends on buffer viscosity and electrode configuration. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:583-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ye
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Mihoro Yamada
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Junji Inoue
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
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17
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Huang SW, Tzeng HF. Simultaneous determination of deoxycytidine diphosphate and deoxycytidine triphosphate by capillary electrophoresis with transient isotachophoretic stacking: a sensitive monitoring method for ribonucleotide reductase activity. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:536-42. [PMID: 22212996 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid capillary electrophoretic method was developed for simultaneous determination of sub-micromolar 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate (dCDP) and 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate (dCTP) levels in enzyme assays without using radioactively labeled substrates. The separation was performed at 25°C using MES in the BGE as the terminating ion, the chloride ions in the sample buffer as the leading ion, and PEG 4000 in the BGE as the EOF suppressor for sample stacking by transient isotachophoresis (tITP). Several parameters affecting the separation were investigated, including the pH of the BGE, the concentration of sodium chloride in the sample buffer, and the concentrations of MES and PEG 4000 in the running buffer. Good separation with high separation efficiency was achieved within 6 min under optimal conditions. In comparison with the simple CZE method, the present tITP-CZE method enabled a 150-fold increase in the injection time without any decrease in resolution and the sensitivity was enhanced up to two orders of magnitude with the new method. The linear range of the method was 0.1-10 μM for dCDP and dCTP. The limits of detection of dCDP and dCTP were 85 and 73 nM, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the activity assay of ribonucleotide reductase from Hep G2 and Sf9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou County, Taiwan
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18
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Kašička V. Recent developments in CE and CEC of peptides (2009-2011). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:48-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. CE of inorganic species - A review of methodological advancements over 2009-2010. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:196-210. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Yamamoto S, Watanabe Y, Nishida N, Suzuki S. Simultaneous concentration enrichment and electrophoretic separation of weak acids on a microchip, using in situ
photopolymerized carboxylate-type polyacrylamide gels as the permselective preconcentrator. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2879-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Dawod M, Chung DS. High-sensitivity capillary and microchip electrophoresis using electrokinetic supercharging. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2790-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Xu Z, Kawahito K, Ye X, Timerbaev AR, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic supercharging with a system-induced terminator and an optimized capillary versus electrode configuration for parts-per-trillion detection of rare-earth elements in CZE. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1195-200. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Anderson GJ, M Cipolla C, Kennedy RT. Western blotting using capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1350-5. [PMID: 21265514 DOI: 10.1021/ac102671n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A microscale Western blotting system based on separating sodium-dodecyl sulfate protein complexes by capillary gel electrophoresis followed by deposition onto a blotting membrane for immunoassay is described. In the system, the separation capillary is grounded through a sheath capillary to a mobile X-Y translation stage which moves a blotting membrane past the capillary outlet for protein deposition. The blotting membrane is moistened with a methanol and buffer mixture to facilitate protein adsorption. Although discrete protein zones could be detected, bands were broadened by ∼1.7-fold by transfer to membrane. A complete Western blot for lysozyme was completed in about one hour with 50 pg mass detection limit from low microgram per milliliter samples. These results demonstrate substantial reduction in time requirements and improvement in mass sensitivity compared to conventional Western blots. Western blotting using capillary electrophoresis shows promise to analyze low volume samples with reduced reagents and time, while retaining the information content of a typical Western blot.
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Xu Z, Nakamura K, Timerbaev AR, Hirokawa T. Another Approach Toward over 100 000-Fold Sensitivity Increase in Capillary Electrophoresis: Electrokinetic Supercharging with Optimized Sample Injection. Anal Chem 2010; 83:398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kentaro Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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25
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Gebauer P, Malá Z, Boček P. Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:83-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Contemporary sample stacking in analytical electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:116-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Xu Z, Murata K, Arai A, Hirokawa T. Band-broadening suppressed effect in long turned geometry channel and high-sensitive analysis of DNA sample by using floating electrokinetic supercharging on a microchip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:14108. [PMID: 20644677 PMCID: PMC2905274 DOI: 10.1063/1.3366719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A featured microchip owning three big reservoirs and long turned geometry channel was designed to improve the detection limit of DNA fragments by using floating electrokinetic supercharging (FEKS) method. The novel design matches the FEKS preconcentration needs of a large sample volume introduction with electrokinetic injection (EKI), as well as long duration of isotachophoresis (ITP) process to enrich low concentration sample. In the curved channel [ approximately 45.6 mm long between port 1 (P1) and the intersection point of two channels], EKI and ITP were performed while the side port 3 (P3) was electrically floated. The turn-induced band broadening with or without ITP process was investigated by a computer simulation (using CFD-ACE+ software) when the analytes traveling through the U-shaped geometry. It was found that the channel curvature determined the extent of band broadening, however, which could be effectively eliminated by the way of ITP. After the ITP-stacked zones passed the intersection point from P1, they were rapidly destacked for separation and detection from ITP to zone electrophoresis by using leading ions from P3. The FEKS carried on the novel chip successfully contributed to higher sensitivities of DNA fragments in comparison with our previous results realized on either a single channel or a cross microchip. The analysis of low concentration 50 bp DNA step ladders (0.23 mugml after 1500-fold diluted) was achieved with normal UV detection at 260 nm. The obtained limit of detections (LODs) were on average 100 times better than using conventional pinched injection, down to several ngml for individual DNA fragment.
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28
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El Rassi Z. Electrophoretic and electrochromatographic separation of proteins in capillaries: an update covering 2007-2009. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:174-91. [PMID: 20039288 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review article covers 3-year period from 2007 to 2009 and is a continuation of the review article by V. Dolnik, [Electrophoresis 2008, 29, 143-156]. This article with 125 references describes recent developments in CE and CEC of proteins in capillary format and does not cover the developments of CE and CEC in microchip format, since Tran et al. review the microchip subject in this special issue. The present review article has four major topics including (i) the separation media, (ii) multidimensional separations, (iii) detection, and (iv) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071, USA.
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29
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Foteeva LS, Huang Z, Timerbaev AR, Hirokawa T. Focusing of anionic micelles using sample-induced transient isotachophoresis: Computer simulation and experimental verification in MEKC. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:637-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Tran NT, Ayed I, Pallandre A, Taverna M. Recent innovations in protein separation on microchips by electrophoretic methods: An update. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:147-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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32
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Xu Z, Koshimidzu E, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic sample injection for high-sensitivity CZE (part 2): Improving the quantitative repeatability and application of electrokinetic supercharging-CZE to the detection of atmospheric electrolytes. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3534-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Laws DR, Hlushkou D, Perdue RK, Tallarek U, Crooks RM. Bipolar Electrode Focusing: Simultaneous Concentration Enrichment and Separation in a Microfluidic Channel Containing a Bipolar Electrode. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8923-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901545y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek R. Laws
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robbyn K. Perdue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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34
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Foret F. Capillary electrophoresis of small ions using complex formation and indirect detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S34-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Xu Z, Esumi T, Ikuta N, Hirokawa T. High-sensitive analysis of DNA fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis using transient isotachophoresis preconcentration and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3602-5. [PMID: 19211105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this report aimed on further development of a high-sensitivity capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) method for analysis of DNA fragments, we firstly explored online transient isotachophoresis (tITP) preconcentration combined with fluorescence detection (FD). The fluorescence signal (excitation: 488 nm; emission: 590 nm) was generated using the intercalating dye of ethidium bromide (EB). It was found when the leading electrolyte (LE) was injected behind the sample zone, such a special tITP mode has significant advantages to solve the bubble formation issue and to improve the analytical performance stability. Two standard DNA samples, a 50 bp DNA step ladder and the phiX174/HaeIII digest, were used to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative abilities of the tITP-FD approach. A highly diluted sample (10,000-fold in the water, e.g. the phiX174/HaeIII digest diluted from 500 microg/ml to the 50 ng/ml level) was enriched and detected; the LOD was down to 0.09 ng/ml for the 72 bp fragment, apparently improved more than 1000-fold in comparison with UV detection. Although the RSD of peak areas (n=3) was around 15.5% for the sample was electrokinetically injected, good linearity of peak area response showed that the proposed method is suitable for quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
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