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Rodinkov OV, Bugaichenko AS, Moskvin LN. Static Headspace Analysis and Its Current Status. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193482001013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Peña J, Fernández Laespada ME, García Pinto C, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. Multiple headspace sampling coupled to a programmed temperature vaporizer to improve sensitivity in headspace-gas chromatography. Determination of aldehydes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121824. [PMID: 31731218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of sensitivity in headspace (HS) sampling of not very volatile analytes constitutes a challenge that has usually been approached through coupling with additional techniques. Here we propose a new methodology for increasing sensitivity through a multistep approach. This proof of concept is based on direct coupling of a headspace sampler with a programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) and a gas chromatograph (GC), with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Analytes are extracted from the same vial in a stepwise procedure, splitting the headspace generation time of conventional HS into four periods and using the PTV to cryogenically trap the analytes during the successive HS samplings. Solvent vent mode is mandatory in order to retain the analytes, purging the gas solvent at an adequate initial low temperature and flash-heating the PTV liner in a quick ramp (720 °C/min), once the HS samplings are finished. Linear aldehydes, from pentanal to decanal, possible biomarkers of several diseases have been selected as model compounds. This multiple HS method has been compared with conventional HS, and it has been validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.004 to 0.159 µg/L. Enrichment factors (EF) in relation to the conventional HS method ranged from 3.0 to 6.7, except for pentanal (EF: 0.8), which is too volatile and polar to be trapped in the PTV with the multiple HS methodology. Similar enrichment factors were obtained in a urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Peña
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mª Esther Fernández Laespada
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Carmelo García Pinto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Xie WQ, Yu KX, Gong YX. A fast and simple headspace gas chromatographic technique for quantitatively analyzing urea in human urine. Anal Biochem 2019; 576:9-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wu T, Zang X, Wang M, Chang Q, Wang C, Wu Q, Wang Z. Covalent Organic Framework as Fiber Coating for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Chlorophenols Followed by Quantification with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11158-11165. [PMID: 30285431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was adopted for the simultaneous determination of seven chlorophenols (CPs) from honey and canned-yellow-peach samples. A covalent organic framework made of 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD) was used as the SPME fiber coating to preconcentrate the acetylation derivatives of the CPs. The main experimental parameters including derivatization conditions, extraction temperature and time, headspace volume, salt concentration, and desorption temperature were investigated. The fiber showed a high extraction capability for the CPs. The limits of detection (LODs) for the analytes were 0.3-0.7 μg kg-1 for honey and 0.8-1.8 μg kg-1 for canned-yellow-peach samples, suggesting good sensitivity for the method. The response linearity was 2.4-250 μg kg-1 for 2-CP and 3,4-CP and 1.0-150 μg kg-1 for the other remaining analytes in the honey samples. For the canned-yellow-peach samples, the response linearity was 6.0-300 μg kg-1 for 2-CP and 3,4-CP and 3.0-200 μg kg-1 for the others. The correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9919. Good repeatability (RSD < 11.9%) for the method and high recoveries (70.2-113%) of the analytes were observed under the optimal conditions. The established method was satisfactorily applied for the analysis of honey and canned-yellow-peach samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Xiaohuan Zang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Mengting Wang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Qingyun Chang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
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Gołębiowski M, Stepnowski P, Leszczyńska D. Application of carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction sorbent for analysis of chlorophenols in water samples. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-016-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Casas Ferreira AM, Moreno Cordero B, Crisolino Pozas ÁP, Pérez Pavón JL. Use of microextraction by packed sorbents and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of polyamines and related compounds in urine. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1444:32-41. [PMID: 27036212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel methodology for the determination of ornithine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and gamma-amino butyric acid in urine samples has been developed. The method uses in situ aqueous derivatization followed by automated microextraction by packed sorbent coupled to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system equipped with a programmed temperature vaporizer. This instrumental configuration minimizes sample manipulation due to from the mixing of the reagents, the process is completely automated. The analytes were derivatized using ethyl chloroformate as derivatization reagent. The reaction occurred in aqueous medium and was carried out in 1min in the vial of an autosampler used to perform microextraction by packed sorbent. The parameters affecting derivatization, extraction and separation were optimized in order to obtain maximum sensitivity. Calibration curves were obtained for five calibration levels in three different matrices. All the calibration models displayed good linearity, with R(2) values higher than 0.95. The validity of the models was checked using ANOVA, and it was observed that they did not exhibit any lack of fit. Repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated, with values below 15% in both cases. LOD and LOQ values were found to be in the low μg/L level. Influence of the matrix was confirmed, thus quantification was performed using the standard additions method and normalization to IS. The method developed was applied to the analysis of these compounds in urine samples from healthy individuals and cancer diagnosed patients (Internal Medicine Unit of the Virgen de la Vega Hospital, Salamanca, Spain). Significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test) were observed for putrescine and ornithine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Casas Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Pedro Crisolino Pozas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Saraji M, Ghambari H. Suitability of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the in situ silylation of chlorophenols in water samples before gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3552-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Hoda Ghambari
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
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Gruzdev IV, Zenkevich IG, Kondratenok BM. Derivatization in gas chromatographic determination of phenol and aniline traces in aqueous media. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xing HZ, Wang X, Chen XF, Wang ML, Zhao RS. Accelerated solvent extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction before gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the sensitive determination of phenols in soil samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1419-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhu Xing
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian China
| | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Xiang-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Ming-Lin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
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Farajzadeh MA, Yadeghari A, Khoshmaram L, Ghorbanpour H. Gas chromatographic determination of some phenolic compounds in fuels and engine oil after simultaneous derivatization and microextraction. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2966-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Adeleh Yadeghari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Leila Khoshmaram
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; AzarbaijanShahidMadani University; Tabriz Iran
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In situ derivatization combined to automated microextraction by packed sorbents for the determination of chlorophenols in soil samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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In situ derivatization coupled to microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography for the automated determination of haloacetic acids in chlorinated water. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1318:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Faludi T, Andrási N, Vasanits-Zsigrai A, Záray G, Molnár-Perl I. Systematic derivatization, mass fragmentation and acquisition studies in the analysis of chlorophenols, as their silyl derivatives by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ferreira AMC, Laespada MEF, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. In situ aqueous derivatization as sample preparation technique for gas chromatographic determinations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:70-83. [PMID: 23726081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of derivatization reactions is a common practice in analytical laboratories. Although in many cases it is tedious and time-consuming, it does offer a good alternative for the determination of analytes not compatible to gas chromatography. Many of the reactions reported in the literature occur in organic medium. However, in situ aqueous derivatization reactions, which can be performed directly in aqueous medium, offer important advantages over those mentioned above, such as no need of a previous extraction step and easy automation. Here we review the most recent developments and applications of in situ aqueous derivatization. The discussion focuses on the derivatization reactions used for the determination of alcohols and phenols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones, nitrogen-containing compounds and thiols in different aqueous matrices, such as environmental, biological and food samples. Several reactions are described for each functional group (acylation, alkylation, esterification, among others) and, in some cases, the same reagents can be used for several functional groups, such that there is an unavoidable overlap between sections. Finally, attention is also focused on the techniques used for the introduction of the derivatives formed in the aqueous medium into the chromatographic system. The implementation of in situ aqueous derivatization coupled to preconcentration techniques has permitted the enhancement of recoveries and improvements in the separation, selectivity and sensitivity of the analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Casas Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Gruzdev IV, Kuzivanov IM, Zenkevich IG, Kondratenok BM. Determination of methyl-substituted phenols in water by gas chromatography with preliminary iodination. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481302010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Morales R, Cruz Ortiz M, Sarabia LA. Optimization of headspace experimental factors to determine chlorophenols in water by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and parallel factor analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 754:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Gruzdev IV, Kuzivanov IM, Zenkevich IG, Kondratenok BM. Gas-chromatographic identification of products formed in iodination of methyl phenols by retention indices. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427212090108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Application of three phase hollow fiber based liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for the simultaneous HPLC determination of phenol substituting compounds (alkyl-, chloro- and nitrophenols). Talanta 2012; 99:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Toledano RM, Cortés JM, Andini JC, Vázquez A, Villén J. On-line derivatization with on-line coupled normal phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface: Application to the analysis of total sterols in edible oils. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1256:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ionic liquid based in situ solvent formation microextraction coupled to thermal desorption for chlorophenols determination in waters by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1229:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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de Morais P, Stoichev T, Basto MCP, Vasconcelos MTS. Extraction and preconcentration techniques for chromatographic determination of chlorophenols in environmental and food samples. Talanta 2012; 89:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Simultaneous analysis of chlorophenols, alkylphenols, nitrophenols and cresols in wastewater effluents, using solid phase extraction and further determination by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 85:2397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ferreira AMC, Laespada MEF, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. Headspace sampling with in situ carbodiimide-mediated derivatization for the determination of ibuprofen in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4856-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ferreira AMC, Möder M, Laespada MF. Stir bar sorptive extraction of parabens, triclosan and methyl triclosan from soil, sediment and sludge with in situ derivatization and determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3837-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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GC-MS determination of parabens, triclosan and methyl triclosan in water by in situ derivatisation and stir-bar sorptive extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:945-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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26
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Andreev YA, Chernov’yants MS. Gas chromatographic determination of polychlorophenols after derivatization with monochloroacetic anhydride. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Application of a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe-based method for the simultaneous extraction of chlorophenols, alkylphenols, nitrophenols and cresols in agricultural soils, analyzed by using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5724-31. [PMID: 20684958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the different physico-chemical properties of phenols, the development of a methodology for the simultaneous extraction and determination of phenolic compounds belonging to several families, such as chlorophenols (CPs), alkylphenols (APs), nitrophenols (NTPs) and cresols is difficult. This study shows the development and validation of a method for the analysis of 13 phenolic compounds (including CPs, APs, NTPs and cresols) in agricultural soils. For this purpose, a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS)-based procedure was developed, validated and applied to the analysis of real samples. A derivatization step prior to the final determination by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a triple quadrupole analyzer operating in tandem mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS/MS) was performed by using acetic acid anhydride (AAA) and pyridine (Py). The optimized procedure was validated, obtaining average extraction recoveries in the range 69-103% (10microgkg(-1)), 65-98% (50microgkg(-1)), 76-112% (100microgkg(-1)) and 76-112% (300microgkg(-1)), with precision values (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD)< or =22% (except for 4-chlorophenol) involving intra-day and inter-day studies. Furthermore, 15 real soil samples were analyzed by the proposed method in order to assess its applicability. Some phenolic compounds (e.g. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol or 4-tert-octylphenol) were found in the samples at trace levels (<10microgkg(-1)).
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Novel techniques for enhancing sensitivity in static headspace extraction-gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2726-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pérez Pavón JL, Casas Ferreira AM, Fernández Laespada ME, Moreno Cordero B. In situ derivatization reaction and determination of ibuprofen in water samples using headspace generation-programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6728-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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