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Stege PW, Forlin GL, Gásquez JA, Sombra LL. Open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography for the simultaneous determination of cadmium and copper in plants. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1459-1467. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia W. Stege
- INBIOMISFaculty of Exact Chemical and Natural SciencesUNaM (N3300LQH) Posadas Misiones Argentina
- CONICET (National Council of Scientific and Technological Investigations) Argentina
| | - Gisela L. Forlin
- Institute of Criminalistic SciencesDepartment of Basic SciencesNortheastern National University Corrientes Argentina
| | - José A. Gásquez
- INQUISALDepartment of Chemistry National University of San LuisCONICET. Chacabuco y Pedernera. D5700BWS San Luis Argentina
| | - Lorena L. Sombra
- INQUISALDepartment of Chemistry National University of San LuisCONICET. Chacabuco y Pedernera. D5700BWS San Luis Argentina
- CONICET (National Council of Scientific and Technological Investigations) Argentina
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2
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Slepchenko GB, Gindullina TM, Nekhoroshev SV. Capabilities of the electrochemical methods in the determination of narcotic and psychotropic drugs in forensic chemistry materials. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817070127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Hernández-Mesa M, D'Orazio G, Rocco A, García-Campaña AM, Blanco CC, Fanali S. Capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of 5-nitroimidazole antibiotics in urine samples. Electrophoresis 2015. [PMID: 26200811 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation of eight antibiotics belonging to 5-nitroimidazole family was carried out by means of CEC coupled with MS. Preliminary experiments were carried out with ultraviolet detection in order to select the proper stationary and mobile phase. Among the different stationary phases studied (namely Lichrospher C18, 5 μm particle size; Cogent(TM) Bidentate C18, 4.2 μm; Pinnacle II™ Phenyl, 3 μm; Pinnacle II™ Cyano, 3 μm), Cogent™ Bidentate C18 (4.2 μm) gave the best performance. For CEC-MS coupling, a laboratory assembled liquid-junction-nano-spray interface was used. In order to achieve a good sensitivity, special attention was paid to both optimization of the sheath liquid composition as well as selection of the injection mode. Under optimized CEC-ESI-MS conditions, the separation was accomplished within 22 min by using a column packed with a mixture of Bidentate C18:Lichrospher Silica-60 (5 μm) 3:1 w/w, an inlet pressure of 11 bar, a voltage of 15 kV, and a mobile phase composed by 45:10:45 v/v/v ACN/MeOH/water containing ammonium acetate (5 mM pH 5). A combined hydrodynamic and electrokinetic injection of 8 bar, 15 kV, and 96 s was adopted. The method was validated in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision of retention times and peak areas, linearity, and LODs and LOQs. RSDs values were <2.9% for retention times and <16.1% for peak areas in both intraday and interday experiments. LOQ values were between 0.09 and 0.42 μg/mL for all compounds. Finally, the method was applied to the determination of three most employed 5-nitroimidazole antibiotics (metronidazole, secnidazole, and ternidazole) in spiked urine samples, subjected to a SPE procedure. Recovery values in the 67-103% range were obtained. Furthermore, for the selected antibiotics, CEC-MS(2) spectra were obtained providing the unambiguous confirmation of these drugs in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Anna Rocco
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Cruces Blanco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Italy
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Posch TN, Pütz M, Martin N, Huhn C. Electromigrative separation techniques in forensic science: combining selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:23-58. [PMID: 25381613 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review we introduce the advantages and limitations of electromigrative separation techniques in forensic toxicology. We thus present a summary of illustrative studies and our own experience in the field together with established methods from the German Federal Criminal Police Office rather than a complete survey. We focus on the analytical aspects of analytes' physicochemical characteristics (e.g. polarity, stereoisomers) and analytical challenges including matrix tolerance, separation from compounds present in large excess, sample volumes, and orthogonality. For these aspects we want to reveal the specific advantages over more traditional methods. Both detailed studies and profiling and screening studies are taken into account. Care was taken to nearly exclusively document well-validated methods outstanding for the analytical challenge discussed. Special attention was paid to aspects exclusive to electromigrative separation techniques, including the use of the mobility axis, the potential for on-site instrumentation, and the capillary format for immunoassays. The review concludes with an introductory guide to method development for different separation modes, presenting typical buffer systems as starting points for different analyte classes. The objective of this review is to provide an orientation for users in separation science considering using capillary electrophoresis in their laboratory in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics ZEA-3, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Aturki Z, Schmid MG, Chankvetadze B, Fanali S. Enantiomeric separation of new cathinone derivatives designer drugs by capillary electrochromatography using a chiral stationary phase, based on amylosetris(5-chloro-2-methylphenylcarbamate). Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3242-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Aturki
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council; Monterotondo Rome Italy
| | - Martin G. Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council; Monterotondo Rome Italy
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6
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Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends by means of nano-liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 71:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hezinová V, Aturki Z, Klepárník K, D'Orazio G, Foret F, Fanali S. Simultaneous analysis of cocaine and its metabolites in urine by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry using a pressurized liquid junction nanoflow interface. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:653-60. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fernández P, Seoane S, Vázquez C, Tabernero MJ, Carro AM, Lorenzo RA. Chromatographic determination of drugs of abuse in vitreous humor using solid-phase extraction. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:740-5. [PMID: 22337121 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is presented for the simultaneous determination of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in vitreous humor by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector after solid-phase extraction with Oasis® HLB cartridges and dichloromethane as eluent. The chromatographic process was carried out using an XTerra® RP8 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and pH 6.5 phosphate buffer in gradient mode. A linear response from the detector was obtained within the concentration range of 0.1-4 µg ml(-1) , with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. The limits of detection were lower than 30 ng ml(-1) for all the drugs studied, the coefficients of variation fluctuated between 0.1 and 12.4%, and the average recoveries were higher than 78% for all the drugs except for EDDP, with a value of 66.4%. Finally, the proposed method was applied to 15 vitreous humor samples coming from individuals who had died from opiate and/or cocaine overdose, showing consumption of cocaine in 14 cases, methadone in five cases and heroin in three cases. Average concentrations of 0.30 µg ml(-1) for morphine, 0.24 µg ml(-1) for 6-acetylmorphine, 0.10 µg ml(-1) for codeine, 0.81 µg ml(-1) for cocaine, 1.26 µg ml(-1) for benzoylecgonine, 0.15 µg ml(-1) for cocaethylene, 0.11 µg ml(-1) for methadone and 0.68 µg ml(-1) for EDDP were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Fernández
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse in biological specimens of forensic interest. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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A rapid analytical method based on microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of drugs of abuse in vitreous humor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2177-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Aturki Z, D'Orazio G, Rocco A, Bortolotti F, Gottardo R, Tagliaro F, Fanali S. CEC-ESI ion trap MS of multiple drugs of abuse. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1256-1263. [PMID: 20209571 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a method for the separation and determination of nine drugs of abuse in human urine, including amphetamines, cocaine, codeine, heroin and morphine. This method was based on SPE on a strong cation exchange cartridge followed by CEC-MS. The CEC experiments were performed in fused silica capillaries (100 microm x 30 cm) packed with a 3 mum cyano derivatized silica stationary phase. A laboratory-made liquid junction interface was used for CEC-MS coupling. The outlet capillary column was connected with an emitter tip that was positioned in front of the MS orifice. A stable electrospray was produced at nanoliter per minute flow rates applying a hydrostatic pressure (few kPa) to the interface. The coupling of packed CEC columns with mass spectrometer as detector, using a liquid junction interface, provided several advantages such as better sensitivity, low dead volume and independent control of the conditions used for CEC separation and ESI analysis. For this purpose, preliminary experiments were carried out in CEC-UV to optimize the proper mobile phase for CEC analysis. Good separation efficiency was achieved for almost all compounds, using a mixture containing ACN and 25 mM ammonium formate buffer at pH 3 (30:70, v/v), as mobile phase and applying a voltage of 12 kV. ESI ion-trap MS detection was performed in the positive ionization mode. A spray liquid, composed by methanol-water (80:20, v/v) and 1% formic acid, was delivered at a nano-flow rate of approximately 200 nL/min. Under optimized CEC-ESI-MS conditions, separation of the investigated drugs was performed within 13 min. CEC-MS and CEC-MS(2) spectra were obtained by providing the unambiguous confirmation of these drugs in urine samples. Method precision was determined with RSDs values <or=3.3% for retention times and <or=16.3% for peak areas in both intra-day and day-to-day experiments. LODs were established between 0.78 and 3.12 ng/mL for all compounds. Linearity was satisfactory in the concentration range of interest for all compounds (r(2)>or=0.995). The developed CEC-MS method was then applied to the analysis of drugs of abuse in spiked urine samples, obtaining recovery data in the range 80-95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Aturki
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:29-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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