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Kaya C, Birgül K, Bülbül B. Fundamentals of chirality, resolution, and enantiopure molecule synthesis methods. Chirality 2023; 35:4-28. [PMID: 36366874 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The chirality of molecules is a concept that explains the interactions in nature. We may observe the same formula but different organizations revolving around the chiral center. Since Pasteur's meticulous observation of sodium ammonium tartrate crystals' structure, scientists have discovered many features of chiral molecules. The number of newly approved single enantiomeric drugs increases every year and takes place in the market. Thus, separation or resolution methods of racemic mixtures are of continued importance in the efficacy of drugs, installation of affordable production processes, and convenient synthetic chemistry practice. This article presents the asymmetric synthesis approaches and the classification of direct resolution methods of chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Kaya
- Department of Pharmacy, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Altınbaş University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Birgül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Bülbül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
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2
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Alwera V, Sehlangia S, Alwera S. Enantioseparation of racemic amino alcohols using green micellar liquid chromatography and confirmation of absolute configuration with elution order. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1819826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Alwera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Suman Sehlangia
- School of Basic Science, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Shiv Alwera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India
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Canela-Xandri A, Balcells M, Villorbina G, Christou P, Canela-Garayoa R. Preparation and Uses of Chlorinated Glycerol Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:E2511. [PMID: 32481583 PMCID: PMC7321119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude glycerol (C3H8O3) is a major by-product of biodiesel production from vegetable oils and animal fats. The increased biodiesel production in the last two decades has forced glycerol production up and prices down. However, crude glycerol from biodiesel production is not of adequate purity for industrial uses, including food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The purification process of crude glycerol to reach the quality standards required by industry is expensive and dificult. Novel uses for crude glycerol can reduce the price of biodiesel and make it an economical alternative to diesel. Moreover, novel uses may improve environmental impact, since crude glycerol disposal is expensive and dificult. Glycerol is a versatile molecule with many potential applications in fermentation processes and synthetic chemistry. It serves as a glucose substitute in microbial growth media and as a precursor in the synthesis of a number of commercial intermediates or fine chemicals. Chlorinated derivatives of glycerol are an important class of such chemicals. The main focus of this review is the conversion of glycerol to chlorinated derivatives, such as epichlorohydrin and chlorohydrins, and their further use in the synthesis of additional downstream products. Downstream products include non-cyclic compounds with allyl, nitrile, azide and other functional groups, as well as oxazolidinones and triazoles, which are cyclic compounds derived from ephichlorohydrin and chlorohydrins. The polymers and ionic liquids, which use glycerol as an initial building block, are highlighted, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Canela-Xandri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre and DBA center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.C.-X.); (M.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Mercè Balcells
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre and DBA center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.C.-X.); (M.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Gemma Villorbina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre and DBA center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.C.-X.); (M.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluıís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Canela-Garayoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre and DBA center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (A.C.-X.); (M.B.); (G.V.)
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Shahrajabian M, Ghasemi F, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Nanoparticle-based Chemiluminescence for Chiral Discrimination of Thiol-Containing Amino Acids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14011. [PMID: 30228291 PMCID: PMC6143635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize the molecular chirality of enantiomers is extremely important owing to their critical role in drug development and biochemistry. Convenient discrimination of enantiomers has remained a challenge due to lack of unsophisticated methods. In this work, we have reported a simple strategy for chiral recognition of thiol-containing amino acids including penicillamine (PA), and cysteine (Cys). We have successfully designed a nanoparticle-based chemiluminescence (CL) system based on the reaction between cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) and the enantiomers. The different interactions of CdTe QDs with PA enantiomers or Cys enantiomers led to different CL intensities, resulting in the chiral recognition of these enantiomers. The developed method showed the ability for determination of enantiomeric excess of PA and Cys. It has also obtained an enantioselective concentration range from 1.15 to 9.2 mM for PA. To demonstrate the potential application of this method, the designed platform was applied for the quantification of PA in urine and tablet samples. For the first time, we presented a novel practical application of nanoparticle-based CL system for chiral discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahrajabian
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - Forough Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - M Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Zheng HJ, Ma JT, Feng W, Jia Q. Specific enrichment of glycoproteins with polymer monolith functionalized with glycocluster grafted β -cyclodextrin. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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XIE XM, SUN WY, HUANG JY, Polachi N, TONG L, SUN GX. Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography-based Multidimensional Chromatography and Its Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Flores G, Blanch GP, Ruiz del Castillo ML. Isolation of the four methyl jasmonate stereoisomers and their effects on selected chiral volatile compounds in red raspberries. Food Chem 2013; 141:2982-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Legros V, Vanhaverbeke C, Souard F, Len C, Désiré J. β-Cyclodextrin-Glycerol Dimers: Synthesis and NMR Conformational Analysis. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Enantiomeric separation of nonproteinogenic amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:94-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Song L, Guo Z, Chen Y. Separation and determination of chiral composition in penicillamine tablets by capillary electrophoresis in a broad pH range. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2056-63. [PMID: 22806473 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A chiral capillary electrophoretic method with nearly full pH window was explored for the separation and determination of dl-penicillamine. A facile one-pot labeling technique was coupled in the method for introduction of chromophore and charge groups onto the analytes to facilitate the electromigration and sensitive detection. By using simply a cost-effective neutral β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, baseline separation of the dl-penicillamine was achieved from pH 2.0 to over pH 10. Quantification of standard d- and l-penicillamines was demonstrated by taking pH 4.5, 7.4, and 9.7 as the representatives of acidic, neutral, and basic conditions. The working curves were constructed between peak area and concentration, having linear ranges of 8.56-8.56 × 10(2) μg/mL for pH 4.5 and 8.56-1.71 × 10(3) μg/mL for pH 7.4 and 9.7, with correlation coefficients all better than 0.999. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) was 2.58 μg/mL in acidic and neutral conditions or 1.41 μg/mL in basic condition. The method was further validated by assaying the commercial penicillamine tablets, applicable to quantification of the effective enantiomer and the trace impurity of l-penicillamine at a content of down to 0.2, 0.6, and 2.0% for pH 9.7, 4.5, and 7.4, respectively. The recovery determined by spiking technique was in a range from 93.1 to 105 %. The method is easily extendable to the analysis of other chiral amines or amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Recent advances in the direct and indirect liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of amino acids and related compounds: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:28-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Development of chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Siegel D. Applications of reversible covalent chemistry in analytical sample preparation. Analyst 2012; 137:5457-82. [PMID: 23013801 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35697j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent chemistry (RCC) adds another dimension to commonly used sample preparation techniques like solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) or immuno-affinity cleanup (IAC): chemical selectivity. By selecting analytes according to their covalent reactivity, sample complexity can be reduced significantly, resulting in enhanced analytical performance for low-abundance target analytes. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the applications of RCC in analytical sample preparation. The major reactions covered include reversible boronic ester formation, thiol-disulfide exchange and reversible hydrazone formation, targeting analyte groups like diols (sugars, glycoproteins and glycopeptides, catechols), thiols (cysteinyl-proteins and cysteinyl-peptides) and carbonyls (carbonylated proteins, mycotoxins). Their applications range from low abundance proteomics to reversible protein/peptide labelling to antibody chromatography to quantitative and qualitative food analysis. In discussing the potential of RCC, a special focus is on the conditions and restrictions of the utilized reaction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Siegel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Cavazzini A, Pasti L, Massi A, Marchetti N, Dondi F. Recent applications in chiral high performance liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:205-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bhushan R, Dubey R. Synthesis of (S)-naproxen-benzotriazole and its application as chiral derivatizing reagent for microwave-assisted synthesis and indirect high performance liquid chromatographic separation of diastereomers of penicillamine, cysteine and homocysteine. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3648-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractTwo simple, sensitive and specific fluorimetric methods have been developed for the determination of Penicillamine (PNC), a sulphur containing compound. Method (I) involves the reaction of PNC with 2′,7′-bis(acetoxymercuri)-fluorescein (AMF) in the presence of Kolthoff’s buffer, pH 8.2, with subsequent measurement of fluorescence spectra at 520 nm (λEx 497 nm). Method (II) is based on PNC being oxidized into penicillaminic acid using Cerium (IV) in an acidic medium. Method sensitivity has been improved using sodium triphosphate which enhances the luminescence intensity of Ce(III). Fluorescence spectra were then measured at 348 nm (λEx 293 nm). The reaction conditions and the fluorescence spectral properties have been investigated for both methods. Under the described conditions, the proposed methods were applicable over the concentration ranges 0.0048 − 0.0288 µg mL−1 and 0.096 − 0.288 µg mL−1 with mean percentage recoveries 99.95 ± 1.29 and 100.04 ± 1.10 for methods I and II, respectively. The proposed methods were validated in terms of accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ and robustness and then were successfully applied to the determination of PNC in bulk powder and in capsules as well as in the presence of the related disulphide. The results obtained were determined to be in good agreement with those obtained using a previously reported method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210
| | - Karen D. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210
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