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Schüller M, Hansen FA, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Extraction performance of electromembrane extraction and liquid-phase microextraction in prototype equipment. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464440. [PMID: 37832461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In this comparative study, the performance of liquid-phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction in prototype equipment was evaluated for extraction of ninety basic substances from plasma. Using a commercial EME device based on conductive vials enabled a standardized and comprehensive comparison between the two methods. Extractions were performed from a pH-adjusted donor solution, across an organic liquid membrane immobilized in a porous polypropylene membrane, and into an acidic acceptor solution. In LPME, dodecyl acetate was used as the extraction solvent, while 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether was used for EME with an electric field applied across the system. To assess the extraction performance, extraction recovery plots and extraction time curves were constructed and analyzed. These plots provided insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of LPME and EME, allowing users to make better decisions about the most suitable method for a specific bioanalytical application. Both LPME and EME were effective for substances with 2.0 < log P < 4.0, with EME showing faster extraction kinetics. Small (200 µL) and large vials (600 µL) were compared, showing that smaller vials improved kinetics markedly in both techniques. Carrier-mediated extraction showed improved performance for analytes with log P < 2 in EME, however, with some limitations due to system instability. This is, to our knowledge, the first time LPME was performed in the commercial vial-based equipment. An evaluation of vial-based LPME investigating linearity, precision, accuracy, and matrix effects showed promising results. These findings contribute to a general understanding of the performance differences in vial-based LPME and EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schüller
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Siddiqui MN, Redhwi HH, Tsagkalias I, Vouvoudi EC, Achilias DS. Development of Bio-Composites with Enhanced Antioxidant Activity Based on Poly(lactic acid) with Thymol, Carvacrol, Limonene, or Cinnamaldehyde for Active Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213652. [PMID: 34771206 PMCID: PMC8588526 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The new trend in food packaging films is to use biodegradable or bio-based polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), PLA with additives such as thymol, carvacrol, limonene or cinnamaldehyde coming from natural resources (i.e., thyme, oregano, citrus fruits and cinnamon) in order to extent foodstuff shelf-life and improve consumers’ safety. Single, triple and quadruple blends of these active compounds in PLA were prepared and studied using the solvent-casting technique. The successful incorporation of the active ingredients into the polymer matrix was verified by FTIR spectroscopy. XRD and DSC data revealed that the crystallinity of PLA was not significantly affected. However, the Tg of the polymer decreased, verifying the plasticization effect of all additives. Multicomponent mixtures resulted in more intense plasticization. Cinnamaldehyde was found to play a catalytic role in the thermal degradation of PLA shifting curves to slightly lower temperatures. Release of thymol or carvacrol from the composites takes place at low rates at temperatures below 100 °C. A combined diffusion-model was found to simulate the experimental release profiles very well. Higher antioxidant activity was noticed when carvacrol was added, followed by thymol and then cinnamaldehyde and limonene. From the triple-component composites, higher antioxidant activity measured in the materials with thymol, carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nahid Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Halim Hamid Redhwi
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ioannis Tsagkalias
- Lab of Polymer and Color Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.T.); (E.C.V.)
| | - Evangelia C. Vouvoudi
- Lab of Polymer and Color Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.T.); (E.C.V.)
| | - Dimitris S. Achilias
- Lab of Polymer and Color Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.T.); (E.C.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-997822
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A low-voltage electro-membrane extraction for quantification of imatinib and sunitinib in biological fluids. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1401-1413. [PMID: 34517777 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Hollow-fiber-based supported liquid membrane was modified utilizing nanostructures such as graphite, graphene oxide or nitrogen-doped graphene oxide, for electro-membrane extraction (EME) of imatinib and sunitinib from biological fluids. By applying these conductive nanostructures, a low-voltage EME device (6.0 V) was fabricated. Materials & methods: A response surface methodology through central composite design was used to evaluate and optimize effects of various essential factors that influence on normalized recovery. Results: Optimal extraction conditions were set as, 1-octanol with 0.01 % (w/v) graphene oxide functioning as the supported liquid membrane, an extraction time of 17.0 min, pH of the acceptor and the donor phase of 2.8 and 7.9, respectively. Conclusion: The method was successfully applied to quantify imatinib and sunitinib in biological fluids.
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Zeraatkar Moghaddam A, Goharjoo M, Ghiamati E, Khodaei K, Tabani H. Gel electro-membrane extraction of propranolol and atenolol from blood serum samples: Effect of graphene-based nanomaterials on extraction efficiency of gel membrane. Talanta 2021; 222:121557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Blázquez-Blázquez E, Cerrada ML, Benavente R, Pérez E. Identification of Additives in Polypropylene and Their Degradation under Solar Exposure Studied by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9055-9063. [PMID: 32363257 PMCID: PMC7191600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Additives are absolutely essential in the development of commercial polymeric materials. Accordingly, an exhaustive control of composition and evolution in these additives over time is necessary to validate their performance and safety during their shelf life and, consequently, their ultimate applications. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, GC-MS, is described in the present work to identify and analyze the content of a wide variety of additives, commonly used in industrial polymeric materials. First, the identification under the present experimental protocol of additives with a relatively high molecular weight (Irganox 1330 and Irganox 1010) has been successfully attained. Second, the evolution under solar exposure over time has been analyzed by GC-MS for 11 additives and derived substances, which have been identified in a commercial polypropylene sample, estimating the corresponding depletion times. In addition, the resultant increase of carbonyl groups in the polymeric macrochains along the photo-oxidation has been also determined by infrared spectroscopy. Therefore, GC-MS is found to be a reliable tool for the analysis of the evolution of commonly used polymer additives under specific degradation conditions, which can be very useful in the formulation of improved future additivations.
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Wrona M, Nerín C. Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Safety of Modern Food Packaging: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E752. [PMID: 32050512 PMCID: PMC7037176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, food packaging is a crucial tool for preserving food quality and has become an inseparable part of our daily life. Strong consumer demand and market trends enforce more advanced and creative forms of food packaging. New packaging development requires safety evaluations that always implicate the application of complex analytical methods. The present work reviews the development and application of new analytical methods for detection of possible food contaminants from the packaging origin on the quality and safety of fresh food. Among food contaminants migrants, set-off migrants from printing inks, polymer degradation products, and aromatic volatile compounds can be found that may compromise the safety and organoleptic properties of food. The list of possible chemical migrants is very wide and includes antioxidants, antimicrobials, intentionally added substances (IAS), non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), monomers, oligomers, and nanoparticles. All this information collected prior to the analysis will influence the type of analyzing samples and molecules (analytes) and therefore the selection of a convenient analytical method. Different analytical strategies will be discussed, including techniques for direct polymer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Szczepańska N, Kudłak B, Namieśnik J. Recent advances in assessing xenobiotics migrating from packaging material – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1023:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Faraji H, Helalizadeh M, Kordi MR. Overcoming the challenges of conventional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: analysis of THMs in chlorinated swimming pools. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:605-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Alsharif AMA, Tan GH, Choo YM, Lawal A. Efficiency of Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Chromatography Methods in the Separation of Organic Compounds: A Review. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:378-391. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Ali Alsharif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Arab Centre for Desertification and Development of Saharian Societies, Murzuk, Libya
| | - Guan-Huat Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abubakar Lawal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, Nigeria
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Mohammed G, Bashammakh A, Alsibaai A, Alwael H, El-Shahawi M. A critical overview on the chemistry, clean-up and recent advances in analysis of biogenic amines in foodstuffs. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Collection and separation of extract in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with hollow fiber. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3359-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Alexovič M, Horstkotte B, Solich P, Sabo J. Automation of static and dynamic non-dispersive liquid phase microextraction. Part 2: Approaches based on impregnated membranes and porous supports. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 907:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ramos M, Beltrán A, Peltzer M, Valente AJ, Garrigós MDC. Release and antioxidant activity of carvacrol and thymol from polypropylene active packaging films. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxic potential of carvacrol and thymol using the Ames Salmonella test and alkaline, Endo III- and FPG-modified comet assays with the human cell line Caco-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:122-8. [PMID: 25038394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, direct antimicrobial and antioxidant additives derived from essential oils are used in food packaging and are perceived by consumers as low-health-risk compounds. In this study, we investigated the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of carvacrol and thymol, major compounds in several essential oils, using the Ames Salmonella test and the alkaline, Endo III- and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assays, respectively. Thymol did not show any mutagenic activity at any concentration assayed (0-250 μM), whereas carvacrol exhibited mutagenic potential, displaying greater activity in presence of the metabolic fraction (29-460 μM). The genotoxic effects were evaluated in the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2, and the standard comet assay revealed that neither carvacrol (0-460 μM) nor thymol (0-250 μM) had any affects at 24 and 48 h. The FPG-modified comet assay showed that the highest concentration of carvacrol (460 μM) caused DNA damage, indicating damage to the purine bases. These results should be used to identify the appropriate concentrations of carvacrol and thymol as additives in food packaging. Moreover, further studies are necessary to explore the safety and/or the toxicity mechanisms of these compounds.
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Sadaka F, Nguimjeu C, Brachais CH, Vroman I, Tighzert L, Couvercelle JP. WITHDRAWN: Review on antimicrobial packaging containing essential oils and their active biomolecules. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tian F, Decker EA, Goddard JM. Controlling lipid oxidation of food by active packaging technologies. Food Funct 2014; 4:669-80. [PMID: 23576007 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Active packaging is an innovative strategy in preventing lipid oxidation. Different active substances with different mechanisms of action have been investigated for imparting antioxidant activity to active packaging systems, including free radical scavengers, metal chelators, ultraviolet (UV) absorbers, oxygen scavengers, and singlet oxygen quenchers. Antioxidant agents have been incorporated into active packaging systems in different forms, mainly including independent sachet packages, adhesive-bonded labels, physical adsorption/coating on packaging material surface, being incorporated into packaging polymer matrix, multilayer films, and covalent immobilization onto the food contact packaging surface. In this paper, we review recent advances in antioxidant active packaging with the highlight of the development and application of non-migratory active packaging systems. The potential use of emerging technologies in antioxidant active packaging is also emphasized. We further describe challenges and opportunities towards the commercial application of such antioxidant active packaging systems, with a focus on maintaining safety, quality and nutrition of packaged foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Chenoweth Lab, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Monitoring the extraction of additives and additive degradation products from polymer packaging into solutions by multi-residue method including solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1493-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Contini C, Valzacchi S, O'Sullivan M, Simoneau C, Dowling DP, Monahan FJ. Overall migration and kinetics of release of antioxidant compounds from citrus extract-based active packaging. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:12155-12163. [PMID: 24274366 DOI: 10.1021/jf402620b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Overall migration (OM) tests were conducted on an antioxidant active packaging prepared by coating plasma pretreated and untreated polyethylene terepthalate (PET) trays with a citrus extract. The release of antioxidant compounds into food simulants was measured to permit their subtraction from OM values in line with active packaging legislation. The results demonstrated the compliance of the packaging with the limit for OM for plastic material in contact with food. The validity of the procedure for OM in aqueous food simulants was questioned, with the loss of volatile compounds during evaporation of the simulant resulting in an underestimation of total compounds released. The study showed a total release of 75% of the citrus extract coating into water and 25% into oil, which decreased to 45 and 12.5%, respectively, following plasma pretreatment of the trays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Contini
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Yang C, Zhao J, Wang J, Yu H, Piao X, Li D. Water-based gas purge microsyringe extraction coupled with liquid chromatography for determination of alkylphenols from sea food Laminaria japonica Aresh. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:38-42. [PMID: 23558048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel organic solvent-free mode of gas purge microsyringe extraction, termed water-based gas purge microsyringe extraction, was developed. This technique can directly extract target compounds in wet samples without any drying process. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under optimal extraction conditions, the recoveries of alkylphenols were between 87.6 and 105.8%, and reproducibility was between 5.2 and 12.1%. The technique was also used to determine six kinds of alkylphenols (APs) from samples of Laminaria japonica Aresh. The OP and NP were detected in all the samples, and concentrations ranged from 26.0 to 54.5ngg(-1) and 45.0-180.4ngg(-1), respectively. The 4-n-butylphenol was detected in only one sample and its concentration was very low. Other APs were not detected in L. japonica Aresh samples. The experimental results demonstrated that the technique is fast, simple, non-polluting, allows for quantitative extraction, and a drying process was not required for wet samples. Since only aqueous solution and a conventional microsyringe were used, this technique proved affordable, efficient, and convenient for the extraction of volatile and semivolatile ionizable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
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Abdulra'uf LB, Sirhan AY, Huat Tan G. Recent developments and applications of liquid phase microextraction in fruits and vegetables analysis. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3540-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ala’ Yahya Sirhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya; Lembah Pantai; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Guan Huat Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya; Lembah Pantai; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of non-volatile migrants from new active packaging materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1945-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Nojavan S, Moharami A, Reza Fakhari A. Two-step liquid phase microextraction combined with capillary electrophoresis: A new approach to simultaneous determination of basic and zwitterionic compounds. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1959-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University, G. C.; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University, G. C.; Tehran Iran
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Abstract
The last two decades have provided analysts with more sensitive technology, enabling scientists from all analytical fields to see what they were not able to see just a few years ago. This increased sensitivity has allowed drug detection at very low concentrations and testing in unconventional samples (e.g., hair, oral fluid and sweat), where despite having low analyte concentrations has also led to a reduction in sample size. Along with this reduction, and as a result of the use of excessive amounts of potentially toxic organic solvents (with the subsequent environmental pollution and costs associated with their proper disposal), there has been a growing tendency to use miniaturized sampling techniques. Those sampling procedures allow reducing organic solvent consumption to a minimum and at the same time provide a rapid, simple and cost-effective approach. In addition, it is possible to get at least some degree of automation when using these techniques, which will enhance sample throughput. Those miniaturized sample preparation techniques may be roughly categorized in solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction, depending on the nature of the analyte. This paper reviews recently published literature on the use of microextraction sampling procedures, with a special focus on the field of forensic toxicology.
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Bello-López MÁ, Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-González JA, Fernández-Torres R, Callejón-Mochón M. Analytical Applications of Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME): A Review. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.655676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Ramos M, Jiménez A, Peltzer M, Garrigós MC. Characterization and antimicrobial activity studies of polypropylene films with carvacrol and thymol for active packaging. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Ultrasound-assisted headspace ionic-liquid microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Sereshti H, Rohanifar A, Bakhtiari S, Samadi S. Bifunctional ultrasound assisted extraction and determination of Elettaria cardamomum Maton essential oil. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1238:46-53. [PMID: 22483097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new hyphenated extraction method composed of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)-optimized ultrasound assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of the essential oil of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and optimization was performed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Ultrasound played two different roles in the extraction of the essential oil. First, as a source of sufficient energy to break the oil-containing glands in order to release the oil, and second as an emulsifier to disperse the organic phase within water. The effective parameters (factors) of USAEME including volume of extraction solvent (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)), extraction temperature and ultrasonic time were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD). The optimal conditions were 120 μL for extraction solvent volume, 32.5 °C for temperature and 10.5 min for ultrasonic time. The linear dynamic ranges (LDRs) were 0.01-50 mg L(-1) with the determination coefficients in the range of 0.9990-0.9999. The limits of detection (LODs) and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.001-0.007 mg L(-1) and 3.6-6.3%, respectively. The enrichment factors were 93-98. The main components of the extracted essential oil were α-terpenyl acetate (46.0%), 1,8-cineole (27.7%), linalool (5.3%), α-terpineol (4.0%), linalyl acetate (3.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sereshti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang M, Bi J, Yang C, Li D, Piao X. Gas-purged headspace liquid phase microextraction system for determination of volatile and semivolatile analytes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:709656. [PMID: 22448341 PMCID: PMC3303181 DOI: 10.1155/2012/709656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve rapid, automatic, and efficient extraction for trace chemicals from samples, a system of gas-purged headspace liquid phase microextraction (GP-HS-LPME) has been researched and developed based on the original HS-LPME technique. In this system, semiconductor condenser and heater, whose refrigerating and heating temperatures were controlled by microcontroller, were designed to cool the extraction solvent and to heat the sample, respectively. Besides, inert gas, whose gas flow rate was adjusted by mass flow controller, was continuously introduced into and discharged from the system. Under optimized parameters, extraction experiments were performed, respectively, using GP-HS-LPME system and original HS-LPME technique for enriching volatile and semivolatile target compounds from the same kind of sample of 15 PAHs standard mixture. GC-MS analysis results for the two experiments indicated that a higher enrichment factor was obtained from GP-HS-LPME. The enrichment results demonstrate that GP-HS-LPME system is potential in determination of volatile and semivolatile analytes from various kinds of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Jilin Province, Yanji City 133002, China
| | - Jinhu Bi
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Jilin Province, Yanji City 133002, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Jilin Province, Yanji City 133002, China
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Jilin Province, Yanji City 133002, China
| | - Xiangfan Piao
- Key Laboratory of Nature Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Jilin Province, Yanji City 133002, China
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Hollow fiber-liquid-phase microextraction of fungicides from orange juices. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1989-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yang C, Qiu J, Ren C, Piao X, Li X, Wu X, Li D. Gas flow headspace liquid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7694-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dispersion-solidification liquid-liquid microextraction for volatile aromatic hydrocarbons determination: Comparison with liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3512-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tahmasebi E, Yamini Y, Saleh A. Extraction of trace amounts of pioglitazone as an anti-diabetic drug with hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection in biological fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1923-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Saaid M, Saad B, Ali ASM, Saleh MI, Basheer C, Lee HK. In situ derivatization hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of biogenic amines in food samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5165-70. [PMID: 19481215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction with in situ derivatization using dansyl chloride has been successfully developed for the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) determination of the biogenic amines (tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine) in food samples. Parameters affecting the performance of the in situ derivatization process such as type of extraction solvent, temperature, extraction time, stirring speed and salt addition were studied and optimized. Under the optimized conditions (extraction solvent, dihexyl ether; acceptor phase, 0.1M HCl; extraction time, 30 min; extraction temperature, 26 degrees C; without addition of salt), enrichment factors varying from 47 to 456 were achieved. Good linearity of the analytes was obtained over a concentration range of 0.1-5 microg mL(-1) (with correlation coefficients of 0.9901-0.9974). The limits of detection and quantification based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3-10, ranged from 0.0075 to 0.030 microg mL(-1) and 0.03 to 0.10 microg mL(-1), respectively. The relative standard deviations based on the peak areas for six replicate analysis of water spiked with 0.5 microg mL(-1) of each biogenic amine were lower than 7.5%. The method was successfully applied to shrimp sauce and tomato ketchup samples, offering an interesting alternative to liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction for the analysis of biogenic amines in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardiana Saaid
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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