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Memon N, Qureshi T, Bhanger MI, Malik MI. Recent Trends in Fast Liquid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180912125155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Liquid chromatography is the workhorse of analytical laboratories of pharmaceutical
companies for analysis of bulk drug materials, intermediates, drug products, impurities and
degradation products. This efficient technique is impeded by its long and tedious analysis procedures.
Continuous efforts of scientists to reduce the analysis time resulted in the development of three different
approaches namely, HTLC, chromatography using monolithic columns and UHPLC.
Methods:
Modern column technology and advances in chromatographic stationary phase including
silica-based monolithic columns and reduction in particle and column size (UHPLC) have not only
revolutionized the separation power of chromatographic analysis but also have remarkably reduced the
analysis time. Automated ultra high-performance chromatographic systems equipped with state-ofthe-
art software and detection systems have now spawned a new field of analysis, termed as Fast Liquid
Chromatography (FLC). The chromatographic approaches that can be included in FLC are hightemperature
liquid chromatography, chromatography using monolithic column, and ultrahigh performance
liquid chromatography.
Results:
This review summarizes the progress of FLC in pharmaceutical analysis during the period
from year 2008 to 2017 focusing on detecting pharmaceutical drugs in various matrices, characterizing
active compounds of natural products, and drug metabolites. High temperature, change in the mobile
phase, use of monolithic columns, new non-porous, semi-porous and fully porous reduced particle size
of/less than 3μm packed columns technology with high-pressure pumps have been extensively studied
and successively applied to real samples. These factors revolutionized the fast high-performance separations.
Conclusion:
Taking into account the recent development in fast liquid chromatography approaches,
future trends can be clearly predicated. UHPLC must be the most popular approach followed by the
use of monolithic columns. Use of high temperatures during analysis is not a feasible approach especially
for pharmaceutical analysis due to thermosensitive nature of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Qureshi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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2
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Ogden PB, Dorsey JG. Reversed phase HPLC with high temperature ethanol/water mobile phases as a green alternative method for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:243-254. [PMID: 31104849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High temperature ethanol/water was explored as a green eluent in the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic approximation of pure water retention (log kw) and subsequent estimation of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) via the Collander equation and the Leave-One-Out method. As part of this work, linear solvation energy relationships were employed to compare the log kw extrapolated systems based on high temperature ethanol/water, ambient acetonitrile/water, and ambient methanol/water mobile phases. Based on the comparisons of the three organic modifiers, high temperature ethanol/water mobile phases were observed to provide the best estimation of log P. This conclusion is based on a high log P correlation of 0.968 R2 and a near unity cos θ value of 0.997 between LSER coefficient vectors of ethanol/water estimated log P and octanol/water log P systems. The method employed in this work, further, provided high correlation for the hydrogen-bonding basicity term between the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B Ogden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, United States
| | - John G Dorsey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, United States.
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3
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Statkus M, Goncharova E, Gorbacheva SY, Tsysin G. Solvation characteristics of porous graphitic carbon Hypercarb in subcritical water chromatography. Talanta 2018; 188:365-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Borisova DR, Statkus MA, Tsizin GI, Zolotov YA. Subcritical water: Use in chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817080044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Applications of the solvation parameter model in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1486:2-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Kayan B, Akay S, Yang Y. Green Chromatographic Separation of Coumarin and Vanillins Using Subcritical Water as the Mobile Phase. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1187-92. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Wu Y, Deng X, Mao Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Rong L, Xu Z. Retention mechanism of phenolic compounds in subcritical water chromatography. Chem Res Chin Univ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-015-4360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Wang Q, Li J, Yang X, Xu L, Shi ZG, Xu LY. Investigation on performance of zirconia and magnesia–zirconia stationary phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Talanta 2014; 129:438-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Loeser E, Babiak S. UNUSUAL CASE OF DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND RETENTION IN REVERSED-PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.704615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Loeser
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals , Suffern , New York , USA
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Yang Y, Kapalavavi B, Gujjar L, Hadrous S, Marple R, Gamsky C. Industrial application of green chromatography - II. Separation and analysis of preservatives in skincare products using subcritical water chromatography. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 34:466-76. [PMID: 22762371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) and subcritical water chromatography (SBWC) methods have been successfully developed in this study for separation and analysis of preservatives contained in Olay skincare creams. Efficient separation and quantitative analysis of preservatives have been achieved on four commercially available ZirChrom and Waters XBridge columns at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200°C. The quantification results obtained by both HTLC and SBWC methods developed for preservatives analysis are accurate and reproducible. A large number of replicate HTLC and SBWC runs also indicate no significant system building-up or interference for skincare cream analysis. Compared with traditional HPLC separation carried out at ambient temperature, the HTLC methods can save up to 90% methanol required in the HPLC mobile phase. However, the SBWC methods developed in this project completely eliminated the use of toxic organic solvents required in the HPLC mobile phase, thus saving a significant amount of money and making the environment greener. Although both homemade and commercial systems can accomplish SBWC separations, the SBWC methods using the commercial system for preservative analysis are recommended for industrial applications because they can be directly applied in industrial plant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, U.S.A.
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11
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Liquid chromatography–flame ionisation detection using a nebuliser/spray chamber interface. Part 1. Design and testing. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Nakane K, Shirai S, Saito Y, Moriwake Y, Ueta I, Inoue M, Jinno K. High-temperature separations on a polymer-coated fibrous stationary phase in microcolumn liquid chromatography. ANAL SCI 2012; 27:811-6. [PMID: 21828918 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel polymer-coated fiber-packed microcolumns in liquid chromatography (LC) have been developed. Typical polymeric materials, such as polydimethylsiloxane and polyethyleneglycol, which are conventional stationary phases of capillary columns in gas chromatography (GC), have been employed as coating materials onto the surface of fine filaments. Packed longitudinally with a bundle of polymer-coated filaments into a stainless-steel capillary of 0.8 mm i.d., 150 mm length, several types of polymer-coated fiber-packed columns were prepared, and the retention behavior of aromatic compounds on these columns has been studied. A good linear relationship was obtained for van't Hoff plots over the temperature range between 0 and 200 °C, clearly indicating an excellent heat-resistant property of these polymer-coated fibrous stationary phases. Taking advantage of the heat-resistant feature of the fibrous stationary phases, the separation of several test mixtures with temperature-programmed elution was studied, where a solvent gradient program was additionally introduced if needed. Separation was also carried out with pure water as the mobile phase using an appropriate temperature program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nakane
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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Young E, Smith RM, Sharp BL, Bone JR. Liquid chromatography-flame ionisation detection using a nebuliser/spray chamber interface. Part 2. Comparison of functional group responses. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:21-7. [PMID: 22420954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of a LC-nebuliser/spray chamber interface-flame ionisation detection has been demonstrated for the superheated water liquid chromatography of a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic analytes. The linearity and sensitivity of the response of volatile and involatile analytes have been compared. The response of the detector toward different analytes is similar to that in GC-FID and for volatile analytes was comparable to UV detection. However, the responses from involatile analytes, such as amino acids and carbohydrates, were poor and often lower than for a refractive index detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erepamowei Young
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
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Kapalavavi B, Marple R, Gamsky C, Yang Y. Separation of sunscreens in skincare creams using greener high-temperature liquid chromatography and subcritical water chromatography. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 34:169-75. [PMID: 22091847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, high-temperature liquid chromatographic (HTLC) and subcritical water chromatographic (SBWC) separations of sunscreens contained in skincare creams were achieved at temperatures ranging from 90 to 250°C. The columns employed in this work include a ZirChrom-DiamondBond-C18, a XTerra MS C18 and a XBridge C18 column. The quantity of methanol consumed by the greener HTLC sunscreen methods developed in this project is significantly reduced although the HTLC separation at this stage is not as efficient as that achieved by traditional HPLC. SBWC separation of sunscreens was also achieved on the XTerra MS C18 and the XBridge C18 columns using pure water at 230-250°C. Methanol was eliminated in the SBWC methods developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kapalavavi
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Zhang L, Kujawinski DM, Jochmann MA, Schmidt TC. High-temperature reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2971-2980. [PMID: 21953951 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) has until now been based on ion-exchange separation. In this work, high-temperature reversed-phase liquid chromatography was coupled to, and for the first time carefully evaluated for, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HT-LC/IRMS) with four different stationary phases. Under isothermal and temperature gradient conditions, the column bleed of XBridge C(18) (up to 180 °C), Acquity C(18) (up to 200 °C), Triart C(18) (up to 150 °C), and Zirchrom PBD (up to 150 °C) had no influence on the precision and accuracy of δ(13) C measurements, demonstrating the suitability of these columns for HT-LC/IRMS analysis. Increasing the temperature during the LC/IRMS analysis of caffeine on two C(18) columns was observed to result in shortened analysis time. The detection limit of HT-RPLC/IRMS obtained for caffeine was 30 mg L(-1) (corresponding to 12.4 nmol carbon on-column). Temperature-programmed LC/IRMS (i) accomplished complete separation of a mixture of caffeine derivatives and a mixture of phenols and (ii) did not affect the precision and accuracy of δ(13)C measurements compared with flow injection analysis without a column. With temperature-programmed LC/IRMS, some compounds that coelute at room temperature could be baseline resolved and analyzed for their individual δ(13)C values, leading to an important extension of the application range of CSIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. A general strategy for performing temperature-programming in high performance liquid chromatography—Prediction of segmented temperature gradients. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6898-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ogden PB, Coym JW. Retention mechanism of a cholesterol-coated C18 stationary phase: van't Hoff and Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) approaches. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2936-43. [PMID: 21457990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of temperature on the dynamic cholesterol coating of a C18 stationary phase and the effect of this coating on the retention mechanism. In general, an increase in temperature results in a decrease in the mass of cholesterol coated on the stationary phase. Typically, an increase in temperature from 25°C to 55°C results in a nearly 60% reduction in the mass of cholesterol loaded. The inclusion of temperature, along with loading solvent composition and cholesterol concentration in the loading solvent, allows for loading a targeted amount of cholesterol on the stationary phase over an order-of-magnitude range. In addition to loading studies, the retention mechanism of small non-ionizable solutes was examined on cholesterol-coated stationary phases. A van't Hoff analysis was performed to assess retention thermodynamics, while a LSER approach was used to examine retention mechanism. With 50/50 water/organic mobile phases, the addition of cholesterol results in an increase in the entropic contribution to retention, with a decrease in the enthalpic contribution. The opposite trend is seen with 40/60 water/organic mobile phases. LSER system constants are also affected by a cholesterol coating on the stationary phase, with some changing to favor elution and others changing to favor retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B Ogden
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA
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18
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Elevated Temperature Separations on Hybrid Stationary Phases with Low Proportions of Organic Modifier in the Eluent. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Huang G, Smith RM, Albishri HM, Lin JM. Thermal Stability of Thiazide and Related Diuretics During Superheated Water Chromatography. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Coym JW. Evaluation of ternary mobile phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography: Effect of composition on retention mechanism. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5957-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Allmon SD, Dorsey JG. Properties of subcritical water as an eluent for reversed-phase liquid chromatography—Disruption of the hydrogen-bond network at elevated temperature and its consequences. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5769-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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