A simple novel configuration for in-vial microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction

An Overview of the Analytical Methods for the Determination of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Cosmetic Products and Human Samples

UV filters are a group of compounds commonly used in different cosmetic products to absorb UV radiation. They are classified into a variety of chemical groups, such as benzophenones, salicylates, benzotriazoles, cinnamates, p-aminobenzoates, triazines, camphor derivatives, etc. Different tests have shown that some of these chemicals are absorbed through the skin and metabolised or bioaccumulated. These processes can cause negative health effects, including mutagenic and cancerogenic ones. Due to the absence of official monitoring protocols, there is an increased number of analytical methods that enable the determination of those compounds in cosmetic samples to ensure user safety, as well as in biological fluids and tissues samples, to obtain more information regarding their behaviour in the human body. This review aimed to show and discuss the published studies concerning analytical methods for the determination of organic UV filters in cosmetic and biological samples. It focused on sample preparation, analytical techniques, and analytical performance (limit of detection, accuracy, and repeatability).

Marine volatile organic compounds and their impacts on marine aerosol-A review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a vital role in the global carbon budget and in the regional formation of ozone in the troposphere, and are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic activities. They can also serve as a source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Field and model studies showed evidences of a strong marine biogenic influence on marine aerosols. Although knowledge of terrestrial VOC emissions and SOA formation mechanisms has been advanced considerably over the last decades, processes constraining marine VOC emissions and marine SOA formation remain poorly understood. Seawater contains an extremely complex, diverse, and largely unidentified mixture of VOCs. Despite the fact that the ocean covers 70% of the Earth's surface, the role of the ocean in the global budget of VOCs is still unclear. The distribution and emission of sea surface VOCs exhibit considerable spatial-temporal variation, with higher concentrations often, but not always, correlated with biological activities. VOCs in surface seawater have been measured in various geographic regions, however, knowledge of the distribution of marine VOCs and the role of the oceans in the global atmospheric chemistry is still insufficient due to the paucity of measurements. This study reviews marine VOCs in terms of current analytical methods, global marine VOCs measurements, their effects on SOA, and future needs for understanding the role of marine VOCs in the chemistry of the atmosphere.