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Jurina T, Sokač Cvetnić T, Šalić A, Benković M, Valinger D, Gajdoš Kljusurić J, Zelić B, Jurinjak Tušek A. Application of Spectroscopy Techniques for Monitoring (Bio)Catalytic Processes in Continuously Operated Microreactor Systems. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, the application of microreactors in chemical and biochemical industrial processes has increased significantly. The use of microreactor systems ensures efficient process intensification due to the excellent heat and mass transfer within the microchannels. Monitoring the concentrations in the microchannels is critical for a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes occurring in micromixers and microreactors. Therefore, there is a growing interest in performing in-line and on-line analyses of chemical and/or biochemical processes. This creates tremendous opportunities for the incorporation of spectroscopic detection techniques into production and processing lines in various industries. In this work, an overview of current applications of ultraviolet–visible, infrared, Raman spectroscopy, NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS, and ESI-MS for monitoring (bio)catalytic processes in continuously operated microreactor systems is presented. The manuscript includes a description of the advantages and disadvantages of the analytical methods listed, with particular emphasis on the chemometric methods used for spectroscopic data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jurina
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Sokač Cvetnić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Šalić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Benković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Valinger
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruno Zelić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department for Packaging, Recycling and Environmental Protection, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48 000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Ana Jurinjak Tušek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Ling FWM, Abdulbari HA, Chin SY. Heterogeneous Microfluidic Reactors: A Review and an Insight of Enzymatic Reactions. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona W. M. Ling
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes (FLUID CENTRE) Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Hayder A. Abdulbari
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes (FLUID CENTRE) Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Sim Yee Chin
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
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Development of an In-Line Enzyme Reactor Integrated into a Capillary Electrophoresis System. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195902. [PMID: 34641446 PMCID: PMC8513095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this paper was to develop an in-line immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) integrated into a capillary electrophoresis platform. In our research, we created the IMER by adsorbing trypsin onto the inner surface of a capillary in a short section. Enzyme immobilization was possible due to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged fused silica capillary surface and trypsin. The reactor was formed by simply injecting and removing trypsin solution from the capillary inlet (~1–2 cms). We investigated the factors affecting the efficiency of the reactor. The main advantages of the proposed method are the fast, cheap, and easy formation of an IMER with in-line protein digestion capability. Human tear samples were used to test the efficiency of the digestion in the microreactor.
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Green synthesis of monolithic enzyme microreactor based on thiol-ene click reaction for enzymatic hydrolysis of protein. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhou Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Qi D, Gu W, Wu D, Liu B. Development of a heart-cutting supercritical fluid chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of four tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2961-2969. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Currivan SA, Chen WQ, Wilson R, Sanz Rodriguez E, Upadhyay N, Connolly D, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Multi-lumen capillary based trypsin micro-reactor for the rapid digestion of proteins. Analyst 2018; 143:4944-4953. [PMID: 30221288 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work we evaluated a novel microreactor prepared using a surface modified, high surface-to-volume ratio multi-lumen fused silica capillary (MLC). The MLC investigated contained 126 parallel channels, each of 4 μm internal diameter. The MLC, along with conventional fused silica capillaries of 25 μm and 50 μm internal diameter, were treated by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and then modified with gold nanoparticles, of ∼20 nm in diameter, to ultimately provide immobilisation sites for the proteolytic enzyme, trypsin. The modified capillaries and MLCs were characterised and profiled using non-invasive scanning capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (sC4D). The sC4D profiles confirmed a significantly higher amount of enzyme was immobilised to the MLC when compared to the fused silica capillaries, attributable to the increased surface to volume ratio. The MLC was used for dynamic protein digestion, where peptide fragments were collected and subjected to off-line chromatographic evaluation. The digestion was achieved with the MLC reactor, using a residence time of just 1.26 min, following which the HPLC peak associated with the intact protein decreased by >70%. The MLC reactors behaved similarly to the classical in vitro or in-solution approach, but provided a reduction in digestion time, and fewer peaks associated with trypsin auto-digestion, which is common using in-solution digestion. The digestion of cytochrome C using both the MLC-IMER and the in-solution approach, resulted in a sequence coverage of ∼80%. The preparation of the MLC microreactor was reproducible with <2.5% RSD between reactors (n = 3) as determined by sC4D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Currivan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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Wu N, Wang S, Yang Y, Song J, Su P, Yang Y. DNA-directed trypsin immobilization on a polyamidoamine dendrimer-modified capillary to form a renewable immobilized enzyme microreactor. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Qi D, Fei T, Liu H, Yao H, Wu D, Liu B. Development of Multiple Heart-Cutting Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole-Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2, and Ochratoxin A in Snus, a Smokeless Tobacco Product. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9923-9929. [PMID: 29065690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The combination of multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography (MHC-LC/LC) and quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for simultaneous determination of the aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in snus is presented in this work. A C18 capillary column was used as the first dimension (1D) to isolate the aflatoxins and ochratoxin A from the complex matrices; then, a 2-position/10-port high-pressure valve equipped with two 60 μL loops was employed to transfer the heart-cuts of 1D-LC into a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column for the second dimension (2D) separation. With the better separation of the MHC-LC/LC system, the sensitivity of the method was improved, which is essential for the trace mycotoxins analysis. Furthermore, HRMS performed in parallel reaction monitoring mode was employed to eliminate the interferences, and the sample pretreatment procedure was simplified. A new approach utilizing ethyl acetate with 1% formic acid/water solution was adopted to extract aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in snus, which provided parallel recoveries for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A with higher responses in comparison with the QuEChERS method. A dynamic range between 0.2 and 20 μg/kg was achieved with LOQs of 0.05 μg/kg for aflatoxin B1, 0.1 μg/kg for aflatoxin B2, G1, G2, and 1.0 μg/kg for ochratoxin A in dry mass of product. The results revealed that the established method exhibited good repeatability and recovery and could be used as a rapid and reliable approach for routine analysis of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in snus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Qi
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd. , Changyang Road No. 717, Shanghai, 200082, P.R. China
| | - Ting Fei
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd. , Changyang Road No. 717, Shanghai, 200082, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd. , Changyang Road No. 717, Shanghai, 200082, P.R. China
| | - Heming Yao
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd. , Changyang Road No. 717, Shanghai, 200082, P.R. China
| | - Da Wu
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd. , Changyang Road No. 717, Shanghai, 200082, P.R. China
| | - Baizhan Liu
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd. , Changyang Road No. 717, Shanghai, 200082, P.R. China
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Meller K, Pomastowski P, Szumski M, Buszewski B. Preparation of an improved hydrophilic monolith to make trypsin-immobilized microreactors. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Preparation and evaluation of dual-enzyme microreactor with co-immobilized trypsin and chymotrypsin. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhang C, Zhang W. Hybrid organic–inorganic monolithic enzymatic reactor with SBA-15 nanoparticles incorporated. Talanta 2014; 119:485-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang C, Gao M, Zhang P, Zhang X. Efficient Proteolysis of Glycoprotein Using a Hydrophilic Immobilized Enzyme Reactor Coupled with MALDI-QIT-TOF-MS Detection and μHPLC Analysis. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gao M, Deng C, Zhang X. Magnetic nanoparticles-based digestion and enrichment methods in proteomics analysis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:379-90. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Safdar M, Sproß J, Jänis J. Microscale immobilized enzyme reactors in proteomics: Latest developments. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1324:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Construction of graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites-based on-chip enzymatic microreactor for ultrasensitive pesticide detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1315:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Capillary electrophoresis applied to screening of trypsin inhibitors using microreactor with trypsin immobilized by glutaraldehyde. Anal Biochem 2013; 438:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gama MR, Collins CH, Bottoli CBG. Nano-Liquid Chromatography in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:694-703. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Calleri E, Ambrosini S, Temporini C, Massolini G. New monolithic chromatographic supports for macromolecules immobilization: Challenges and opportunities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rapid and efficient proteolysis through laser-assisted immobilized enzyme reactors. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8567-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Enzyme digestion of entrapped single-DNA molecules in nanopores. Talanta 2011; 85:2135-41. [PMID: 21872069 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The real-time digestion of entrapped single-DNA molecules by λ-exonuclease in nanoporous alumina membranes was observed using an epifluorescence microscope. The alumina membrane provides pL (∼ 10(-12)L) containers for confining single-DNA molecules without immobilization. When one end of the DNA molecule was inserted into a nanopore, it was possible to monitor the digestion process outside, near and inside the pore, where the individual DNA molecules exhibited different characteristic digestion modes. The digestion rates calculated from the decrease in fluorescence intensity showed different values according to the location of the individual molecules. Entrapment rather than immobilization allows the DNA strand to be fully exposed to the enzyme and the reaction buffer. These results confirm that the enzymatic digestion of DNA molecules is affected by their three-dimensional (3D) environment.
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Solid-support fluorescent derivatization of picomoles of protein at low concentration with FITC. Talanta 2011; 84:457-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lipase immobilized microstructured fiber based flow-through microreactor for facile lipid transformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tao D, Zhang L, Shan Y, Liang Z, Zhang Y. Recent advances in micro-scale and nano-scale high-performance liquid-phase chromatography for proteome research. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:229-41. [PMID: 20683586 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS-MS) is regarded as one of the most powerful techniques for separation and identification of proteins. Recently, much effort has been made to improve the separation capacity, detection sensitivity, and analysis throughput of micro- and nano-HPLC, by increasing column length, reducing column internal diameter, and using integrated techniques. Development of HPLC columns has also been rapid, as a result of the use of submicrometer packing materials and monolithic columns. All these innovations result in clearly improved performance of micro- and nano-HPLC for proteome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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