1
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Visconti G, de Figueiredo M, Salamin O, Boccard J, Vuilleumier N, Nicoli R, Kuuranne T, Rudaz S. Straightforward quantification of endogenous steroids with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Comparing calibration approaches. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1226:123778. [PMID: 37393882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Different calibration strategies are used in liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) bioanalysis. Currently, the surrogate matrix and surrogate analyte represent the most widely used approaches to compensate for the lack of analyte-free matrices in endogenous compounds quantification. In this context, there is a growing interest in rationalizing and simplifying quantitative analysis using a one-point concentration level of stable isotope-labeled (SIL) standards as surrogate calibrants. Accordingly, an internal calibration (IC) can be applied when the instrument response is translated into analyte concentration via the analyte-to-SIL ratio performed directly in the study sample. Since SILs are generally used as internal standards to normalize variability between authentic study sample matrix and surrogate matrix used for the calibration, IC can be calculated even if the calibration protocol was achieved for an external calibration (EC). In this study, a complete dataset of a published and fully validated method to quantify an extended steroid profile in serum was recomputed by adapting the role of SIL internal standards as surrogate calibrants. Using the validation samples, the quantitative performances for IC were comparable with the original method, showing acceptable trueness (79%-115%) and precision (0.8%-11.8%) for the 21 detected steroids. The IC methodology was then applied to human serum samples (n = 51) from healthy women and women diagnosed with mild hyperandrogenism, showing high agreement (R2 > 0.98) with the concentrations obtained using the conventional quantification based on EC. For IC, Passing-Bablok regression showed proportional biases between -15.0% and 11.3% for all quantified steroids, with an average difference of -5.8% compared to EC. These results highlight the reliability and the advantages of implementing IC in clinical laboratories routine to simplify quantification in LC-MS bioanalysis, especially when a large panel of analytes is monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Visconti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miguel de Figueiredo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Salamin
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Wang Y, Yan K, Wang Z, He G, Chang W. Quantification of Ephedrine Substances in Human Urine by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 61:32-37. [PMID: 35368063 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An accurate quantitative method for four prohibited ephedrine substances in human urine has been established, based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The quantitative bias caused by pretreatment operations and matrix effects was reduced by the dilute and shoot pretreatment method. The good separation of isomers was achieved with the advantages of the UPLC instrument and Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C8 UPLC column. Stable quantitative ions were selected during the analysis with MS/MS. The result of the method validation experiment showed an excellent linearity between 50% and 200% threshold concentration with a correlation coefficient (r2) greater than 0.999. The coefficient of variation at the limit of quantification and threshold was <20% and 10%, respectively. The uncertainty was below the maximum uncertainty specified in the technical document of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The analytical result using this method has passed the WADA-external quality assessment scheme. The anti-doping laboratory has applied the method in routine tests and reported adverse analytical finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kuan Yan
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhanliang Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Genye He
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Chang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Marlier D. Doping in Racing Pigeons ( Columba livia domestica): A Review and Actual Situation in Belgium, a Leading Country in This Field. Vet Sci 2022; 9:42. [PMID: 35202294 PMCID: PMC8880243 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon racing is a sport in which trained homing pigeons (Columba livia domestica) are released between 60 and 1200 km from their loft and then have to return home as quickly as possible. The first race was held in 1818 in Belgium and since then, Belgium has led the world in pigeon breeding. Unfortunately, as in other sports, doping has become a major issue and doping controls have been implemented. This review provides information about pigeon racing, rules from the Royal Federation Colombophile of Belgium, and laws applicable in Belgium as doping control issues cannot be understood without including them as part of pigeon racing. The main pharmacological data concerning corticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anabolic steroids, pain relievers and narcotic analgesics, bronchodilators and β-agonists, drugs acting on the central nervous system and other performance-enhancing drugs, in addition to methods relevant to doping in pigeons are presented. Moreover, the chosen matrix and analytical methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Marlier
- Bird, Rabbit and Rodent Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B4000 Liege, Belgium
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4
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Minhas RS, Antunez EE, Guinan TM, Gengenbach TR, Rudd DA, Voelcker NH. Fluorocarbon Plasma Gas Passivation Enhances Performance of Porous Silicon for Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3226-3236. [PMID: 32938190 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Desorption/ionization on porous silicon mass spectrometry (DIOS-MS) is shown to be a powerful technique for the sensing of low-molecular-weight compounds, including drugs and their metabolites. Surface modification of DIOS surfaces is required to increase analytical performance and ensure stability. However, common wet chemical modification techniques use fluorosilanes, which are less suitable for high-throughput manufacturing and analytical repeatability. Here, we report an alternative, rapid functionalization technique for DIOS surfaces using plasma polymerization (ppDIOS). We demonstrate the detection of drugs, metabolites, pesticides, and doping agents, directly from biological matrices, with molecular confirmation performed using the fragmentation capabilities of a tandem MS instrument. Furthermore, the ppDIOS surfaces were found to be stable over a 162 day period with no loss of reproducibility and sensitivity. This alternative functionalization technique is cost-effective and amenable to upscaling, ensuring avenues for the high-throughput manufacture and detection of hundreds of analytes across various applications while still maintaining the gold-standard clinical technique using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpreet Singh Minhas
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - E. Eduardo Antunez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Taryn M. Guinan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Leica Microsystems, Mount Waverley, Victoria 3149, Australia
| | - Thomas R. Gengenbach
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - David A. Rudd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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5
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Domínguez-Álvarez J. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry for the determination of organic and inorganic arsenic compounds in water samples. Talanta 2020; 212:120803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Obukhova EN, Buryak AK. Determination of Isomers in Doping Control by Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819090077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Memon N, Qureshi T, Bhanger MI, Malik MI. Recent Trends in Fast Liquid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180912125155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Liquid chromatography is the workhorse of analytical laboratories of pharmaceutical
companies for analysis of bulk drug materials, intermediates, drug products, impurities and
degradation products. This efficient technique is impeded by its long and tedious analysis procedures.
Continuous efforts of scientists to reduce the analysis time resulted in the development of three different
approaches namely, HTLC, chromatography using monolithic columns and UHPLC.
Methods:
Modern column technology and advances in chromatographic stationary phase including
silica-based monolithic columns and reduction in particle and column size (UHPLC) have not only
revolutionized the separation power of chromatographic analysis but also have remarkably reduced the
analysis time. Automated ultra high-performance chromatographic systems equipped with state-ofthe-
art software and detection systems have now spawned a new field of analysis, termed as Fast Liquid
Chromatography (FLC). The chromatographic approaches that can be included in FLC are hightemperature
liquid chromatography, chromatography using monolithic column, and ultrahigh performance
liquid chromatography.
Results:
This review summarizes the progress of FLC in pharmaceutical analysis during the period
from year 2008 to 2017 focusing on detecting pharmaceutical drugs in various matrices, characterizing
active compounds of natural products, and drug metabolites. High temperature, change in the mobile
phase, use of monolithic columns, new non-porous, semi-porous and fully porous reduced particle size
of/less than 3μm packed columns technology with high-pressure pumps have been extensively studied
and successively applied to real samples. These factors revolutionized the fast high-performance separations.
Conclusion:
Taking into account the recent development in fast liquid chromatography approaches,
future trends can be clearly predicated. UHPLC must be the most popular approach followed by the
use of monolithic columns. Use of high temperatures during analysis is not a feasible approach especially
for pharmaceutical analysis due to thermosensitive nature of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Qureshi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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8
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Balmer M, Alsaaod M, Boesiger M, Studer E, O'Brien R, Schuepbach-Regula G, Steiner A. Short communication: Risk factors for sonographically detectable udder edema in overbagged cows at dairy shows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:660-665. [PMID: 30343925 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At dairy cow shows, the appearance of the udder is very important. To show cows at their best, udders are often presented in an overbagged state by extending milking intervals before the show. This practice represents an animal welfare issue because it is associated with behavior changes (e.g., excessive abduction and decreased eating time) and may affect the health of the animal. The aim of the current study was to determine the association between various parameters (e.g., milk yield, days in milk, milking procedures, or administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, or diuretics) and the sonographically detectable udder edema score. Data were collected from the show catalogs, by interviewing the exhibitors, by analyzing official veterinary treatment protocols and official milking data, via laboratory analysis of blood samples, and by sonographic examinations of the udders at the show. For sonographically detectable udder edema scoring, 3 scans were taken, 1 on each fore quarter and 1 incorporating both rear quarters at the level of the median suspensory ligament. For grading the scans, a scoring system of 4 grades (score 0 = no edema, 1 = slight edema, 2 = moderate edema, 3 = severe edema) was used. Data from 321 cows of different breeds were collected at 4 highly competitive Swiss dairy shows (shows A-D) between January and September 2017. To determine risk factors for sonographically detectable udder edema, data were analyzed with 2 different logistic regression models. In model 1, the odds ratios were 3.33 (milking intervals of ≥16 h vs. <14 h), 3.84 (show A vs. show C), and 7.39 (dairy breeds vs. dual-purpose breeds). Milking intervals of dairy breeds were significantly higher than those of dual-purpose breeds. In model 2, milking interval was the only significant risk factor with an odds ratio of 9.00 for milking intervals of ≥16 h. Only the milking intervals represented a relevant risk factor in both models; therefore, we concluded that the previously described sonographic udder edema scoring is a useful technique for detecting overbagged udders at dairy shows. Its routine implementation may improve cow welfare at dairy shows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balmer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Alsaaod
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Boesiger
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Studer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - G Schuepbach-Regula
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Chen F, You T, Yuan Y, Pei C, Ren X, Huang Y, Yu Z, Li X, Zheng H, Pan Y, Yang K, Wang L. Pressure-induced structural transitions of a room temperature ionic liquid—1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4977044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tingting You
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cuiying Pei
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangting Ren
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanwei Huang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenhai Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yuexiao Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
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10
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Kaufmann A. High throughput-screening of animal urine samples: It is fast but is it also reliable? Drug Test Anal 2017; 8:491-7. [PMID: 27443203 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced analytical technologies like ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry can be used for veterinary drug screening of animal urine. The technique is sufficiently robust and reliable to detect veterinary drugs in urine samples of animals where the maximum residue limit of these compounds in organs like muscle, kidney, or liver has been exceeded. The limitations and possibilities of the technique are discussed. The most critical point is the variability of the drug concentration ratio between the tissue and urine. Ways to manage the false positive and false negatives are discussed. The capability to confirm findings and the possibility of semi-targeted analysis are also addressed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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11
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Tolba MM, Belal F. Two liquid chromatographic approaches for the simultaneous determination of xipamide and its degradation product (2,6-xylidine) using time-programmed fluorescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2016; 32:491-501. [PMID: 27562288 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A study of the performance of reversed-phase chromatography with a programmable multiwavelength fluorimetric technique using either conventional hydro-organic or micellar eluent is established for the determination of xipamide (XIP) in the presence of its degradation product, 2,6-xylidine (XY). In conventional liquid chromatography (CLC), the analyses were carried out on a Promosil ODS 100 Å column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of methanol/0.1 M phosphate buffer (65: 35, v/v) at pH 4.0. For micellar liquid chromatography (MLC), a short Spherisorb column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) was employed in conjunction with a greener mobile phase (pH 5.0) containing 0.1 M sodium dodecyl sulfate and 15% n-propanol. CLC proved to be superior to MLC in terms of sensitivity for the determination of the degradation product because it could detect trace amounts down to 10.0 ng/ml of XY as a degradation product in XIP. However, MLC represents an eco-friendly approach for the simultaneous determination of XIP and XY. In addition, the opportunity for the direct introduction of biological matrices into the chromatographic system is one of the distinctive benefits of MLC. The proposed methods were applied for the determination of XIP in its tablets, human urine and content uniformity testing. The results of the proposed methods were statistically compared with those obtained using the comparison fluorimetric method, revealing no significant differences in the performance of the methods regarding accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Tolba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - F Belal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
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12
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Applications and challenges in using LC–MS/MS assays for quantitative doping analysis. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1307-22. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
LC–MS/MS is useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of ‘doped’ biological samples from athletes. LC–MS/MS-based assays at low-mass resolution allow fast and sensitive screening and quantification of targeted analytes that are based on preselected diagnostic precursor–product ion pairs. Whereas LC coupled with high-resolution/high-accuracy MS can be used for identification and quantification, both have advantages and challenges for routine analysis. Here, we review the literature regarding various quantification methods for measuring prohibited substances in athletes as they pertain to World Anti-Doping Agency regulations.
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13
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Chen X, Tang Y, Wang S, Song Y, Tang F, Wu X. Field-amplified sample injection in capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection for the ultratrace analysis of diastereomeric ephedrine alkaloids. Electrophoresis 2016; 36:1953-61. [PMID: 25873262 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A coupling method of field-amplified sample injection (FASI) CE with amperometric detection is developed for ultratrace analysis of ephedrine alkaloids stereoisomers. FASI was introduced by injecting electrokinetically the sample solution for 10 s into the capillary filled with highly conductive background electrolyte (BGE). The diastereomeric selectivity and the detection sensitivity were improved by using borate buffer of high ionic strength as BGE. Parameters affecting FASI and CE separation were investigated to achieve the optimal conditions. Four analytes were separated within 15 min using 200 mmol/L borate buffer (pH 9.5) and separation voltage of +18 kV, with detection potential at +1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and carbon disc electrode as working electrode. Excellent linearity was observed between peak current and concentration of analytes in the range of 0.1-100 ng/mL. The LODs (S/N = 3) for (-)-ephedrine, (+)-pseudoephedrine, (-)-N-methylephedrine and (+)-N-methylpseudoephedrine were 39.3, 54.9, 30.8, and 44.1 pg/mL, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of alkaloids in Ephedra sinica, with results agreed well with HPLC method. Mean recoveries of 102.1-109.7% and RSDs less than 6% were found. And the merits of high sensitivity and selectivity, as well as a simple and stable operation, have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.,Fujian Metrology Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Tang
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yunping Song
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Fengxiang Tang
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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14
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Bioanalytical techniques in discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sport. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:965-80. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sports is performed using threshold concentrations or reporting levels, and the detection of the substances in a sample is only reported as an adverse analytical finding when the concentration exceeds the threshold or the reporting level. In this paper, the strategies of discrimination and the analytical methods used for the main groups of substances where the distinction is needed (β-2 agonists, ephedrines, glucocorticoids and morphine) will be reviewed. Nowadays, LC–MS is the method of choice for the analysis of these substances and, in most of the cases, a simple dilution of the urine sample is performed before the chromatographic analysis.
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16
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Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Leuenberger N, Baume N, Robinson N, Saugy M, Veuthey JL. Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2015; 88:508-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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17
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Abstract
The great impact of cardiovascular diseases in human health has led to the development of a huge number of drugs and therapies to improve the treatment of these diseases. Cardiovascular drug analysis in biological fluids constitutes an important challenge for analytical scientists. There is a clear need for reliable methods to carry out both qualitative and quantitative analysis in a short time of analysis. Different problems such as drug monitoring, analysis of metabolites, study of drugs interactions, drugs residues or degradation products, chiral separation, and screening and confirmation of drugs of abuse in doping control must be solved. New trends in sample preparation, instrumental and column technology advances in LC and innovations in MS are described in this work.
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18
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Brown DH, Hansson R, Oosthuizen F, Sumner N. β
‐Methylphenylethylamines: common fragmentation pathways with amphetamines in electrospray ionization collision‐induced dissociation. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:344-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Brown
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
- Department of ChemistryCurtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Robert Hansson
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
| | - Francois Oosthuizen
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
| | - Nathan Sumner
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Forensic Science LaboratoryChemCentre Western Australia
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19
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Tonoli D, Fürstenberger C, Boccard J, Hochstrasser D, Jeanneret F, Odermatt A, Rudaz S. Steroidomic Footprinting Based on Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Qualitative and Quantitative High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Evaluation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in H295R Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:955-66. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5005369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Tonoli
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department
of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Fürstenberger
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland
- Division
of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Hochstrasser
- Department
of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Jeanneret
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department
of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland
- Division
of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Domínguez-Romero JC, García-Reyes JF, Lara-Ortega FJ, Molina-Díaz A. Screening and confirmation capabilities of liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of 200 multiclass sport drugs in urine. Talanta 2015; 134:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Song S, Tang Q, Huo H, Li H, Xing X, Luo J. Simultaneous Quantification and Pharmacokinetics of Alkaloids in Herba Ephedrae-Radix Aconiti Lateralis Extracts. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 39:58-68. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Comparative evaluation of seven different sample treatment approaches for large-scale multiclass sport drug testing in urine by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Domínguez-Álvarez J, Mateos-Vivas M, García-Gómez D, Carabias-Martínez R. A validated method for the determination of nucleotides in infant formulas by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1677-84. [PMID: 24615919 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work CE-ESI-MS is proposed for the identification and simultaneous quantification of several ribonucleotide 5'-monophosphates in infant formula (IF) samples. The target compounds were adenosine 5'-monophosphate, cytidine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, uridine 5'-monophosphate, and inosine 5'-monophosphate. To our knowledge, the application of CE for the determination of these bioactive compounds in IFs has not yet been described. Optimization of the composition of the electrophoretic separation buffer and -mainly- the injection medium was carried out with a view to obtaining the best sensitivity and separation efficiency for the CE-MS coupling. Different sample treatments were assayed and one based on centrifugal ultrafiltration proved to be the simplest and most compatible with CE separation of the analytes and their ionization by the electrospray source. The whole optimized method (centrifugal ultrafiltration treatment prior to CE-MS) was validated according to the 2002/657/EC decision, obtaining a reliable and robust CE-MS method to determine these compounds in IF samples, with LODs between 0.8 and 1.8 μg/g (S/N = 3) and recoveries in the 90-106% range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnación Rodríguez-Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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24
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Boyacı E, Gorynski K, Rodriguez-Lafuente A, Bojko B, Pawliszyn J. Introduction of solid-phase microextraction as a high-throughput sample preparation tool in laboratory analysis of prohibited substances. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 809:69-81. [PMID: 24418135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated, high-throughput method based on thin-film solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 110 doping compounds, selected from ten classes and varying in physical and chemical properties. Among four tested extraction phases, C18 blades were chosen, as they provided optimum recoveries and the lowest carryover effect. The SPME method was optimized in terms of extraction pH, ionic strength of the sample, washing solution, extraction and desorption times for analysis of urine samples. Chromatographic separation was obtained in reversed-phase model; for detection, two mass spectrometers were used: triple quadrupole and full scan orbitrap. These combinations allowed for selective analysis of targeted compounds, as well as a retrospective study for known and unknown compounds. The developed method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria, taking into account Minimum Required Performance Level (MRPL) values required by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In addition to analysis of free substances, it was also shown that the proposed method is able to extract the glucuronated forms of the compounds. The developed assay offers fast and reliable analysis of various prohibited substances, an attractive alternative to the standard methods that are currently used in anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Krzysztof Gorynski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Angel Rodriguez-Lafuente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
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25
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Determination of ecgonine and seven other cocaine metabolites in human urine and whole blood by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9805-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Comparison of reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the quantification of ephedrines using medium-resolution accurate mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1289:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Coupling ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: Constraints and possible applications. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:2-18. [PMID: 23062879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Pop V, Schänzer W. Ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in human sports drug testing: Possibilities and limitations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Baranowska I, Magiera S, Baranowski J. Clinical applications of fast liquid chromatography: a review on the analysis of cardiovascular drugs and their metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:54-79. [PMID: 23462623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges facing the medicine today is developing new therapies that enhance human health. To help address these challenges the utilization of analytical technologies and high-throughput automated platforms has been employed; in order to perform more experiments in a shorter time frame with increased data quality. In the last decade various analytical strategies have been established to enhance separation speed and efficiency in liquid chromatography applications. Liquid chromatography is an increasingly important tool for monitoring drugs and their metabolites. Furthermore, liquid chromatography has played an important role in pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies at these drug development stages since its introduction. This paper provides an overview of current trends in fast chromatography for the analysis of cardiovascular drugs and their metabolites in clinical applications. Current trends in fast liquid chromatographic separations involve monolith technologies, fused-core columns, high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The high specificity in combination with high sensitivity makes it an attractive complementary method to traditional methodology used for routine applications. The practical aspects of, recent developments in and the present status of fast chromatography for the analysis of biological fluids for therapeutic drug and metabolite monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies and bioequivalence studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Baranowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 7M. Strzody Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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30
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Domínguez-Álvarez J, Mateos-Vivas M, García-Gómez D, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Carabias-Martínez R. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for the determination of anthelmintic benzimidazoles in eggs using a QuEChERS with preconcentration as sample treatment. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1278:166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Wu AH, Gerona R, Armenian P, French D, Petrie M, Lynch KL. Role of liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS) in clinical toxicology. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50:733-42. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2012.713108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Domínguez-Álvarez J, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Hernández-Méndez J, Carabias-Martínez R. Programed nebulizing-gas pressure mode for quantitative capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis of endocrine disruptors in honey. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2374-81. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Domínguez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Nutrición y Bromatología; University of Salamanca; Salamanca; Spain
| | | | - Jesús Hernández-Méndez
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Nutrición y Bromatología; University of Salamanca; Salamanca; Spain
| | - Rita Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Nutrición y Bromatología; University of Salamanca; Salamanca; Spain
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33
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Heaton J, Gray N, Cowan DA, Plumb RS, Legido-Quigley C, Smith NW. Comparison of reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of ephedrines. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:329-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Thevis M, Volmer DA. Recent instrumental progress in mass spectrometry: advancing resolution, accuracy, and speed of drug detection. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:242-5. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; Saarland University; 66123; Saarbrücken
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35
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Current use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in drug screening relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1203-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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36
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Eichhorn P, Pérez S, Barceló D. Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Versus Orbitrap-Based Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Identification of Drugs and Metabolites. TOF-MS WITHIN FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS - COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53810-9.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Badoud F, Guillarme D, Boccard J, Grata E, Saugy M, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Analytical aspects in doping control: challenges and perspectives. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:49-61. [PMID: 21824736 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the first anti-doping tests in the 1960s, the analytical aspects of the testing remain challenging. The evolution of the analytical process in doping control is discussed in this paper with a particular emphasis on separation techniques, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. These approaches are improving in parallel with the requirements of increasing sensitivity and selectivity for detecting prohibited substances in biological samples from athletes. Moreover, fast analyses are mandatory to deal with the growing number of doping control samples and the short response time required during particular sport events. Recent developments in mass spectrometry and the expansion of accurate mass determination has improved anti-doping strategies with the possibility of using elemental composition and isotope patterns for structural identification. These techniques must be able to distinguish equivocally between negative and suspicious samples with no false-negative or false-positive results. Therefore, high degree of reliability must be reached for the identification of major metabolites corresponding to suspected analytes. Along with current trends in pharmaceutical industry the analysis of proteins and peptides remains an important issue in doping control. Sophisticated analytical tools are still mandatory to improve their distinction from endogenous analogs. Finally, indirect approaches will be discussed in the context of anti-doping, in which recent advances are aimed to examine the biological response of a doping agent in a holistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Badoud
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and Lausanne, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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38
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Deventer K, Roels K, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P. Prevalence of legal and illegal stimulating agents in sports. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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A simple high pH liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for basic compounds: Application to ephedrines in doping control analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2098-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Current role of LC-MS(/MS) in doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:405-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:1-14. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Shirai S, Nakane K, Ueta I, Saito Y. Retention Behavior of Fluorobenzenes on Fluoro-Derivatized Poly(<i>p</i>-phenylene terephthalamide) Fibrous Stationary Phases in Microcolumn Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2011. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2011.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingoro Shirai
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Kenichi Nakane
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ikuo Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yoshihiro Saito
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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43
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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