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Recent advances in the hyphenation of electromigration techniques with mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fanali C, D’Orazio G, Gentili A, Fanali S. Analysis of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs by using Microfluidic Techniques: A Review. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666200401124059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review paper, miniaturized techniques, including both electromigration and liquid
chromatographic techniques, have been discussed considering their main features in the analytical field
for the separation and analysis of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). In Capillary Electrophoresis
(CE) and nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC), separation is performed in capillaries
with Internal Diameter (I.D.) lower than 100 μm and therefore flow rates in the range 100-1000 nL/min
are applied. Therefore, due to the low flow rate, high mass sensitivity can be obtained. Usually, conventional
UV detectors are used on-line; however, these techniques can be coupled with Mass Spectrometry
(MS). CE and nano-LC have also been applied to the separation of NSAIDs using silica stationary
phases (SP) modified with C<sub>18</sub> promoting interaction with analytes mainly based on hydrophobic
interaction. Besides, the use of chiral SP was found to be effective for the chiral resolution of these
compounds. In addition to silica phases, monolithic (both organic and inorganic) material has also been
used. Although most of the presented studies aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of the considered
microfluidic techniques, some applications to real samples have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Faculty of Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome,Italy
| | - Giovanni D’Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km 29,300 - 00015 Monterotondo,Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza“, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma,Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona,Italy
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Fanali C, Fanali S. Application of Sub-2 Micron Particle Silica Hydride Derivatized with Vancomycin for Chiral Separations by Nano-Liquid Chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:239-250. [PMID: 31069738 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1.8 μm Silica hydride particles have been derivatized with vancomycin and applied to the enantioseparation of some racemic herbicides and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by nano-liquid chromatography. The chiral stationary phase (CSP) was packed for only 11 cm and the enantiomers were separated utilizing a laboratory-assembled instrumentation. The new CSP was very effective for the separation of the above mentioned acidic compounds, while poor resolutions were obtained for basic compounds. Mixtures of acetate buffer with methanol or acetonitrile allowed the chiral resolution of all compounds. Fast chiral separation of a NSAIDs-related compound can be achieved in less than 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- PhD School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Fanali S. An overview to nano-scale analytical techniques: Nano-liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1822-1829. [PMID: 28256745 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) and CEC are microfluidic techniques mainly used for analytical purposes. They have been applied to the separation and analysis of a large number of compounds, e.g., peptides, proteins, drugs, enantiomers, antibiotics, pesticides, nutraceutical, etc. Analytes separation is carried out into capillaries containing selected stationary phase. The mobile phase is moved either by a pump (nano-LC) or by an EOF, respectively. The two tools can offer some advantages over conventional techniques, e.g., high selectivity, separation efficiency, resolution, short analysis time and consumption of low volumes of mobile phase. Flow rates in the range 50-800 nL/min are usually applied. The low flow rate reduces the chromatographic dilution increasing the mass sensitivity. Special attention must be paid in avoiding peak dispersion selecting the appropriate detector, injector and tube connection. Finally due to the low flow rate these microfluidic techniques can be easily coupled with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, Italian National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
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D'Orazio G, Asensio-Ramos M, Fanali C, Hernández-Borges J, Fanali S. Capillary electrochromatography in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Fanali C, Fanali S. Chiral Separations using Miniaturized Techniques: State of the Art and Perspectives. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca; Campus Bio-Medico University; Rome (Italy)
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council (CNR); Area della Ricerca di Roma I; Via Salaria km. 29.300-00015 Monterotondo, Rome (Italy)
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Declerck S, Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D. Enantioseparations of pharmaceuticals with capillary electrochromatography: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:81-99. [PMID: 27156645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation of pharmaceuticals is one of the major research topics in the pharmaceutical industry. Chromatographic techniques are most frequently used in this context. Separations in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are an alternative and achieved by chromatographic retention and electrophoretic mobility principles. As a result, CEC is characterized by a high selectivity and efficiency. The limited number of stationary phases specifically developed for CEC, the low number of commercially available CEC columns, the frits to maintain the stationary phase, which forms fragile spots in the columns, and the limited column robustness and reproducibility, make CEC not very attractive for industrial application. However, CEC is still applied and studied in the academic field. This review discusses the enantioseparation of drugs in CEC published during the last four years, with a critical view on the reproducibility and the practical utility of these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Declerck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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González-Ruiz V, Codesido S, Far J, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Evaluation of a new low sheath-flow interface for CE-MS. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:936-46. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | | | - Johann Far
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Chemistry Institute; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Analis; Suarlee Belgium
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva 4 Switzerland
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D'Orazio G, Hernández-Borges J, Asensio-Ramos M, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ, Fanali S. Capillary electrochromatography and nano-liquid chromatography coupled to nano-electrospray ionization interface for the separation and identification of estrogenic compounds. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:356-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Orazio
- Instituto di Metodologie Chimiche; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.); Monterotondo Roma Italia
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL); La Laguna Tenerife España
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL); La Laguna Tenerife España
| | - María Asensio-Ramos
- Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN); Parque Taoro Puerto de la Cruz Tenerife España
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL); La Laguna Tenerife España
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Instituto di Metodologie Chimiche; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.); Monterotondo Roma Italia
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Hernández-Mesa M, D'Orazio G, Rocco A, García-Campaña AM, Blanco CC, Fanali S. Capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of 5-nitroimidazole antibiotics in urine samples. Electrophoresis 2015. [PMID: 26200811 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation of eight antibiotics belonging to 5-nitroimidazole family was carried out by means of CEC coupled with MS. Preliminary experiments were carried out with ultraviolet detection in order to select the proper stationary and mobile phase. Among the different stationary phases studied (namely Lichrospher C18, 5 μm particle size; Cogent(TM) Bidentate C18, 4.2 μm; Pinnacle II™ Phenyl, 3 μm; Pinnacle II™ Cyano, 3 μm), Cogent™ Bidentate C18 (4.2 μm) gave the best performance. For CEC-MS coupling, a laboratory assembled liquid-junction-nano-spray interface was used. In order to achieve a good sensitivity, special attention was paid to both optimization of the sheath liquid composition as well as selection of the injection mode. Under optimized CEC-ESI-MS conditions, the separation was accomplished within 22 min by using a column packed with a mixture of Bidentate C18:Lichrospher Silica-60 (5 μm) 3:1 w/w, an inlet pressure of 11 bar, a voltage of 15 kV, and a mobile phase composed by 45:10:45 v/v/v ACN/MeOH/water containing ammonium acetate (5 mM pH 5). A combined hydrodynamic and electrokinetic injection of 8 bar, 15 kV, and 96 s was adopted. The method was validated in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision of retention times and peak areas, linearity, and LODs and LOQs. RSDs values were <2.9% for retention times and <16.1% for peak areas in both intraday and interday experiments. LOQ values were between 0.09 and 0.42 μg/mL for all compounds. Finally, the method was applied to the determination of three most employed 5-nitroimidazole antibiotics (metronidazole, secnidazole, and ternidazole) in spiked urine samples, subjected to a SPE procedure. Recovery values in the 67-103% range were obtained. Furthermore, for the selected antibiotics, CEC-MS(2) spectra were obtained providing the unambiguous confirmation of these drugs in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Anna Rocco
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Cruces Blanco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Italy
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Aturki Z, Rocco A, Rocchi S, Fanali S. Current applications of miniaturized chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques in drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:194-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xue Y, Gu X, Wang Y, Yan C. Recent advances on capillary columns, detectors, and two-dimensional separations in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:124-34. [PMID: 25223262 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As a typical miniaturized analytical technique, CEC has attracted much attention because of its low sample and solvent consumption, high efficiency, high selectivity, high resolution, and fast speed. In this review, we mainly cover the development of capillary columns and detection techniques in the CEC since 2009. Herein, three types of capillary columns, namely, open-tubular capillary columns, monolithic columns and packed columns, and several types of detectors are reviewed in detail. Moreover, a 2D separation system based on CEC is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Zhong X, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Li L. Recent advances in coupling capillary electrophoresis-based separation techniques to ESI and MALDI-MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:1214-25. [PMID: 24170529 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coupling CE-based separation techniques to MS creates a powerful platform for analysis of a wide range of biomolecules from complex samples because it combines the high separation efficiency of CE and the sensitivity and selectivity of MS detection. ESI and MALDI, as the most common soft ionization techniques employed for CE and MS coupling, offer distinct advantages for biomolecular characterization. This review is focused primarily on technological advances in combining CE and chip-based CE with ESI and MALDI-MS detection in the past five years. Selected applications in the analyses of metabolites, peptides, and proteins with recently developed CE-MS platforms are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Wuethrich A, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Chiral capillary electromigration techniques-mass spectrometry-hope and promise. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:2-11. [PMID: 24265218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods for chiral compounds require a separation step prior to mass spectrometric detection. CE can separate enantiomers by the use of a chiral selector and can be hyphenated with MS. The chiral selector can be either embedded inside the capillary (electrochromatography) or added into the background solution (EKC). This review describes the fundamentals and highlights the recent developments (September 2009-May 2013) of chiral CEC and EKC with detection using MS. There were 20 research and more than 30 review papers during this period. The research efforts were driven by fundamental studies, such as the development of novel chiral selectors in electrochromatography and of advanced partial filling techniques in EKC in order to optimise separation. Other developments were in application studies, such as in food analytics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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D’Orazio G, Fanali S. Pressurized nano-liquid–junction interface for coupling capillary electrochromatography and nano-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu WL, Wu CY, Li YT, Huang HY. Penicillin analyses by capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry with different charged poly(stearyl methacrylate–divinylbenzene) monoliths as stationary phases. Talanta 2012; 101:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fanali C, D'Orazio G, Fanali S. Nano‐liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry for tryptic digest protein analysis: A comparison. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2553-60. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Università Campus‐Biomedico Centro Integrato di Ricerca Roma Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Orazio
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies Italian National Research Council Monterotondo (Rome) Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies Italian National Research Council Monterotondo (Rome) Italy
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Hezinová V, Aturki Z, Klepárník K, D'Orazio G, Foret F, Fanali S. Simultaneous analysis of cocaine and its metabolites in urine by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry using a pressurized liquid junction nanoflow interface. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:653-60. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Cheng YJ, Huang SH, Singco B, Huang HY. Analyses of sulfonamide antibiotics in meat samples by on-line concentration capillary electrochromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7640-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Enantioselective capillary electrochromatography: recent developments and new trends. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2583-601. [PMID: 21910129 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since its development in the early 1970s, CEC has been studied quite extensively, but unfortunately its use is still mostly located at an academic level. Reasons for this are the limited availability of commercially available stationary phases (SPs) and columns, along with some practical limitations, such as column fragility, lack of column robustness and reproducibility. Nevertheless, CEC maintains a place among the separation techniques, probably because of its unique feature to combine two separation principles. Also in the field of chiral separations, CEC is often used as a separation technique and already showed its potential for this kind of analyses. This overview will focus on the recent applications, i.e. between 2006 and 2010, in enantioselective analysis by means of CEC. For the selected applications, the used SPs (chiral selectors) and their potential for future method development or screening purposes will be evaluated and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Aturki Z, D'Orazio G, Rocco A, Fanali S. Advances in the enantioseparation of β-blocker drugs by capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2602-28. [PMID: 21905049 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
β-Blocker drugs or β-adrenergic blocking agents are an important class of drugs, prescribed with great frequency. They are used for various diseases, particularly for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack), and hypertension. Almost all β-blocker drugs possess one or more stereogenic centers; however; only some of them are administered as single enantiomers. Since both enantiomers can differ in their pharmacological and toxicological properties, enantioselective analytical methods are required not only for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies but also for quality control of pharmaceutical preparations with the determination of enantiomeric purity. In addition to the chromatographic tools, in recent years, capillary electromigration techniques (CE, CEC, and MEKC) have been widely used for enantioselective purposes employing a variety of chiral selectors, e.g. CDs, polysaccharides, macrocyclic antibiotics, proteins, chiral ion-paring agents, etc. The high separation efficiency, rapid analysi,s and low consumption of reagents of electromigration methods make them a very attractive alternative to the conventional chromatographic methods. In this review, the development and applications of electrodriven methods for the enantioseparation of β-blocker drugs are reported. The papers concerning this topic, published from January 2000 until December 2010, are summarised here. Particular attention is given to the coupling of chiral CE and CEC methods to MS, as this detector provides high sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Aturki
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Wiedmer SK, D’Orazio G, Smått JH, Bourdin D, Baños-Pérez C, Sakeye M, Kivilompolo M, Kopperi M, Ruiz-Jiménez J, Fanali S, Riekkola ML. Polyethylenimine-modified metal oxides for fabrication of packed capillary columns for capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5020-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Gilpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - C. S. Gilpin
- Select-O-Sep, LLC, 111 West Main Street, Freeport, Ohio 43973, United States
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Aturki Z, D'Orazio G, Rocco A, Bortolotti F, Gottardo R, Tagliaro F, Fanali S. CEC-ESI ion trap MS of multiple drugs of abuse. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1256-1263. [PMID: 20209571 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a method for the separation and determination of nine drugs of abuse in human urine, including amphetamines, cocaine, codeine, heroin and morphine. This method was based on SPE on a strong cation exchange cartridge followed by CEC-MS. The CEC experiments were performed in fused silica capillaries (100 microm x 30 cm) packed with a 3 mum cyano derivatized silica stationary phase. A laboratory-made liquid junction interface was used for CEC-MS coupling. The outlet capillary column was connected with an emitter tip that was positioned in front of the MS orifice. A stable electrospray was produced at nanoliter per minute flow rates applying a hydrostatic pressure (few kPa) to the interface. The coupling of packed CEC columns with mass spectrometer as detector, using a liquid junction interface, provided several advantages such as better sensitivity, low dead volume and independent control of the conditions used for CEC separation and ESI analysis. For this purpose, preliminary experiments were carried out in CEC-UV to optimize the proper mobile phase for CEC analysis. Good separation efficiency was achieved for almost all compounds, using a mixture containing ACN and 25 mM ammonium formate buffer at pH 3 (30:70, v/v), as mobile phase and applying a voltage of 12 kV. ESI ion-trap MS detection was performed in the positive ionization mode. A spray liquid, composed by methanol-water (80:20, v/v) and 1% formic acid, was delivered at a nano-flow rate of approximately 200 nL/min. Under optimized CEC-ESI-MS conditions, separation of the investigated drugs was performed within 13 min. CEC-MS and CEC-MS(2) spectra were obtained by providing the unambiguous confirmation of these drugs in urine samples. Method precision was determined with RSDs values <or=3.3% for retention times and <or=16.3% for peak areas in both intra-day and day-to-day experiments. LODs were established between 0.78 and 3.12 ng/mL for all compounds. Linearity was satisfactory in the concentration range of interest for all compounds (r(2)>or=0.995). The developed CEC-MS method was then applied to the analysis of drugs of abuse in spiked urine samples, obtaining recovery data in the range 80-95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Aturki
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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