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de Araújo EP, Caldas ED, Oliveira-Filho EC. Pesticides in surface freshwater: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:452. [PMID: 35608712 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to critically review studies published up to November 2021 that investigated the presence of pesticides in surface freshwater to answer three questions: (1) in which countries were the studies conducted? (2) which pesticides are most evaluated and detected? and (3) which pesticides have the highest concentrations? Using the Prisma protocol, 146 articles published from 1976 to November 2021 were included in this analysis: 127 studies used grab sampling, 10 used passive sampling, and 9 used both sampling techniques. In the 45-year historical series, the USA, China, and Spain were the countries that conducted the highest number of studies. Atrazine was the most evaluated pesticide (56% of the studies), detected in 43% of the studies using grab sampling, and the most detected in passive sampling studies (68%). The compounds with the highest maximum and mean concentrations in the grab sampling were molinate (211.38 µg/L) and bentazone (53 µg/L), respectively, and in passive sampling, they were oxyfluorfen (16.8 µg/L) and atrazine (4.8 μg/L), respectively. The levels found for atrazine, p,p'-DDD, and heptachlor in Brazil were higher than the regulatory levels for superficial water in the country. The concentrations exceeded the toxicological endpoint for at least 11 pesticides, including atrazine (Daphnia LC50 and fish NOAEC), cypermethrin (algae EC50, Daphnia and fish LC50; fish NOAEC), and chlorpyrifos (Daphnia and fish LC50; fish NOAEC). These results can be used for planning pesticide monitoring programs in surface freshwater, at regional and global levels, and for establishing or updating water quality regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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2
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Exploring the use of cork pellets in bar adsorptive microextraction for the determination of organochloride pesticides in water samples with gas chromatography/electron capture detection quantification. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462099. [PMID: 33848658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a biosorbent material with characteristics for the adsorption of organic compounds was used for a cork pellet-based bar adsorptive microextraction technique, as a new greener alternative for the determination of organochlorine compounds. Aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, lindane, 4,4-DDD, 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDT, α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan were analyzed in water samples (drinking water, stream water and river water) with separation/detection by gas chromatography and electron capture detection (GC/ECD). The parameters that can affect the sample preparation efficiency such as desorption solvent and time as well as extraction time and ionic strength were evaluated by multivariate and univariate designs. Cork pellets (10 × Ø 3 mm) were used for the extraction of 15 mL of sample in the optimal conditions: 60 min of agitation with no salt added to the sample, followed by desorption of the cork pellet with 120 µL of ethyl acetate for 30 min. The bar-to-bar RSD out with five different bars showed good results with RSD ≤ 15.6%, allowing the use of simultaneous extractions. LOD and LOQ values ranged from 3 to 15 ng L-1 and 10 to 50 ng L-1 respectively, and the determination coefficients were greater than 0.9869. The target analytes were not detected in the three analyzed samples. Therefore, the recovery study was performed fortifying the water samples. Analyte recovery ranged from 48.7 - 138.2% for drinking water, 40.2 - 128.2% for stream water and 67.5 - 128.7% for river water.
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Jagirani MS, Soylak M. Review: Microextraction Technique Based New Trends in Food Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:968-999. [PMID: 33253048 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1846491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Food chemistry is the study and classification of the quality and origin of foods. The identification of definite biomarkers and the determination of residue contaminants such as toxins, pesticides, metals, human and veterinary drugs, which are a very common source of food-borne diseases. The food analysis is continuously demanding the improvement of more robust, sensitive, highly efficient, and economically beneficial analytical approaches to promise the traceability, safety, and quality of foods in the acquiescence with the consumers and legislation demands. The traditional methods have been used at the starting of the 20th century based on wet chemical methods. Now it existing the powerful analytical techniques used in food analysis and safety. This development has led to substantial enhancements in the analytical accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, thereby mounting the applied range of food applications. In the present decade, microextraction (micro-scale extraction) pays more attention due to its futures such as low consumption of solvent and sample, throughput analysis easy to operate, greener, robotics, and miniaturization, different adsorbents have been used in the microextraction process with unique nature recognized with wide range applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Saqaf Jagirani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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4
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Liquid phase microextraction strategies and their application in the determination of endocrine disruptive compounds in food samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Azam SMR, Ma H, Xu B, Devi S, Siddique MAB, Stanley SL, Bhandari B, Zhu J. Efficacy of ultrasound treatment in the removal of pesticide residues from fresh vegetables: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Applications and opportunities of experimental design for the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method – A review. Talanta 2018; 190:335-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Hyper-crosslinked polymer nanoparticles as the solid-phase microextraction fiber coating for the extraction of organochlorines. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1556:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Akram S, Sultana B, Asi MR, Mushtaq M. Salting-out-assisted liquid–liquid extraction and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic monitoring of thiacloprid in fruits and vegetables. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1417317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafique Asi
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Pano-Farias NS, Ceballos-Magaña SG, Muñiz-Valencia R, Jurado JM, Alcázar Á, Aguayo-Villarreal IA. Direct immersion single drop micro-extraction method for multi-class pesticides analysis in mango using GC-MS. Food Chem 2017; 237:30-38. [PMID: 28764000 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Due the negative effects of pesticides on environment and human health, more efficient and environmentally friendly methods are needed. In this sense, a simple, fast, free from memory effects and economical direct-immersion single drop micro-extraction (SDME) method and GC-MS for multi-class pesticides determination in mango samples was developed. Sample pre-treatment using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and factors affecting the SDME procedure (extractant solvent, drop volume, stirring rate, ionic strength, time, pH and temperature) were optimized using factorial experimental design. This method presented high sensitive (LOD: 0.14-169.20μgkg-1), acceptable precision (RSD: 0.7-19.1%), satisfactory recovery (69-119%) and high enrichment factors (20-722). Several obtained LOQs are below the MRLs established by the European Commission; therefore, the method could be applied for pesticides determination in routing analysis and custom laboratories. Moreover, this method has shown to be suitable for determination of some of the studied pesticides in lime, melon, papaya, banana, tomato, and lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma S Pano-Farias
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, 28400 Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Silvia G Ceballos-Magaña
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, c/Bernal Díaz del Castillo 340, 28045 Colima, Mexico
| | - Roberto Muñiz-Valencia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, 28400 Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico.
| | - Jose M Jurado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville c/Profesor García González 1, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ángela Alcázar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville c/Profesor García González 1, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ismael A Aguayo-Villarreal
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, 28400 Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico
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Magnetic porous carbon derived from a bimetallic metal–organic framework for magnetic solid-phase extraction of organochlorine pesticides from drinking and environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhou J, Chen S, Luo P, Sun C, Meng L, Du Q, Sun F. Chiral Separations in Normal-phase Liquid Chromatography: Updating a Screening Strategy with a Chlorine-containing Polysaccharide-based Selector. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201500334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Carasek E, Merib J. Membrane-based microextraction techniques in analytical chemistry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 880:8-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Andraščíková M, Matisová E, Hrouzková S. Liquid Phase Microextraction Techniques as a Sample Preparation Step for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2013.872125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhao P, Huang B, Li Y, Han Y, Zou N, Gu K, Li X, Pan C. Rapid multiplug filtration cleanup with multiple-walled carbon nanotubes and gas chromatography-triple-quadruple mass spectrometry detection for 186 pesticide residues in tomato and tomato products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3710-25. [PMID: 24512455 DOI: 10.1021/jf405240j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the development and validation of a novel rapid cleanup method based on multiple-walled carbon nanotubes in a packed column filtration procedure for analysis of pesticide residues followed by gas chromatography-triple-quadruple tandem mass spectrometry detection. The cleanup method was carried out by applying the streamlined procedure on a multiplug filtration cleanup column with syringes. The sorbent used for removing the interferences in the matrices is multiple-walled carbon nanotubes mixed with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The proposed cleanup method is convenient and time-saving as it does not require any solvent evaporation, vortex, or centrifugation procedures. It was validated on 186 pesticides and 3 tomato product matrices spiked at two concentration levels of 10 and 100 μg kg(-1). Satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations are shown for most pesticides using the multiplug filtration cleanup method in tomato product samples. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of pesticide residues in market samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites in cereal-based baby foods and wheat flour by means of ultrasound-assisted extraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction prior to gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Rahman IM, Begum ZA, Hasegawa H. Selective separation of elements from complex solution matrix with molecular recognition plus macrocycles attached to a solid-phase: A review. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Determination of organochlorine pesticides in textiles using solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Boonjob W, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R, Miró M. In-line sequential injection-based hollow-fiber sorptive microextraction as a front-end to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: a novel fully automatic sample processing technique for residue analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8653-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abdulra'uf LB, Sirhan AY, Huat Tan G. Recent developments and applications of liquid phase microextraction in fruits and vegetables analysis. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3540-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ala’ Yahya Sirhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya; Lembah Pantai; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Guan Huat Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya; Lembah Pantai; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Nam JW, Lee KJ, Myung SW. Simultaneous Analysis of Pesticides in Aqueous Sample by HF-LPME. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2012.56.5.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Vortex solvent bar microextraction for phthalate esters from aqueous matrices. Talanta 2012; 100:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Zhang J, Liang Z, Li S, Li Y, Peng B, Zhou W, Gao H. In-situ metathesis reaction combined with ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the determination of phenylurea pesticides in water samples. Talanta 2012; 98:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, González-Hernández G, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of pesticides and metabolites in soils and water samples using HPLC and fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2184-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ciucanu I, Agotici V. Solid phase microextraction assisted by droplets-based liquid-liquid microextraction for analysis of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in water by gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1651-8. [PMID: 22761144 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Ciucanu
- Department of Chemistry; West University of Timisoara; Timisoara Romania
- GC-MS Laboratory; Research Center for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems; Institute of Advanced Environmental Research; Timisoara Romania
| | - Vlad Agotici
- Department of Chemistry; West University of Timisoara; Timisoara Romania
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Bello-López MÁ, Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-González JA, Fernández-Torres R, Callejón-Mochón M. Analytical Applications of Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME): A Review. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.655676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Bedendo GC, Jardim ICSF, Carasek E. Multiresidue determination of pesticides in industrial and fresh orange juice by hollow fiber microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction and detection by liquid chromatography–electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 88:573-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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27
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Purge and trap with monolithic sorbent for gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides in honey. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:955-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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28
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Liquid phase microextraction applications in food analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7415-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wu C, Liu Y, Wu Q, Wang C, Wang Z. Combined Use of Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Hollow Fiber Microporous Membrane Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Water and Milk Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Li X, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhang H, Su R, Xu X, Zhang H. Ultrasonic nebulization extraction coupled with headspace hollow fiber microextraction of pesticides from root of Panax ginseng
C.A. Mey. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1582-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Pesticides in water and the performance of the liquid-phase microextraction based techniques. A review. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of trace organochlorine pesticides in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5896-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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