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Capillary Electrophoresis as a Monitoring Tool for Flow Composition Determination. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164918. [PMID: 34443507 PMCID: PMC8398840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow analysis is the science of performing quantitative analytical chemistry in flowing streams. Because of its efficiency and speed of analysis, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a prospective method for the monitoring of a flow composition withdrawn from various processes (e.g., occurring in bioreactors, fermentations, enzymatic assays, and microdialysis samples). However, interfacing CE to a various flow of interest requires further study. In this paper, several ingenious approaches on interfacing flow from various chemical or bioprocesses to a capillary electrophoresis instrument are reviewed. Most of these interfaces can be described as computer-controlled autosamplers. Even though most of the described interfaces waste too many samples, many interesting and important applications of the devices are reported. However, the lack of commercially available devices prevents the wide application of CE for flow analysis. On the contrary, this fact opens up a potential avenue for future research in the field of flow sampling by CE.
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da Silva Vale A, de Melo Pereira GV, de Carvalho Neto DP, Sorto RD, Goés-Neto A, Kato R, Soccol CR. Facility-specific 'house' microbiome ensures the maintenance of functional microbial communities into coffee beans fermentation: implications for source tracking. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:470-481. [PMID: 33399261 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed at studying the unconfirmed hypothesis predicting the existence of a connection between coffee farm microbiome and the resulting spontaneous fermentation process. Using Illumina-based amplicon sequencing, 360 prokaryotes and 397 eukaryotes were identified from coffee fruits and leaves, over-ripe fruits, water used for coffee de-pulping, depulped coffee beans, soil, and temporal fermentation samples at an experimental farm in Honduras. Coffee fruits and leaves were mainly associated with high incidence of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Colletotrichum, and Cladosporium. The proportion of Enterobacteriaceae was increased when leaves and fruits were collected on the ground compared to those from the coffee tree. Coffee farm soil showed the richest microbial diversity with marked presence of Bacillus. Following the fermentation process, microorganisms present in depulped coffee beans (Leuconostoc, Gluconobater, Pichia, Hanseniaspora, and Candida) represented more than 90% of the total microbial community, which produced lactic acid, ethanol, and several volatile compounds. The community ecology connections described in this study showed that coffee fruit provides beneficial microorganisms for the fermentation process. Enterobacteria, Colletotrichum, and other microbial groups present in leaves, fruit surface, over-ripe fruits, and soil may transfer unwanted aromas to coffee beans, so they should be avoided from having access to the fermentation tank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander da Silva Vale
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 81531-970, Brazil
| | | | - Dão Pedro de Carvalho Neto
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 81531-970, Brazil
| | | | - Aristóteles Goés-Neto
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Kato
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, 81531-970, Brazil
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Pham U, Alvarado L, Suess GJ, Shamsi SA, Frantz K. Separation of short and medium-chain fatty acids using capillary electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection: Part I: Identification of fatty acids in rat feces. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1914-1923. [PMID: 34288007 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Short and medium-chain fatty acids (SMCFAs) are known as essential metabolites found in gut microbiota that function as modulators in the development and progression of many inflammatory conditions as well as in the regulation of cell metabolism. Currently, there are few simple and low-cost analytical methods available for the determination of SMCFA. This report focuses on SMCFA analysis utilizing CE with indirect photometric detection (CE-IPD). A ribonucleotide electrolyte, 5'-adenosine mono-phosphate (5'-AMP), is investigated as an IPD reagent due to its high molar absorptivity and dynamic reserve compatible with separation and detection of SMCFA. The operating parameters like the composition of organic solvent, millimolar concentrations of the complexing agent (alpha-cyclodextrin), 5'-AMP and non-absorbing electrolyte (boric acid), as well as the applied voltage, are optimized for resolution, efficiency, and signal-to-noise ratio. A baseline resolution of all nine SMCFAs is achieved in less than 15 min. Additionally, the developed CE-IPD method shows promising potential to identifying SMCFA in rat fecal supernatant. The presented analytical assay is simple, economical, and has considerably good repeatability. The intraday and interday RSD of less than 1 and 2% for relative migration time, as well as less than 14 and 15% for peak area, respectively, were obtained for SMCFA in fecal solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory J Suess
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle Frantz
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kartsova L, Makeeva D, Kravchenko A, Moskvichev D, Polikarpova D. Capillary electrophoresis as a powerful tool for the analyses of bacterial samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pont L, Barbosa J, Benavente F. A rapid and simple method for the determination of organic acids in proteolytic enzymes by capillary electrophoresis with indirect ultraviolet detection. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xing X, Ma J, Fu Z, Zhao Y, Ai Z, Suo B. Diversity of bacterial communities in traditional sourdough derived from three terrain conditions (mountain, plain and basin) in Henan Province, China. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109139. [PMID: 32466894 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the bacterial community composition of sourdoughs from different terrain conditions, thirty-two Chinese traditional sourdough samples were collected from three terrain conditions (mountain, plain and basin) in Henan Province. High-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent approaches were employed to identify the bacterial diversity of the sourdough samples. A total of two hundred and six isolates were characterized via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Pediococcus pentosaceus was isolated from every sample and was the predominant species in the sourdough samples, accounting for 58% of the relative abundance. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the predominant genera (mainly Pediococcus) in the basin group were significantly different from those in the mountain and plain groups. The genus Lactobacillus was predominant in the plain and mountain sourdough samples. Pediococcus pentosaceus was the absolute dominant strain in the basin sourdough samples. Acetobacter, which was widely distributed only in mountain samples, was recognized as the representative genus of the mountain samples. Moreover, we first reported Gluconobacter oxydans in sourdough. This study provided insight into the bacterial diversity of sourdough from three terrain conditions (mountain, plain and basin) in Henan Province and could serve as a reference for the isolation of desired bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xing
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhongjun Fu
- Maize Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Yirui Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zhilu Ai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; National R&D Center For Frozen Rice&Wheat Products Processing Technology, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Biao Suo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; National R&D Center For Frozen Rice&Wheat Products Processing Technology, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Key Laboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Tenhaef N, Brüsseler C, Radek A, Hilmes R, Unrean P, Marienhagen J, Noack S. Production of d-xylonic acid using a non-recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 268:332-339. [PMID: 30092487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It was found that Corynebacterium glutamicum ΔiolR devoid of the transcriptional regulator IolR accumulates high amounts of d-xylonate when cultivated in the presence of d-xylose. Detailed analyses of constructed deletion mutants revealed that the putative myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase IolG also acts as d-xylose dehydrogenase and is mainly responsible for d-xylonate oxidation in this organism. Process development for d-xylonate production was initiated by cultivating C. glutamicum ΔiolR on defined d-xylose/d-glucose mixtures under batch and fed-batch conditions. The resulting yield matched the theoretical maximum of 1 mol mol-1 and high volumetric productivities of up to 4 g L-1 h-1 could be achieved. Subsequently, a novel one-pot sequential hydrolysis and fermentation process based on optimized medium containing hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse was developed. Cost-efficiency and abundance of second-generation substrates, good performance indicators, and enhanced market access using a non-recombinant strain open the perspective for a commercially viable bioprocess for d-xylonate production in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Tenhaef
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Christian Brüsseler
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Radek
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - René Hilmes
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Pornkamol Unrean
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jan Marienhagen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany.
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Miskovic L, Alff-Tuomala S, Soh KC, Barth D, Salusjärvi L, Pitkänen JP, Ruohonen L, Penttilä M, Hatzimanikatis V. A design-build-test cycle using modeling and experiments reveals interdependencies between upper glycolysis and xylose uptake in recombinant S. cerevisiae and improves predictive capabilities of large-scale kinetic models. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:166. [PMID: 28674555 PMCID: PMC5485749 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advancements in omics measurement technologies have led to an ever-increasing amount of available experimental data that necessitate systems-oriented methodologies for efficient and systematic integration of data into consistent large-scale kinetic models. These models can help us to uncover new insights into cellular physiology and also to assist in the rational design of bioreactor or fermentation processes. Optimization and Risk Analysis of Complex Living Entities (ORACLE) framework for the construction of large-scale kinetic models can be used as guidance for formulating alternative metabolic engineering strategies. RESULTS We used ORACLE in a metabolic engineering problem: improvement of the xylose uptake rate during mixed glucose-xylose consumption in a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Using the data from bioreactor fermentations, we characterized network flux and concentration profiles representing possible physiological states of the analyzed strain. We then identified enzymes that could lead to improved flux through xylose transporters (XTR). For some of the identified enzymes, including hexokinase (HXK), we could not deduce if their control over XTR was positive or negative. We thus performed a follow-up experiment, and we found out that HXK2 deletion improves xylose uptake rate. The data from the performed experiments were then used to prune the kinetic models, and the predictions of the pruned population of kinetic models were in agreement with the experimental data collected on the HXK2-deficient S. cerevisiae strain. CONCLUSIONS We present a design-build-test cycle composed of modeling efforts and experiments with a glucose-xylose co-utilizing recombinant S. cerevisiae and its HXK2-deficient mutant that allowed us to uncover interdependencies between upper glycolysis and xylose uptake pathway. Through this cycle, we also obtained kinetic models with improved prediction capabilities. The present study demonstrates the potential of integrated "modeling and experiments" systems biology approaches that can be applied for diverse applications ranging from biotechnology to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubisa Miskovic
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Keng Cher Soh
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Barth
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | - Laura Ruohonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
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Sirén H. Hydrophilic compounds in liquids of enzymatic hydrolyzed spruce and pine biomass. Data Brief 2015; 5:194-202. [PMID: 26543881 PMCID: PMC4589829 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic acids are used for starting compounds in material sciences and in biorefinery, food, fuel, pharmaceutical, and medical industry. Here, we provide the data from a biochemical approach made to investigate production of organic acids and isolation of metals from wood, which is the most abundant biomass. Spruce and bark, phloem, and heartwood from pine were fermented with either microbes of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), baker's yeast, or lactic acid bacteria to improve selective fermentation. Using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography techniques, we identified 14 different organic acids and phenolic acids with good yields. With inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy 11 metals were quantified and further detailed analysis/results from these data are available in Sirén et al. (2015) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Sirén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Xylose-induced dynamic effects on metabolism and gene expression in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae in anaerobic glucose-xylose cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:969-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Dziomba S, Łepek T, Jaremicz Z, Łuczkiewicz M, Prahl A, Kowalski P. Simultaneous determination of scopolamine, hyoscyamine and anisodamine in in vitro growth media of selected Solanaceae hairy roots by CE method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Sirén H, Riikonen P, Yang G, Petton A, Paarvio A, Böke N. Hydrophilic compounds in liquids of enzymatic hydrolyzed spruce and pine biomass. Anal Biochem 2015; 485:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Improving the performance of cell biocatalysis and the productivity of xylonic acid using a compressed oxygen supply. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Aro-Kärkkäinen N, Toivari M, Maaheimo H, Ylilauri M, Pentikäinen OT, Andberg M, Oja M, Penttilä M, Wiebe MG, Ruohonen L, Koivula A. L-arabinose/D-galactose 1-dehydrogenase of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii characterised and applied for bioconversion of L-arabinose to L-arabonate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9653-65. [PMID: 25236800 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Four potential dehydrogenases identified through literature and bioinformatic searches were tested for L-arabonate production from L-arabinose in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The most efficient enzyme, annotated as a D-galactose 1-dehydrogenase from the pea root nodule bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, was purified from S. cerevisiae as a homodimeric protein and characterised. We named the enzyme as a L-arabinose/D-galactose 1-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.-), Rl AraDH. It belongs to the Gfo/Idh/MocA protein family, prefers NADP(+) but uses also NAD(+) as a cofactor, and showed highest catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) towards L-arabinose, D-galactose and D-fucose. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and modelling studies, the enzyme prefers the α-pyranose form of L-arabinose, and the stable oxidation product detected is L-arabino-1,4-lactone which can, however, open slowly at neutral pH to a linear L-arabonate form. The pH optimum for the enzyme was pH 9, but use of a yeast-in-vivo-like buffer at pH 6.8 indicated that good catalytic efficiency could still be expected in vivo. Expression of the Rl AraDH dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae, together with the galactose permease Gal2 for L-arabinose uptake, resulted in production of 18 g of L-arabonate per litre, at a rate of 248 mg of L-arabonate per litre per hour, with 86 % of the provided L-arabinose converted to L-arabonate. Expression of a lactonase-encoding gene from Caulobacter crescentus was not necessary for L-arabonate production in yeast.
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Turkia H, Holmström S, Paasikallio T, Sirén H, Penttilä M, Pitkänen JP. Online Capillary Electrophoresis for Monitoring Carboxylic Acid Production by Yeast during Bioreactor Cultivations. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9705-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402113x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Turkia
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53580 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Sami Holmström
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Toni Paasikallio
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Heli Sirén
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53580 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pitkänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
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Koivistoinen OM, Kuivanen J, Barth D, Turkia H, Pitkänen JP, Penttilä M, Richard P. Glycolic acid production in the engineered yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:82. [PMID: 24053654 PMCID: PMC3850452 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycolic acid is a C2 hydroxy acid that is a widely used chemical compound. It can be polymerised to produce biodegradable polymers with excellent gas barrier properties. Currently, glycolic acid is produced in a chemical process using fossil resources and toxic chemicals. Biotechnological production of glycolic acid using renewable resources is a desirable alternative. Results The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis are suitable organisms for glycolic acid production since they are acid tolerant and can grow in the presence of up to 50 g l-1 glycolic acid. We engineered S. cerevisiae and K. lactis for glycolic acid production using the reactions of the glyoxylate cycle to produce glyoxylic acid and then reducing it to glycolic acid. The expression of a high affinity glyoxylate reductase alone already led to glycolic acid production. The production was further improved by deleting genes encoding malate synthase and the cytosolic form of isocitrate dehydrogenase. The engineered S. cerevisiae strain produced up to about 1 g l-1 of glycolic acid in a medium containing d-xylose and ethanol. Similar modifications in K. lactis resulted in a much higher glycolic acid titer. In a bioreactor cultivation with d-xylose and ethanol up to 15 g l-1 of glycolic acid was obtained. Conclusions This is the first demonstration of engineering yeast to produce glycolic acid. Prior to this work glycolic acid production through the glyoxylate cycle has only been reported in bacteria. The benefit of a yeast host is the possibility for glycolic acid production also at low pH, which was demonstrated in flask cultivations. Production of glycolic acid was first shown in S. cerevisiae. To test whether a Crabtree negative yeast would be better suited for glycolic acid production we engineered K. lactis in the same way and demonstrated it to be a better host for glycolic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi M Koivistoinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo FI-02044, P,O, Box 1000, VTT, Finland.
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Alhusban AA, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM. Capillary electrophoresis for monitoring bioprocesses. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1465-82. [PMID: 23657993 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical characterization and monitoring of fermentation broths and cell culture media provide significant information on the changes occurring within these complex and dynamic systems. Analytical methods based on CE in capillaries and microchips are attractive for integration in instrumental tools to obtain this critical data, improving the understanding and control of bioprocesses. In this review, the use of CE for chemical characterization and monitoring fermentations is discussed, organized by analyte class, including organic acids, pharmaceuticals, proteins, sugars, amino acids, and metabolites published between 1992 and October 2012. A section is dedicated to the roles CE plays throughout the wine making process, where applications range from characterization and increase in fundamental understanding of the fermentation to forensic applications, verifying the authenticity of the wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A Alhusban
- Australian Center for Research on Separation Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
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18
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Toivari MH, Nygård Y, Penttilä M, Ruohonen L, Wiebe MG. Microbial D-xylonate production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1-8. [PMID: 22875400 PMCID: PMC3433669 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
d-Xylonic acid is a versatile platform chemical with reported applications as complexing agent or chelator, in dispersal of concrete, and as a precursor for compounds such as co-polyamides, polyesters, hydrogels and 1,2,4-butanetriol. With increasing glucose prices, d-xylonic acid may provide a cheap, non-food derived alternative for gluconic acid, which is widely used (about 80 kton/year) in pharmaceuticals, food products, solvents, adhesives, dyes, paints and polishes. Large-scale production has not been developed, reflecting the current limited market for d-xylonate. d-Xylonic acid occurs naturally, being formed in the first step of oxidative metabolism of d-xylose by some archaea and bacteria via the action of d-xylose or d-glucose dehydrogenases. High extracellular concentrations of d-xylonate have been reported for various bacteria, in particular Gluconobacter oxydans and Pseudomonas putida. High yields of d-xylonate from d-xylose make G. oxydans an attractive choice for biotechnical production. G. oxydans is able to produce d-xylonate directly from plant biomass hydrolysates, but rates and yields are reduced because of sensitivity to hydrolysate inhibitors. Recently, d-xylonate has been produced by the genetically modified bacterium Escherichia coli and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis. Expression of NAD+-dependent d-xylose dehydrogenase of Caulobacter crescentus in either E. coli or in a robust, hydrolysate-tolerant, industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain has resulted in d-xylonate titres, which are comparable to those seen with G. oxydans, at a volumetric rate approximately 30 % of that observed with G. oxydans. With further development, genetically modified microbes may soon provide an alternative for production of d-xylonate at industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi H Toivari
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland.
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Zhu Q, Xu X, Huang Y, Xu L, Chen G. Field enhancement sample stacking for analysis of organic acids in traditional Chinese medicine by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1246:35-9. [PMID: 22381886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A technique known as field enhancement sample stacking (FESS) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation has been developed to analyze and detect organic acids in the three traditional Chinese medicines (such as Portulaca oleracea L., Crataegus pinnatifida and Aloe vera L.). In FESS, a reverse electrode polarity-stacking mode (REPSM) was applied as on-line preconcentration strategy. Under the optimized condition, the baseline separation of eight organic acids (linolenic acid, lauric acid, p-coumaric acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid) could be achieved within 20 min. Validation parameters of this method (such as detection limits, linearity and precision) were also evaluated. The detection limits ranged from 0.4 to 60 ng/mL. The results indicated that the proposed method was effective for the separation of mixtures of organic acids. Satisfactory recoveries were also obtained in the analysis of these organic acids in the above traditional Chinese medicine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, and Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Important electromigration effects of carbon dioxide in capillary electrophoresis at high pH. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1500-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Oikawa A, Fujita N, Horie R, Saito K, Tawaraya K. Solid-phase extraction for metabolomic analysis of high-salinity samples by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1063-8. [PMID: 21416606 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples such as soil solutions contain inorganic ions such as NH4(+), K(+), Na(+), NO3(-), and PO4(3-) in high concentrations, which must be removed prior to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis to obtain accurate results. However, the separation of these inorganic ions from ionic metabolites, which are the target compounds in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis, is difficult because the physicochemical properties of the inorganic ions are similar to those of the ionic metabolites. In this study, we used various solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns for the purification of the samples containing inorganic ions in high concentrations. We found that cation-exchange SPE columns successfully filtered out the inorganic ions while retaining most of the organic compounds, which were easily collected with high recovery rates. In addition, 17 cationic metabolites in the soil solution were quantified by CE-MS analysis following the SPE purification process. The results suggest that our method can be used to analyze other environmental samples containing inorganic ions in high concentrations.
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A review of the determination of organic compounds in Bayer process liquors. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 689:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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