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Mommers J, van der Wal S. Column Selection and Optimization for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:183-202. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1707643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Mommers
- DSM Material Science Center, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd van der Wal
- Polymer-Analysis Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Aspromonte J, Wolfs K, Adams E. Current application and potential use of GC × GC in the pharmaceutical and biomedical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Li C, Wang D, Xu X, Xu M, Wang Z. Spatial variations in the occurrence of potentially genotoxic disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution systems in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1463-1468. [PMID: 28911795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) with genotoxic potential in plant effluent and distribution water samples from four drinking water treatment plants in two Chinese cities using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. We tested the samples for 37 DBPs with genotoxic potential, which we had previously identified and prioritized in water under controlled laboratory conditions. Thirty of these DBPs were found in the water samples at detection frequencies of between 10% and 100%, and at concentrations between 3.90 and 1.77 × 103 ng/L. Of the DBPs detected, the concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloropropan-2-one were highest, and ranged from 299 to 1.77 × 103 ng/L with an average of 796 ng/L. The concentrations of 6-chloro-2-N-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine and 2,6-ditert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione were also much higher, and ranged from 107 to 721 ng/L, and from 152 to 504 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloropropan-2-one, 2-chloro-1-phenylethanone, 2,2-dichloro-1-phenylethanone and 6-chloro-2-N-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine were highest at or near the treatment plants and decreased with increasing distance from the plants. Patterns in the concentrations of benzaldehyde, 2-phenylpropan-2-ol, and 1-methylnaphthalene differed between plants. The levels of DBPs such as 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, (E)-non-2-enal, and 1-phenylethanone were relatively constant within the distribution systems, even at the furthest sampling points (20 km < d < 30 km). A risk assessment showed that there was no risk to human health. It is, however, important to note that, because of limited availability of toxicity data, only five DBPs were evaluated in this study. The risks to health associated with exposure to the target potentially genotoxic DBPs should not be ignored because of their prolonged existence in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meijia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Screening of volatile compounds composition of white truffle during storage by GCxGC-(FID/MS) and gas sensor array analyses. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lamani X, Horst S, Zimmermann T, Schmidt TC. Determination of aromatic amines in human urine using comprehensive multi-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCxGC-qMS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:241-52. [PMID: 25142049 PMCID: PMC4281360 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines are an important class of harmful components of cigarette smoke. Nevertheless, only few of them have been reported to occur in urine, which raises questions on the fate of these compounds in the human body. Here we report on the results of a new analytical method, in situ derivatization solid phase microextraction (SPME) multi-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCxGC-qMS), that allows for a comprehensive fingerprint analysis of the substance class in complex matrices. Due to the high polarity of amino compounds, the complex urine matrix and prevalence of conjugated anilines, pretreatment steps such as acidic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and derivatization of amines to their corresponding aromatic iodine compounds are necessary. Prior to detection, the derivatives were enriched by headspace SPME with the extraction efficiency of the SPME fiber ranging between 65 % and 85 %. The measurements were carried out in full scan mode with conservatively estimated limits of detection (LOD) in the range of several ng/L and relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 20 %. More than 150 aromatic amines have been identified in the urine of a smoking person, including alkylated and halogenated amines as well as substituted naphthylamines. Also in the urine of a non-smoker, a number of aromatic amines have been identified, which suggests that the detection of biomarkers in urine samples using a more comprehensive analysis as detailed in this report may be essential to complement the approach of the use of classic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xolelwa Lamani
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Simeon Horst
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Zimmermann
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research ZWU, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Purcaro G, Cordero C, Liberto E, Bicchi C, Conte LS. Toward a definition of blueprint of virgin olive oil by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1334:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography under high outlet pressure conditions: a new approach to correct the flow-mismatch issue in the two dimensions. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1332:57-63. [PMID: 24513348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The typical column sets employed in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) suffer from the impossibility to fully exploit the efficiency of both dimensions simultaneously. Adding a restrictor at the end of the second dimension is a possible approach to adjust the linear velocity profile. Under these high outlet pressure conditions the second dimension becomes much slower while the effect on the primary column is limited. The gap in terms of optimum inlet pressures is thus reduced. A program written in Microsoft Excel was used to calculate the efficiencies of the two dimensions in GC × GC at different outlet pressures. A GC × GC set-up with a restrictor at the end of the second dimension column was successfully installed. Experiments proved that this is a possible way to have a better exploitation of the columns. The chromatograms obtained for a number of applications confirm that the separations achieved at elevated outlet pressure are more efficient than those obtained with the same column set under atmospheric outlet conditions. The price to pay is that the separations become considerably slower.
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Peroni D, Sampat AA, van Egmond W, de Koning S, Cochran J, Lautamo R, Janssen HG. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with a multi-capillary second dimension: A new column-set format for simultaneous optimum linear velocity operation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peroni D, Vonk RJ, van Egmond W, Janssen HG. Macroporous polymer monoliths as second dimension columns in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: A feasibility study. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fast, high peak capacity separations in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1266:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tranchida PQ, Zoccali M, Franchina FA, Dugo P, Mondello L. Measurement of fundamental chromatography parameters in conventional and split-flow comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A focus on the importance of second-dimension injection efficiency. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:212-8. [PMID: 23034883 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present manuscript reports a comparative study between conventional and split-flow comprehensive GC×GC-MS. Conventional GC×GC-MS was performed by using a single GC oven, and with a widely employed apolar (30 m × 0.25 mm id)-polar (1 m × 0.10 mm id) column combination. Split-flow GC×GC-MS experiments were carried out by using the same first and second analytical columns, and by diverting part of the primary-capillary flow to waste, via a waste line. The latter was located at the conjunction point between the two dimensions. The measurement of fundamental gas chromatography parameters (efficiency, resolution), in both dimensions and under different experimental conditions, enabled the attainment of detailed information related to GC×GC-MS method optimization. Finally, the results derived from the present investigation highlight an important GC×GC issue, namely the efficiency of band reinjection onto the second-dimension capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. Die umfassende zweidimensionale Gaschromatographie - eine neue Dimension für analytische Trennwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10460-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Silva BJG, Tranchida PQ, Purcaro G, Queiroz MEC, Mondello L, Lanças FM. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to rapid scanning quadrupole mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Improved Separation of Fame Isomers Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Application to Broccoli Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Multiclass determination of 66 organic micropollutants in environmental water samples by fast gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:2301-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Purcaro G, Quinto Tranchida P, Conte L, Obiedzińska A, Dugo P, Dugo G, Mondello L. Performance evaluation of a rapid-scanning quadrupole mass spectrometer in the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography analysis of pesticides in water. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2411-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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QSRR-based estimation of the retention time of opiate and sedative drugs by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Chemometrics in comprehensive multidimensional separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2373-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Purcaro G, Tranchida PQ, Ragonese C, Conte L, Dugo P, Dugo G, Mondello L. Evaluation of a Rapid-Scanning Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer in an Apolar × Ionic-Liquid Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography System. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8583-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101678r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100 Udine, and Università Campus-Bio-medico, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100 Udine, and Università Campus-Bio-medico, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Carla Ragonese
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100 Udine, and Università Campus-Bio-medico, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Conte
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100 Udine, and Università Campus-Bio-medico, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100 Udine, and Università Campus-Bio-medico, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100 Udine, and Università Campus-Bio-medico, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, via Sondrio 2, 33100 Udine, and Università Campus-Bio-medico, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Tranchida PQ, Purcaro G, Sciarrone D, Dugo P, Dugo G, Mondello L. Accurate quadrupole MS peak reconstruction in optimized gas-flow comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2791-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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