1
|
Lubomirsky E, Khodabandeh A, Preis J, Susewind M, Hofe T, Hilder EF, Arrua RD. Polymeric stationary phases for size exclusion chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1151:338244. [PMID: 33608083 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic and natural macromolecules are commonly used in a variety of fields such as plastics, nanomedicine, biotherapeutics, drug delivery and tissue engineering. Characterising macromolecules in terms of their structural parameters (size, molar mass and distribution, architecture) is key to have a better understanding of their structure-property relationships. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a commonly used technique for polymer characterization since it offers access to the determination of the size of a macromolecule, its molar mass and the molar mass distribution. Moreover, detectors that allow the determination of true molar masses, macromolecule's architecture and the composition of copolymers can be coupled to the chromatographic system. Like other chromatographic techniques, the stationary phase is of paramount importance for efficient SEC separations. This review presents the basic principles for the design of stationary phases for SEC as well as synthetic methods currently used in the field. Current status of fully-porous polymeric stationary phases used in SEC is reviewed and their advantages and limitations are also discussed. Finally, the potential of polymer monoliths in SEC is also covered, highlighting the limitations this column technology could address. However, further development in the polymer structure is needed to consider this column technology in the field of macromolecule separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Lubomirsky
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - Aminreza Khodabandeh
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - Jasmin Preis
- Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, Mainz, 55120, Germany
| | - Moritz Susewind
- Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, Mainz, 55120, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hofe
- Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, Mainz, 55120, Germany
| | - Emily F Hilder
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - R Dario Arrua
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, South Australia, 5095, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Abstract
The rapid development of additive technologies in recent years is accompanied by their intensive introduction into various fields of science and related technologies, including analytical chemistry. The use of 3D printing in analytical instrumentation, in particular, for making prototypes of new equipment and manufacturing parts having complex internal spatial configuration, has been proved as exceptionally effective. Additional opportunities for the widespread introduction of 3D printing technologies are associated with the development of new optically transparent, current- and thermo-conductive materials, various composite materials with desired properties, as well as possibilities for printing with the simultaneous combination of several materials in one product. This review will focus on the application of 3D printing for production of new advanced analytical devices, such as compact chromatographic columns for high performance liquid chromatography, flow reactors and flow cells for detectors, devices for passive concentration of toxic compounds and various integrated devices that allow significant improvements in chemical analysis. A special attention is paid to the complexity and functionality of 3D-printed devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1–3 Leninskie Gory , GSP-3 , Moscow , Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdulhussain N, Nawada S, Currivan S, Passamonti M, Schoenmakers P. Fabrication of polymer monoliths within the confines of non-transparent 3D-printed polymer housings. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461159. [PMID: 32505275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, 3D-printing has emerged as a promising enabling technology in the field of analytical chemistry. Fused-deposition modelling (FDM) is a popular, low-cost and widely accessible technique. In this study, RPLC separations are achieved by in-situ fabrication of porous polymer monoliths, directly within the 3D-printed channels. Thermal polymerization was employed for the fabrication of monolithic columns in optically non-transparent column housings, 3D-printed using two different polypropylene materials. Both acrylate-based and polystyrene-based monoliths were created. Two approaches were used for monolith fabrication, viz. (i) in standard polypropylene (PP) a two-step process was developed, with a radical initiated wall-modification step 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as the initiator, followed by a polymerization step to generate the monolith; (ii) for glass-reinforced PP (GPP) a silanization step or wall modification preceded the polymerization reaction. The success of wall attachment and the morphology of the monoliths were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the permeability of the columns was studied in flow experiments. In both types of housings polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) monoliths were successfully fabricated with good wall attachment. Within the glass-reinforced polypropylene (GPP) printed housing, SEM pictures showed a radially homogenous monolithic structure. The feasibility of performing liquid-chromatographic separations in 3D-printed channels was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdulhussain
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Suhas Nawada
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sinéad Currivan
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), Technological University Dublin, FOCAS Research Institute, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marta Passamonti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Catalá-Icardo M, Torres-Cartas S, Simó-Alfonso EF, Herrero-Martínez JM. Influence of photo-initiators in the preparation of methacrylate monoliths into poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) tubing for microbore HPLC. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1093:160-167. [PMID: 31735210 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) polymeric monoliths were in situ developed within 0.75 mm i.d. poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) tubing by UV polymerization via three different free-radical initiators (α,α'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) and 2-methyl-4'-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone (MTMPP). The influence of the nature of each photo-initiator and irradiation time on the morphological features of the polymer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the chromatographic properties of the resulting microbore columns were evaluated using alkyl benzenes as test substances. The beds photo-initiated with MTMPP gave the best performance (minimum plate heights of 38 μm for alkyl benzenes) and exhibited a satisfactory reproducibility in the chromatographic parameters (RSD < 11%). These monolithic columns were also successfully applied to the separation of phenylurea herbicides, proteins and a tryptic digest of β-casein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Catalá-Icardo
- Instituto de Investigación para La Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Campus de Gandía, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf 1, 46730, Grao de Gandía, Valencia, Spain.
| | - S Torres-Cartas
- Instituto de Investigación para La Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Campus de Gandía, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf 1, 46730, Grao de Gandía, Valencia, Spain
| | - E F Simó-Alfonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Herrero-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Multichannel separation device with parallel electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1610:460537. [PMID: 31537305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A device with four parallel channels was designed and manufactured by 3D printing in titanium. A simple experimental setup allowed splitting of the mobile phase in four parallel streams, such that a single sample could be analysed four times simultaneously. The four capillary channels were filled with a monolithic stationary phase, prepared using a zwitterionic functional monomer in combination with various dimethacrylate cross-linkers. The resulting stationary phases were applicable in both reversed-phase and hydrophilic-interaction retention mechanisms. The mobile-phase composition was optimized by means of a window diagram so as to obtain the highest possible resolution of dopamine precursors and metabolites on all columns. Miniaturized electrochemical detectors with carbon fibres as working electrodes and silver micro-wires as reference electrodes were integrated in the device at the end of each column. Experimental separations were successfully compared with those predicted by a three-parameter retention model. Finally, dopamine was determined in human urine to further confirm applicability of the developed device.
Collapse
|
6
|
Catalá-Icardo M, Torres-Cartas S, Meseguer-Lloret S, Simó-Alfonso E, Herrero-Martínez J. Photografted fluoropolymers as novel chromatographic supports for polymeric monolithic stationary phases. Talanta 2018; 187:216-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
7
|
Gupta V, Beirne S, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Investigating the Effect of Column Geometry on Separation Efficiency using 3D Printed Liquid Chromatographic Columns Containing Polymer Monolithic Phases. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1186-1194. [PMID: 29231703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effect of column geometry on the liquid chromatographic separations using 3D printed liquid chromatographic columns with in-column polymerized monoliths has been studied. Three different liquid chromatographic columns were designed and 3D printed in titanium as 2D serpentine, 3D spiral, and 3D serpentine columns, of equal length and i.d. Successful in-column thermal polymerization of mechanically stable poly(BuMA-co-EDMA) monoliths was achieved within each design without any significant structural differences between phases. Van Deemter plots indicated higher efficiencies for the 3D serpentine chromatographic columns with higher aspect ratio turns at higher linear velocities and smaller analysis times as compared to their counterpart columns with lower aspect ratio turns. Computational fluid dynamic simulations of a basic monolithic structure indicated 44%, 90%, 100%, and 118% higher flow through narrow channels in the curved monolithic configuration as compared to the straight monolithic configuration at linear velocities of 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mm s-1, respectively. Isocratic RPLC separations with the 3D serpentine column resulted in an average 23% and 245% (8 solutes) increase in the number of theoretical plates as compared to the 3D spiral and 2D serpentine columns, respectively. Gradient RPLC separations with the 3D serpentine column resulted in an average 15% and 82% (8 solutes) increase in the peak capacity as compared to the 3D spiral and 2D serpentine columns, respectively. Use of the 3D serpentine column at a higher flow rate, as compared to the 3D spiral column, provided a 58% reduction in the analysis time and 74% increase in the peak capacity for the isocratic separations of the small molecules and the gradient separations of proteins, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Beirne
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu C, Li H, Wang Q, Crommen J, Zhou H, Jiang Z. Preparation and evaluation of 400μm I.D. polymer-based hydrophilic interaction chromatography monolithic columns with high column efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2017. [PMID: 28629939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The quest for higher column efficiency is one of the major research areas in polymer-based monolithic column fabrication. In this research, two novel polymer-based HILIC monolithic columns with 400μm I.D.×800μm O.D. were prepared based on the thermally initiated co-polymerization of N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-methacrylamidopropyl)-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine (SPP) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) or N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). In order to obtain a satisfactory performance in terms of column permeability, mechanical stability, efficiency and selectivity, the polymerization parameters were systematically optimized. Column efficiencies as high as 142, 000 plates/m and 120, 000 plates/m were observed for the analysis of neutral compounds at 0.6mm/s on the poly(SPP-co-MBA) and poly(SPP-co-EDMA) monoliths, respectively. Furthermore, the Van Deemter plots for thiourea on the two monoliths were compared with that on a commercial silica based ZIC-HILIC column (3.5μm, 200Å, 150mm×300μm I.D.) using ACN/H2O (90/10, v/v) as the mobile phase at room temperature. It was noticeable that the Van Deemter curves for both monoliths, particularly the poly(SPP-co-MBA) monolith, are significantly flatter than that obtained for the ZIC-HILIC column, which indicates that in spite of their larger internal diameters, they yield better overall efficiency, with less peak dispersion, across a much wider range of usable linear velocities. A clearly better separation performance was also observed for nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and small peptides on the poly(SPP-co-MBA) monolith compared to the ZIC-HILIC column. It is particularly worth mentioning that these 400μm I.D. polymer-based HILIC monolithic columns exhibit enhanced mechanical strength owing to the thicker capillary wall of the fused-silica capillaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chusheng Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiqin Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jacques Crommen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Preparation of organic monolithic columns in polytetrafluoroethylene tubes for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 960:160-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Eeltink S, Wouters S, Dores-Sousa JL, Svec F. Advances in organic polymer-based monolithic column technology for high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of antibodies, intact proteins, oligonucleotides, and peptides. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:8-21. [PMID: 28069168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the preparation of organic polymer-based monolithic stationary phases and their application in the separation of biomolecules, including antibodies, intact proteins and protein isoforms, oligonucleotides, and protein digests. Column and material properties, and the optimization of the macropore structure towards kinetic performance are also discussed. State-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry biomolecule separations are reviewed and practical aspects such as ion-pairing agent selection and carryover are presented. Finally, advances in comprehensive two-dimensional LC separations using monolithic columns, in particular ion-exchange×reversed-phase and reversed-phase×reversed-phase LC separations conducted at high and low pH, are shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Covalent attachment of polymeric monolith to polyether ether ketone (PEEK) tubing. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 932:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Groarke RJ, Brabazon D. Methacrylate Polymer Monoliths for Separation Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E446. [PMID: 28773570 PMCID: PMC5456823 DOI: 10.3390/ma9060446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the development of methacrylate-based polymer monoliths for separation science applications. An introduction to monoliths is presented, followed by the preparation methods and characteristics specific to methacrylate monoliths. Both traditional chemical based syntheses and emerging additive manufacturing methods are presented along with an analysis of the different types of functional groups, which have been utilized with methacrylate monoliths. The role of methacrylate based porous materials in separation science in industrially important chemical and biological separations are discussed, with particular attention given to the most recent developments and challenges associated with these materials. While these monoliths have been shown to be useful for a wide variety of applications, there is still scope for exerting better control over the porous architectures and chemistries obtained from the different fabrication routes. Conclusions regarding this previous work are drawn and an outlook towards future challenges and potential developments in this vibrant research area are presented. Discussed in particular are the potential of additive manufacturing for the preparation of monolithic structures with pre-defined multi-scale porous morphologies and for the optimization of surface reactive chemistries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Groarke
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- National Sensor Research Centre, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- National Sensor Research Centre, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fabrication of a GMA-co-EDMA Monolith in a 2.0 mm i.d. Polypropylene Housing. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040263. [PMID: 28773385 PMCID: PMC5502927 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are interesting housing materials for the fabrication of inexpensive monolithic chromatography and solid phase extraction (SPE) devices. Challenges arise when polymeric monoliths are formed in non-conical, cylindrical tubes of larger diameter due to potential monolith detachment from the housing wall resulting in loss of separation performance and mechanical stability. Here, a two-step protocol is applied to ensure formation of robust homogeneous methacrylate monolith in polypropylene (PP) tubing with a diameter of 2.0 mm. Detailed Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging confirm the successful pre-modification of the tubing wall with an anchoring layer of cross-linked ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA). Subsequent formation of an EDMA-glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monolith in the PP tube resulted in a homogeneous monolithic polymer with enhanced mechanical stability as compared to non-anchored monoliths.
Collapse
|
14
|
Polystyrene -co-Divinylbenzene PolyHIPE Monoliths in 1.0 mm Column Formats for Liquid Chromatography. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9030212. [PMID: 28773337 PMCID: PMC5456711 DOI: 10.3390/ma9030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) separation of small molecules using a polystyrene-co-divinylbenzene (PS-co-DVB) polyHIPE stationary phases housed within 1.0 mm i.d. silcosteel columns is presented within this study. A 90% PS-co-DVB polyHIPE was covalently attached to the walls of the column housing by prior wall modification with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate and could withstand operating backpressures in excess of 200 bar at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Permeability studies revealed that the monolith swelled slightly in 100% acetonitrile relative to 100% water but could nevertheless be used to separate five alkylbenzenes using a flow rate of 40 µL/min (linear velocity: 0.57 mm/s). Remarkable column-to-column reproducibility is shown with retention factor variation between 2.6% and 6.1% for two separately prepared columns.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gupta V, Talebi M, Deverell J, Sandron S, Nesterenko PN, Heery B, Thompson F, Beirne S, Wallace GG, Paull B. 3D printed titanium micro-bore columns containing polymer monoliths for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 910:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Sandron S, Heery B, Gupta V, Collins DA, Nesterenko EP, Nesterenko PN, Talebi M, Beirne S, Thompson F, Wallace GG, Brabazon D, Regan F, Paull B. 3D printed metal columns for capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2015; 139:6343-7. [PMID: 25285334 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01476f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coiled planar capillary chromatography columns (0.9 mm I.D. × 60 cm L) were 3D printed in stainless steel (316L), and titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloys (external dimensions of ~5 × 30 × 58 mm), and either slurry packed with various sized reversed-phase octadecylsilica particles, or filled with an in situ prepared methacrylate based monolith. Coiled printed columns were coupled directly with 30 × 30 mm Peltier thermoelectric direct contact heater/cooler modules. Preliminary results show the potential of using such 3D printed columns in future portable chromatographic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sandron
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vonk RJ, Vaast A, Eeltink S, Schoenmakers PJ. Titanium-scaffolded organic-monolithic stationary phases for ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Collins DA, Nesterenko EP, Paull B. Porous layer open tubular columns in capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2014; 139:1292-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01869e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
19
|
Highly crosslinked polymeric monoliths with various C6 functional groups for reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1321:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
20
|
Liu K, Aggarwal P, Lawson JS, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Organic monoliths for high-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2767-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Pankaj Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - John S. Lawson
- Department of Statistics; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - H. Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Milton L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Collins DA, Nesterenko EP, Brabazon D, Paull B. Fabrication of Bonded Monolithic Porous Layer Open Tubular (monoPLOT) Columns in Wide Bore Capillary by Laminar Flow Thermal Initiation. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
22
|
Shu S, Kobayashi H, Okubo M, Sabarudin A, Butsugan M, Umemura T. Chemical anchoring of lauryl methacrylate-based reversed phase monolith to 1/16″ o.d. polyetheretherketone tubing. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1242:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
23
|
Arrua RD, Causon TJ, Hilder EF. Recent developments and future possibilities for polymer monoliths in separation science. Analyst 2012; 137:5179-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35804b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Preparation and characterization of lauryl methacrylate-based monolithic microbore column for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
Collins D, Nesterenko E, Connolly D, Vasquez M, Macka M, Brabazon D, Paull B. Versatile Capillary Column Temperature Control Using a Thermoelectric Array Based Platform. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4307-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2004955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Collins
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Nesterenko
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Damian Connolly
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mercedes Vasquez
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), Faculty of Engineering & Computing, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brett Paull
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nischang I, Teasdale I, Brüggemann O. Porous polymer monoliths for small molecule separations: advancements and limitations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 400:2289-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|