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Maguire S, Strachan G, Norvaiša K, Donohoe C, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Porphyrin Atropisomerism as a Molecular Engineering Tool in Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Assembly, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401559. [PMID: 38787350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin atropisomerism, which arises from restricted σ-bond rotation between the macrocycle and a sufficiently bulky substituent, was identified in 1969 by Gottwald and Ullman in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins. Henceforth, an entirely new field has emerged utilizing this transformative tool. This review strives to explain the consequences of atropisomerism in porphyrins, the methods which have been developed for their separation and analysis and present the diverse array of applications. Porphyrins alone possess intriguing properties and a structure which can be easily decorated and molded for a specific function. Therefore, atropisomerism serves as a transformative tool, making it possible to obtain even a specific molecular shape. Atropisomerism has been thoroughly exploited in catalysis and molecular recognition yet presents both challenges and opportunities in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Grant Strachan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Claire Donohoe
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Chauthe SK, Sidduri P, Reddy M, Sistla R, Byri V, Uttaravalli MD, Botlagunta M, Kumar H, Gupta A, Gupta AK, Bajpai L, Bagadi M, Mathur A. RP-HPLC separation of interconvertible rotamers of a 5-tetrahydroisoquinolin-6-yl-pyridin-3-yl acetic acid derivative and confirmation by VT NMR and DFT study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 212:114675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Turnpenny P, Dickie A, Malec J, McClements J. Retention-directed and selectivity controlled chromatographic resolution: Rapid post-hoc analysis of DMPK samples to achieve high-throughput LC-MS separation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1164:122514. [PMID: 33477099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High quality chromatographic separation underpins robustness in LC-MS, frequently the analytical method of choice for pharmaceutical drug discovery work. The potential improvements in chromatographic selectivity afforded by serial column coupling (SCC), provide a useful means to enhance the resolution of complex samples. In this work, we present a revised high-throughput form of SCC, in which just two individual mixed phase columns were coupled together and combined with a gradient-optimised, retention-directed ultra-high pressure method to achieve rapid separations, with no further method optimisation necessary. The overall performance was evaluated from an open access DMPK analytical working environment perspective; where in anticipation of bioanalytical or metabolite identification chromatography challenges, or with the knowledge that stronger resolution was required for in-vitro sample analysis, the methodology could be immediately implemented by the analyst. Retention-directed selection of a shallow SCC gradient method was successful in separating peaks throughout the chromatographic window, resulting in a runtime still congruent to high-throughput analyses (3.5 min). In-vitro assay sample interferences were resolved 44-72% of the time, and the overall resolving power for isomeric separations significantly improved against single column comparisons (1.7-fold mean RS improvement). Over a sustained period of time in our laboratory, SCC methods have been used for metabolite identification and bioanalytical samples, where both convenience and effectiveness in solving analytical challenges has been consistently demonstrated. Examples that highlight SCC chromatography, and a guided discussion of the main high-throughput considerations, are included. The technique offers wide applicability, and we would recommend it as a toolbox consideration to the laboratory analyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Turnpenny
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Anthony Dickie
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK.
| | - Jed Malec
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Jordan McClements
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
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Venter P, Pasch H, de Villiers A. Comprehensive analysis of tara tannins by reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to ion mobility and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6329-6341. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yogesha S, Arun K, Shetty SG, Ravi H, Ramesh N. Simultaneous quantification of N
-butylthiophosphoric triamide and dicyandiamide in urea formulation by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:484-490. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subbaiah Yogesha
- Analytical Technology; SABIC Technology Center; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Kumar Arun
- Analytical Technology; SABIC Technology Center; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | | | - Hegde Ravi
- Analytical Technology; SABIC Technology Center; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Narayana Ramesh
- Analytical Technology; SABIC Technology Center; Bengaluru Karnataka India
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Piazzolla F, Siciliano C, Minuti L, Temperini A. Exploration of synthetic strategies for the stereoselective preparation of novel tetrahydrofuran-containing biaryls: A high-pressure promoted Diels-Alder approach. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Simultaneous Determination of Aminoglycoside Residues in Food Animal Muscles by Mixed-Mode Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang L, Hu Y, Galella E, Tomasella FP, Fish WP. Separation of atropisomers by chiral liquid chromatography and thermodynamic analysis of separation mechanism. J Pharm Anal 2017; 7:156-162. [PMID: 29404032 PMCID: PMC5790684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, the analysis of atropisomers is of considerable interest from a scientific and regulatory perspective. The compound of interest contains two stereogenic axes due to the hindered rotation around the single bonds connecting the aryl groups, which results in four potential configurational isomers (atropisomers). The separation of the four atropisomers is achieved on a derivatized β-cyclodextrin bonded stationary phase. Further investigation shows that low temperature conditions, including sample preparation (−70 °C), sample storage (−70 °C), and chromatographic separation (6 °C), were critical to preventing interconversion. LC-UV-Laser Polarimetric analysis identified peak 1/2 as a pair of enantiomers and peak 3/4 as another. Thermodynamic analysis of the retention data indicated that the separation of the pairs of enantiomers is primarily enthalpy controlled as indicated by the positive slope of the van’t Huff plot. The difference in absolute Δ (Δ H), ranged from 2.20 kJ/mol to 2.42 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Yue Hu
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Elizabeth Galella
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Frank P Tomasella
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - William P Fish
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Zhang K, Liu X. Reprint of “Mixed-mode chromatography in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications”. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Mixed-mode chromatography in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:73-88. [PMID: 27236100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) is a fast growing area in recent years, thanks to the new generation of mixed-mode stationary phases and better understanding of multimode interactions. MMC has superior applications in the separation of compounds that are not retained or not well resolved by typical reversed-phase LC methods, especially for polar and charged molecules. Due to the multiple retention modes that a single MMC column can offer, often MMC provides additional dimension to a separation method by adjusting the mobile phase conditions. Mixed-mode media is also an effective way to clean up complex sample matrices for purification purposes or for sensitive detection of trace amounts of analytes. In this article, we discuss mixed-mode stationary phases and separation mechanisms and review recent advances in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications including the analysis and/or purification of counterions, small molecule drugs, impurities, formulation excipients, peptides and proteins.
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Kinetic simulation of complex decomposition as a tool for the ion chromatographic determination of elemental speciation of less inert metal ions. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kazarian AA, Nesterenko PN, Soisungnoen P, Burakham R, Srijaranai S, Paull B. Comprehensive analysis of pharmaceutical products using simultaneous mixed-mode (ion-exchange/reversed-phase) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2138-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artaches A. Kazarian
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Phimpha Soisungnoen
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Rodjana Burakham
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of aminoglycosides in meat. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4941-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kazarian AA, Taylor MR, Haddad PR, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Single column comprehensive analysis of pharmaceutical preparations using dual-injection mixed-mode (ion-exchange and reversed-phase) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 86:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kazarian AA, Taylor MR, Haddad PR, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Ion-exchange and hydrophobic interactions affecting selectivity for neutral and charged solutes on three structurally similar agglomerated ion-exchange and mixed-mode stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 803:143-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vanthuyne N, Roussel C. Chiroptical Detectors for the Study of Unusual Phenomena in Chiral Chromatography. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 340:107-51. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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17
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Development of chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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