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Greguš M, Kostas JC, Ray S, Abbatiello SE, Ivanov AR. Improved Sensitivity of Ultralow Flow LC-MS-Based Proteomic Profiling of Limited Samples Using Monolithic Capillary Columns and FAIMS Technology. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14702-14712. [PMID: 33054160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we pioneered a combination of ultralow flow (ULF) high-efficiency ultranarrow bore monolithic LC columns coupled to MS via a high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) interface to evaluate the potential applicability for high sensitivity, robust, and reproducible proteomic profiling of low nanogram-level complex biological samples. As a result, ULF LC-FAIMS-MS brought unprecedented sensitivity levels and high reproducibility in bottom-up proteomic profiling. In addition, FAIMS improved the dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratios, and detection limits in ULF LC-MS-based measurements by significantly reducing chemical noise in comparison to the conventional nanoESI interface used with the same ULF LC-MS setup. Two, three, or four compensation voltages separated by at least 15 V were tested within a single LC-MS run using the FAIMS interface. The optimized ULF LC-ESI-FAIMS-MS/MS conditions resulted in identification of 2,348 ± 42 protein groups, 10,062 ± 285 peptide groups, and 15,734 ± 350 peptide-spectrum matches for 1 ng of a HeLa digest, using a 1 h gradient at the flow rate of 12 nL/min, which represents an increase by 38%, 91%, and 131% in respective identifications, as compared to the control experiment (without FAIMS). To evaluate the practical utility of the ULF LC-ESI-FAIMS-MS platform in proteomic profiling of limited samples, approximately 100, 1,000, and 10,000 U937 myeloid leukemia cells were processed, and a one-tenth of each sample was analyzed. Using the optimized conditions, we were able to reliably identify 251 ± 54, 1,135 ± 80, and 2,234 ± 25 protein groups from injected aliquots corresponding to ∼10, 100, and 1,000 processed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Greguš
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James C Kostas
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Somak Ray
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Susan E Abbatiello
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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2
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Sorensen MJ, Miller KE, Jorgenson JW, Kennedy RT. Ultrahigh-Performance capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry at 35 kpsi for separation of lipids. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460575. [PMID: 31607445 PMCID: PMC6980658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in sample preparation, separation, and mass spectrometry continue to expand the coverage in LC-MS based lipidomics. While longer columns packed with smaller particles in theory give higher separation performance compared to shorter columns, the implementation of this technology above commercial limits has been sparse due to difficulties in packing long columns and successfully operating instruments at ultrahigh pressures. In this work, a liquid chromatograph that operates up to 35 kpsi was investigated for the separation and identification of lipid species from human plasma. Capillary columns between 15-50 cm long were packed with 1.7 µm BEH C18 particles and evaluated for their ability to separate lipid isomers and complex lipid extracts from human plasma. Putative lipid class identifications were assigned using accurate mass and relative retention time data of the eluting peaks. Our findings indicate that longer columns packed and operated at 35 kpsi outperform shorter columns packed and run at lower pressures in terms of peak capacity and numbers of features identified. Packing columns with relatively high concentration slurries (200 mg/mL) while sonicating the column resulted in 6-34% increase in peak capacity for 50 cm columns compared to lower slurry concentrations and no sonication. For a given analysis time, 50 cm long columns operated at 35 kpsi provided a 20-95% increase in chromatographic peak capacity compared with 15 cm columns operated at 15 kpsi. Analysis times up to 4 h were evaluated, generating peak capacities up to 410 ± 5 (n = 3, measured at 4σ) and identifying 480 ± 85 lipids (n = 2). Importantly, the results also show a correlation between the peak capacity and the number of lipids identified from a human plasma extract. This correlation indicates that ionization suppression is a limiting factor in obtaining sufficient signal for identification by mass spectrometry. The result also shows that the higher resolution obtained by shallow gradients overcomes possible signal reduction due to broader, more dilute peaks in long gradients for improving detection of lipids in LC-MS. Lastly, longer columns operated at shallow gradients allowed for the best separation of both regional and geometrical isomers. These results demonstrate a system that enables the advantages of using longer columns packed and run at ultrahigh pressure for improving lipid separations and lipidome coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kelsey E Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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3
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Andjelković U, Tufegdžić S, Popović M. Use of monolithic supports for high-throughput protein and peptide separation in proteomics. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2851-2869. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Andjelković
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Chemistry; Technology and Metallurgy; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Srdjan Tufegdžić
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Chemistry; Technology and Metallurgy; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milica Popović
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
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4
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Advances in monolithic silica columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Anal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-017-0125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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5
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Yang XY, Chen LH, Li Y, Rooke JC, Sanchez C, Su BL. Hierarchically porous materials: synthesis strategies and structure design. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:481-558. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 839] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses recent advances in synthesis strategies of hierarchically porous materials and their structural design from micro-, meso- to macro-length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Joanna Claire Rooke
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI)
- University of Namur
- B-5000 Namur
- Belgium
| | - Clément Sanchez
- Chimie de la Matiere Condensee de Paris
- UniversitePierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI)
- Collège de France
- France
| | - Bao-Lian Su
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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6
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Hara T, Desmet G, Baron GV, Minakuchi H, Eeltink S. Effect of polyethylene glycol on pore structure and separation efficiency of silica-based monolithic capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Kurganov A, Kanateva A, Yakubenko E. Application of kinetic plots in gas and liquid chromatography for the optimization of separation conditions. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:162-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Yakubenko
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis; RAS; Moscow Russia
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8
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Han J, Ye L, Xu L, Zhou Z, Gao F, Xiao Z, Wang Q, Zhang B. Towards high peak capacity separations in normal pressure nanoflow liquid chromatography using meter long packed capillary columns. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Horie K, Kamakura T, Ikegami T, Wakabayashi M, Kato T, Tanaka N, Ishihama Y. Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Using a Meter-Scale Monolithic Silica Capillary Column for Proteomics LC-MS. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3817-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4038625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Horie
- Eisai Co., Ltd, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
Core Function Unit, Global Formulation Research, Kawashima, Kakamigahara, Gifu 501-6195, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeo Kamakura
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Ikegami
- Department
of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Wakabayashi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Eisai Co., Ltd, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
Core Function Unit, Global Formulation Research, Kawashima, Kakamigahara, Gifu 501-6195, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tanaka
- Department
of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- GL Sciences Inc., 237-2
Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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10
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Jandera P. Advances in the development of organic polymer monolithic columns and their applications in food analysis—A review. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Rogeberg M, Vehus T, Grutle L, Greibrokk T, Wilson SR, Lundanes E. Separation optimization of long porous-layer open-tubular columns for nano-LC-MS of limited proteomic samples. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2838-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rogeberg
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Tore Vehus
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Lene Grutle
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Tyge Greibrokk
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | | | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
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12
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D'Attoma A, Heinisch S. On-line comprehensive two dimensional separations of charged compounds using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Part II: application to the separation of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1306:27-36. [PMID: 23891372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this second paper of a two-part series, on-line RPLC×HILIC is compared to on-line RPLC×RPLC through the separation of peptides. Our choices regarding the conditions are discussed. Injection effects and overloading effects are evaluated in both configurations. It is shown that whereas large volumes can be injected in the second dimension in RPLC×RPLC under HT-UHPLC conditions (>20% of the column dead volume), even small injection volumes (8% of the column the dead volume) have a detrimental effect on peak shapes in RPLC×HILIC. Advantages and limits of the two 2D-systems are compared through the 2D-separation of a tryptic digest of three proteins. A ten-fold gain in analysis time along with a significant gain in peak capacity are obtained with both systems compared to the most efficient one-dimensional separation of peptides recently published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie D'Attoma
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5280, Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Rigobello-Masini M, Penteado JCP, Masini JC. Monolithic columns in plant proteomics and metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2107-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels,
Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels,
Belgium
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15
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Recent advances in monolithic columns for protein and peptide separation by capillary liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Randunu KM, Marcus RK. Microbore polypropylene capillary channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber columns for rapid reversed-phase HPLC of proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:721-9. [PMID: 22736228 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The performance of microbore columns with polypropylene (PP) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as the support/stationary phase for separation of macromolecules has been investigated. Polypropylene C-CP fibers (40 μm diameter) were packed in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) tubing of inner diameter 0.8 mm and lengths of 40, 60, 80, and 110 cm. The performance of PP fiber packed microbore columns (peak width, peak capacity, and resolution) was evaluated for separation of a three-protein mixture of ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, and transferrin under reversed-phase gradient conditions. The low backpressure characteristics of C-CP fiber columns enable operation at high linear velocities (up to 75 mm s(-1) at 1.5 mL min(-1)). In contrast with the performance of other phases, such velocities enable enhanced resolution of the three-protein mixture, because peak widths decrease with velocity. Increased column length resulted in increased resolution, because the peak widths remained essentially constant, although retention times increased. In addition, it was found that the peak capacity increased with column length and linear velocity. Radial compression of the microbore tubing enhanced the homogeneity of the packing and, thereby, separation efficiency and resolution. Radial compression of columns resulted in a decrease in the interstitial fraction (~5%), but increased resolution of ~14% between ribonuclease A and cytochrome c. Even so, a linear velocity of 75 mm s(-1) required a backpressure of 9.5 MPa only. It is clear that the fluid and solute-transport properties of the C-CP fiber microbore columns afford far better performance than is obtainable by use of standard format columns. The ability to achieve high separation efficiencies, rapidly and with low volume flow rates, holds promise for high-capacity protein separations in proteomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manoj Randunu
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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17
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Zhou F, Lu Y, Ficarro SB, Webber JT, Marto JA. Nanoflow low pressure high peak capacity single dimension LC-MS/MS platform for high-throughput, in-depth analysis of mammalian proteomes. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5133-9. [PMID: 22519751 PMCID: PMC3416051 DOI: 10.1021/ac2031404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of narrow bore LC capillaries operated at ultralow flow rates coupled with mass spectrometry provides a desirable convergence of figures of merit to support high-performance LC-MS/MS analysis. This configuration provides a viable means to achieve in-depth protein sequence coverage while maintaining a high rate of data production. Here we explore potential performance improvements afforded by use of 25 μm × 100 cm columns fabricated with 5 μm diameter reversed phase particles and integrated electrospray emitter tips. These columns achieve a separation peak capacity of ≈750 in a 600-min gradient, with average chromatographic peak widths of less than 1 min. At room temperature, a pressure drop of only ≈1500 psi is sufficient to maintain an effluent flow rate of ≤10 nL/min. Using mouse embryonic stem cells as a model for complex mammalian proteomes, we reproducibly identify over 4000 proteins across duplicate 600 min LC-MS/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215-5450
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215-5450
| | - Scott B. Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215-5450
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215-5450
| | - James T. Webber
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215-5450
| | - Jarrod A. Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215-5450
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215-5450
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18
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. New trends in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separations of therapeutic peptides and proteins: theory and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:9-27. [PMID: 22475515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical field, there is considerable interest in the use of peptides and proteins for therapeutic purposes. There are various ways to characterize such complex samples, but during the last few years, a significant number of technological developments have been brought to the field of RPLC and RPLC-MS. Thus, the present review focuses first on the basics of RPLC for peptides and proteins, including the inherent problems, some possible solutions and some directions for developing a new RPLC method that is dedicated to biomolecules. Then the latest advances in RPLC, such as wide-pore core-shell particles, fully porous sub-2 μm particles, organic monoliths, porous layer open tubular columns and elevated temperature, are described and critically discussed in terms of both kinetic efficiency and selectivity. Numerous applications with real samples are presented that confirm the relevance of these different strategies. Finally, one of the key advantages of RPLC for peptides and proteins over other historical approaches is its inherent compatibility with MS using both MALDI and ESI sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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19
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Estimation and optimization of the peak capacity of one-dimensional gradient high performance liquid chromatography using a long monolithic silica capillary column. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Kutter JP. Liquid phase chromatography on microchips. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Verstraeten M, Desmet G. Signal enhancement by trapping in microscale liquid chromatography: Numerical modelling. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2822-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Rogeberg M, Wilson SR, Malerod H, Lundanes E, Tanaka N, Greibrokk T. High efficiency, high temperature separations on silica based monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7281-8. [PMID: 21899856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on separation using reversed-phase monolithic columns has been investigated using a nano-LC pumping system for gradient separation of tryptic peptides with MS detection. A goal of this study was to find optimal conditions for high-speed separations. The chromatographic performance of the columns was evaluated by peak capacity and peak capacity per time unit. Column lengths ranging from 20 to 100 cm and intermediate gradient times from 10 to 30 min were investigated to assess the potential of these columns in a final step separation, e.g. after fractionation or specific sample preparation. Flow rates from 250 to 2000 nL/min and temperatures from 20 to 120°C were investigated. Temperature had a significant effect on fast separations, and a flow rate of 2000 nL/min and a temperature of 80°C gave the highest peak capacity per time unit. These settings produced 70% more protein identifications in a biological sample compared to a conventional packed column. Alternatively, an equal amount of protein identifications was obtained with a 40% reduction in run time compared to the conventional packed column.
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