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Guo Y, Tong S, Zhang K, Yan J. Recent progress in separation prediction of counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:6-16. [PMID: 32926765 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a liquid-liquid partition chromatography, counter-current chromatography has advantages in large sample loading capacity without irreversible adsorption, which has been widely applied in separation and purification fields. The main factors, including partition coefficient, two-phase solvent systems, apparatus, and operating parameters greatly affect the separation process of counter-current chromatography. To promote the applications of counter-current chromatography, it is essential to develop theoretical research to master the principles of counter-current chromatographic separations so as to achieve predictions before laborious trials. In this article, recent progress about separation prediction methods are reviewed from a point of the steady and unsteady state of the mass transfer process of counter-current chromatography and its mass transfer characteristics, and then it is divided into three aspects: prediction of partition coefficient, modeling the thermodynamic process of counter-current chromatography, and modeling the dynamic process of counter-current chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Keqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Liu D, Hong Z, Gao M, Wang Z, Gu M, Zhang X, Xiao H. Polarity, selectivity and performance of hydrophilic organic/salt-containing aqueous two-phase system on counter-current chromatography for polar compounds. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1448:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Morikawa G, Suzuka C, Shoji A, Shibusawa Y, Yanagida A. High-throughput determination of octanol/water partition coefficients using a shake-flask method and novel two-phase solvent system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 117:338-44. [PMID: 26422471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput method for determining the octanol/water partition coefficient (P(o/w)) of a large variety of compounds exhibiting a wide range in hydrophobicity was established. The method combines a simple shake-flask method with a novel two-phase solvent system comprising an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4)-1-octanol (25:25:4, v/v/v; AN system). The AN system partition coefficients (K(AN)) of 51 standard compounds for which log P(o/w) (at pH 7.4; log D) values had been reported were determined by single two-phase partitioning in test tubes, followed by measurement of the solute concentration in both phases using an automatic flow injection-ultraviolet detection system. The log K(AN) values were closely related to reported log D values, and the relationship could be expressed by the following linear regression equation: log D=2.8630 log K(AN) -0.1497(n=51). The relationship reveals that log D values (+8 to -8) for a large variety of highly hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic compounds can be estimated indirectly from the narrow range of log K(AN) values (+3 to -3) determined using the present method. Furthermore, log K(AN) values for highly polar compounds for which no log D values have been reported, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleosides, and nucleotides, can be estimated using the present method. The wide-ranging log D values (+5.9 to -7.5) of these molecules were estimated for the first time from their log K(AN) values and the above regression equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Morikawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuka
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shoji
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shibusawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akio Yanagida
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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Friesen JB, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Countercurrent Separation of Natural Products: An Update. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1765-96. [PMID: 26177360 PMCID: PMC4517501 DOI: 10.1021/np501065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses the current instrumentation, method development, and applications in countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), collectively referred to as countercurrent separation (CCS). The article provides a critical review of the CCS literature from 2007 since our last review (J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1489-1508), with a special emphasis on the applications of CCS in natural products research. The current state of CCS is reviewed in regard to three continuing topics (instrumentation, solvent system development, theory) and three new topics (optimization of parameters, workflow, bioactivity applications). The goals of this review are to deliver the necessary background with references for an up-to-date perspective of CCS, to point out its potential for the natural product scientist, and thereby to induce new applications in natural product chemistry, metabolome, and drug discovery research involving organisms from terrestrial and marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Brent Friesen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
- Physical
Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
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Liang J, Meng J, Wu D, Guo M, Wu S. A novel 9 × 9 map-based solvent selection strategy for targeted counter-current chromatography isolation of natural products. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1400:27-39. [PMID: 25980692 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) is an efficient liquid-liquid chromatography technique for separation and purification of complex mixtures like natural products extracts and synthetic chemicals. However, CCC is still a challenging process requiring some special technical knowledge especially in the selection of appropriated solvent systems. In this work, we introduced a new 9 × 9 map-based solvent selection strategy for CCC isolation of targets, which permit more than 60 hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (HEMWat) solvent systems as the start candidates for the selection of solvent systems. Among these solvent systems, there are clear linear correlations between partition coefficient (K) and the system numbers. Thus, an appropriate CCC solvent system (i.e., sweet spot for K = 1) may be hit by measurement of k values of the target only in two random solvent systems. Besides this, surprisingly, we found that through two sweet spots, we could get a line ("Sweet line") where there are infinite sweet solvent systems being suitable for CCC separation. In these sweet solvent systems, the target has the same partition coefficient (K) but different solubilities. Thus, the better sweet solvent system with higher sample solubility can be obtained for high capacity CCC preparation. Furthermore, we found that there is a zone ("Sweet zone") where all solvent systems have their own sweet partition coefficients values for the target in range of 0.4 < K< 2.5 or extended range of 0.25 < K < 16. All results were validated by using 14 pure GUESSmix mimic natural products as standards and further confirmed by isolation of several targets including honokiol and magnolol from the extracts of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. Et Wils and tanshinone IIA from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In practice, it is much easier to get a suitable solvent system only by making a simple screening two to four HEMWat two-phase solvent systems to obtain the sweet line or sweet zone without special knowledge or comprehensive standards as references. This is an important advancement for solvent system selection and also will be very useful for isolation of current natural products including Traditional Chinese Medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Liang
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research and Development Center of Natural Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province 311300, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dingfang Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Rui'an Food Inspection and Testing Center, Rui'an 325204, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengzhe Guo
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Shihua Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Hydrophilic organic/salt-containing aqueous two-phase solvent system for counter-current chromatography: A novel technique for separation of polar compounds. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li Y, Wang N, Zhang M, Ito Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Guo X, Hu P. Development of a method to extract and purify target compounds from medicinal plants in a single step: online hyphenation of expanded bed adsorption chromatography and countercurrent chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3373-9. [PMID: 24588208 DOI: 10.1021/ac4035955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pure compounds extracted and purified from natural sources are crucial to lead discovery and drug screening. This study presents a novel two-dimensional hyphenation of expanded bed adsorption chromatography (EBAC) and high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) for extraction and purification of target compounds from medicinal plants in a single step. The EBAC and HSCCC were hyphenated via a six-port injection valve as an interface. Fractionation of ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Rhizoma coptidis was performed on the hyphenated system to verify its efficacy. Two compounds were harvested from Salvia miltiorrhiza, one was 52.9 mg of salvianolic acid B with an over 95% purity and the other was 2.1 mg of rosmarinic acid with a 74% purity. Another two components were purified from Rhizoma coptidis, one was 4.6 mg of coptisine with a 98% purity and one was 4.1 mg of berberine with a 82% purity. The processing time was nearly 50% that of the multistep method. The results indicate that the present method is a rapid and green way to harvest targets from medicinal plants in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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Levet A, Bordes C, Clément Y, Mignon P, Chermette H, Marote P, Cren-Olivé C, Lantéri P. Quantitative structure-activity relationship to predict acute fish toxicity of organic solvents. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1094-1103. [PMID: 23866172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
REACH regulation requires ecotoxicological data to characterize industrial chemicals. To limit in vivo testing, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) are advocated to predict toxicity of a molecule. In this context, the topic of this work was to develop a reliable QSAR explaining the experimental acute toxicity of organic solvents for fish trophic level. Toxicity was expressed as log(LC50), the concentration in mmol.L(-1) producing the 50% death of fish. The 141 chemically heterogeneous solvents of the dataset were described by physico-chemical descriptors and quantum theoretical parameters calculated via Density Functional Theory. The best subsets of solvent descriptors for LC50 prediction were chosen both through the Kubinyi function associated with Enhanced Replacement Method and a stepwise forward multiple linear regressions. The 4-parameters selected in the model were the octanol-water partition coefficient, LUMO energy, dielectric constant and surface tension. The predictive power and robustness of the QSAR developed were assessed by internal and external validations. Several techniques for training sets selection were evaluated: a random selection, a LC50-based selection, a balanced selection in terms of toxic and non-toxic solvents, a solvent profile-based selection with a space filling technique and a D-optimality onions-based selection. A comparison with fish LC50 predicted by ECOSAR model validated for neutral organics confirmed the interest of the QSAR developed for the prediction of organic solvent aquatic toxicity regardless of the mechanism of toxic action involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Levet
- Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5280, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Hamzaoui M, Renault JH, Nuzillard JM, Reynaud R, Hubert J. Stepwise elution of a three-phase solvent system in centrifugal partition extraction: a new strategy for the fractionation and phytochemical screening of a crude bark extract. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:367-373. [PMID: 23427023 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tree bark represents an interesting source of bioactive molecules for the discovery of new pharmaceutical agents. However, the detailed screening of secondary metabolites in crude bark extracts is often hampered by the presence of tannins, which are difficult to separate from other plant constituents. OBJECTIVE In the present study, a new centrifugal partition extraction (CPE) method was developed in order to fractionate a crude bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae). METHODS A three-phase solvent system composed of n-heptane, methyl tert-butyl ether, acetonitrile and water was optimised for the stepwise elution at 20 mL/min of different phytochemical classes according to their hydrophobicity. Onedimensional and two-dimensional NMR analyses of the simplified fractions were then performed in order to characterise potentially interesting metabolites. RESULTS In one step, 5 g of the initial crude extract were efficiently fractionated to yield highly simplified fractions that contained triterpenes, ellagic acid derivatives, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. All undesired compounds, that is, the highly abundant water-soluble tannins (78.8%), were totally removed and each run was rapidly achieved in 90 min on a the multi-gram scale and with low solvent volumes. CONCLUSION Centrifugal partition extraction in the elution mode using a three-phase solvent system can thus be proposed as an efficient and cost-effective alternative for a rapid fractionation of crude bark extracts and for an effective screening of potentially active secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hamzaoui
- UMR CNRS 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Bât. 18, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687 Reims, Cedex 2, France
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Dai X, Hu R, Sun C, Pan Y. Comprehensive separation and analysis of alkaloids from Stephania yunnanensis by counter-current chromatography coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1226:18-23. [PMID: 22041142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The polar compounds such as alkaloid compounds are important bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicines. In present study, a comprehensive method for separation and analysis of polar compounds from the polar fraction of traditional Chinese medicine Stephania yunnanensis was established. Both the major components and minor components were analyzed by counter-current chromatography combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)). From 50 mg polar fraction of crude extract, 15.2mg corydine and 4.8 mg stepharine with purities over 90% were successfully separated via a polar solvent system n-butanol: methanol: water (4:1:5, v/v) with 10 mM NaOH as an additive in the lower phase, in one step operation. Their structures were further identified by 1H NMR and FTICR-MS. Besides, three minor components were identified by HPLC-MS(n) based on the fragmentation behavior of the purified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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