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Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. Reverse-Polarization High-Performance Layer Electrochromatography-A New Approach to Anion Separation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119389. [PMID: 37298340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance layer electrochromatography (HPLEC) combines the advantages of overpressured-layer chromatography (OPLC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC) while overcoming some of their limitations. HPLEC equipment can work in various HPLEC, OPLC, and PPEC modes. The equipment enables HPLEC analysis also with an electroosmotic effect directed against the hydrodynamic flow of the mobile phase. The change in the electric field direction in the separation system does not result in a change in either the direction of the mobile phase flow or the direction of solute migration. The hydrodynamic flow generated by the pump dominates the electroosmotic effect and enables separation against the direction of the latter. Reversed-polarization HPLEC may be advantageous for the analysis of anionic compounds, as it facilitates faster and more selective separation than OPLC performed in similar conditions. This separation mode provides a new possibility to develop and optimize separation methods by performing separation against the electroosmotic effect and without need of any modification of the adsorbent surface. A drawback of this separation mode is the increase in the backpressure at the mobile phase inlet and the limitation of the mobile phase flow rate. Currently, contrary to the single-channel mode, multi-channel reverse-polarity HPLEC still requires some technical and methodological improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Łukasz Gwarda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Henryk Dzido
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. High Performance (High Pressure) Layer Electrochromatography Separation Technique: Equipment and Preliminary Results. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9091-9096. [PMID: 35700336 PMCID: PMC9244868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We present a new
prototype device and propose a new analytical
technique: high performance (high pressure) layer electrochromatography
(HPLEC). The equipment provides a combination of overpressured layer
chromatography (OPLC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography
(PPEC), yet it still enables researchers to perform each of these
analyses separately. In comparison to PPEC, HPLEC provides hydrodynamic
flow of the mobile phase, irrespective of the voltage used and the
mobile phase composition. The advantages of HPLEC over OPLC include
the possibility of the use of the electrophoretic effect to influence
the selectivity of separation and the use of the electroosmotic effect
to facilitate the mobile phase flow in order to decrease backpressure
and increase the flow velocity. Many operational parameters can be
freely adjusted and optimized independently. The equipment is fully
automated and can work in various separation/operational modes, including
combinations of online/offline sample application and detection. We
present preliminary results of simultaneous, fully online, multichannel
HPLEC separation of analgesic drugs (including acetaminophen, ibuprofen,
and tramadol) as an example of increasing analysis throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Łukasz Gwarda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Henryk Dzido
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. Comparison of Overpressured-Layer Chromatography and High-Performance/High-Pressure Layer Electrochromatography Using the New Prototype Equipment in Various Operational Modes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134032. [PMID: 35807278 PMCID: PMC9268599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous paper we have presented the new prototype equipment and introduced a new analytical technique—high-performance/high-pressure layer electrochromatography (HPLEC), a combination of overpressured-layer chromatography (OPLC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC). In this paper, the work of the equipment in various operational modes is investigated. Some difficulties and challenges related to various aspects of separation are discussed. The OPLC and HPLEC techniques are compared in terms of selectivity and performance. The results show that our equipment can be successfully used for singe- and multichannel OPLC and HPLEC separations in various sample application and detection modes. It includes the high-throughput, multichannel, and fully automated online separation of multiple samples simultaneously. The equipment allows for the independent optimization of various operational parameters. HPLEC combines the advantages of column/capillary and planar separation techniques while overcoming their limitations. It also combines the advantages and overcomes the drawbacks of OPLC and PPEC. It provides hydrodynamic flow of the mobile phase, irrespective of the voltage used and/or the mobile phase composition. Thus, any optimization of the composition and the voltage can be used independently. Both can be used to obtain the required selectivity of separation. The voltage can be used to facilitate the mobile phase flow and accelerate the analysis.
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An underestimated technique. Does pressurized and pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography have potential in drug and pharmacological-active compounds analysis? CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmaceutical analysis guarantees patient safety all over the world. Thus, continuous development of existing analytical techniques is still very important. Pressurized capillary electrochromatography and pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography are hybrid separation techniques that combine the selectivity of liquid chromatography and the high separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis. They use a smaller amount of reagents and samples, hence, reducing the total cost of analysis. Therefore they have found application in a number of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. This review article focuses on the use and importance of pressurized and pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, taking into account types of detectors and capillaries used. Despite the fact that pressurized capillary electrochromatography and pressure assisted capillary electrochromatography offer many possibilities and have been available for over a dozen years, they are still underdevelopment and not fully explored.
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Correlation of Migration Distance of Peptides in High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and Pressurized Planar Electrochromatography Systems. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Studziński
- Planar Chromatography Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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The influence of addition of ion-pairing acid and organic modifier of the mobile phase on retention and migration of peptides in pressurized planar electrochromatography system with octadecyl silica-based adsorbent. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1558:77-84. [PMID: 29776673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In our previous papers we have investigated the influence of the mobile phase composition on mechanism of retention, selectivity and efficiency of peptide separation in various high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) systems with commercially available silica-based adsorbents. We have also investigated the influence of pH of the mobile phase buffer on migration and separation of peptides in pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC). Here we investigate the influence of concentration of ion-pairing additive, and concentration and type of organic modifier of the mobile phase on migration of peptides in PPEC system with octadecyl silica-based adsorbent, and with the same set of the solutes as before. We compare our current results with the results obtained before for similar HPTLC and PPEC systems, and discuss the influence of particular variables on retention, electrophoretic mobility of solutes and electroosmotic flow of the mobile phase. We show, that the final selectivity of peptide separation results from co-influence of all the three factors mentioned. Concentration of organic modifier of the mobile phase, as well as concentration of ion-pairing additive, affect the retention, the electrophoretic mobility, and the electroosmotic flow simultaneously. This makes independent optimization of these factors rather difficult. Anyway PPEC offers much faster separation of peptides with quite different selectivity, in comparison to HPTLC, with similar adsorbents and similar mobile phase composition. However, we also present and discuss the issue of extensive tailing of peptide zones in the PPEC in comparison to similar HPTLC systems.
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The influence of pH on retention and migration of peptides in systems with octadecyl silica-based adsorbent by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and pressurized planar electrochromatography techniques. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1534:179-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bernard-Savary P, Poole CF. Instrument platforms for thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Influence of some operation variables on continuous separation process of orthogonal pressurized planar electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1396:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Newsome TE, Olesik SV. Planar Electrochromatography Using an Electrospun Polymer Nanofiber Layer. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10961-9. [PMID: 25333999 DOI: 10.1021/ac503568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toni E. Newsome
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Susan V. Olesik
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Hałka-Grysińska A, Płocharz PW, Torbicz A, Skwarek E, Janusz W, Dzido TH. Influence of the Modifier Type and its Concentration on Electroosmotic Flow of the Mobile Phase in Pressurized Planar Electrochromatography. Chromatographia 2014; 77:941-950. [PMID: 25067847 PMCID: PMC4077256 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to find a relationship between electroosmotic flow (EOF) velocity of the mobile phase in pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC) and physicochemical properties like zeta potential, dielectric constant, and viscosity of the mobile phase as well as its composition. The study included different types of organic modifiers (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, acetone, formamide, N-methylformamide and N,N-dimethylformamide) in the full concentration range. In all experiments, chromatographic glass plates HPTLC RP-18 W from Merck (Darmstadt) were used as a stationary phase. During the study we found that there is no linear correlation between EOF velocity of the mobile phase and single variables such as zeta potential or dielectric constant or viscosity. However, there is quite strong linear correlation between EOF velocity of the mobile phase and variable obtained by multiplying zeta potential of the stationary phase-mobile phase interface, by dielectric constant of the mobile phase solution and dividing by viscosity of the mobile phase. Therefore, it could be concluded that the PPEC system fulfilled the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł W Płocharz
- Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Andrzej Torbicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Skwarek
- Department of Radiochemistry and Colloid Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Władysław Janusz
- Department of Radiochemistry and Colloid Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz H Dzido
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Sinhababu A, Basu S. Modified ninhydrin reagents to detect colors of amino acid zones on thin-layer chromatographic plates. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.26.2013.6.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hałka-Grysińska A, Płocharz PW, Szczap R, Dzido TH. OPTIMIZATION OF SOME VARIABLES OF ON-LINE INJECTION IN PRESSURIZED PLANAR ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.790777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł W. Płocharz
- b Department of Cosmetology , Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw , Biala Podlaska , Poland
| | - Robert Szczap
- a Department of Physical Chemistry , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Tadeusz H. Dzido
- a Department of Physical Chemistry , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
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