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Lenčo J, Jadeja S, Naplekov DK, Krokhin OV, Khalikova MA, Chocholouš P, Urban J, Broeckhoven K, Nováková L, Švec F. Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography of Peptides for Bottom-Up Proteomics: A Tutorial. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2846-2892. [PMID: 36355445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the current bottom-up liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses has undoubtedly been fueled by spectacular progress in mass spectrometry. It is thus not surprising that the MS instrument attracts the most attention during LC-MS method development, whereas optimizing conditions for peptide separation using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) remains somewhat in its shadow. Consequently, the wisdom of the fundaments of chromatography is slowly vanishing from some laboratories. However, the full potential of advanced MS instruments cannot be achieved without highly efficient RPLC. This is impossible to attain without understanding fundamental processes in the chromatographic system and the properties of peptides important for their chromatographic behavior. We wrote this tutorial intending to give practitioners an overview of critical aspects of peptide separation using RPLC to facilitate setting the LC parameters so that they can leverage the full capabilities of their MS instruments. After briefly introducing the gradient separation of peptides, we discuss their properties that affect the quality of LC-MS chromatograms the most. Next, we address the in-column and extra-column broadening. The last section is devoted to key parameters of LC-MS methods. We also extracted trends in practice from recent bottom-up proteomics studies and correlated them with the current knowledge on peptide RPLC separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Denis K Naplekov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg V Krokhin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, WinnipegR3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria A Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chocholouš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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2
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Porous layer open tubular nano liquid chromatography directly coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1674:463143. [PMID: 35588591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 25 µm i.d x 1.2 m length PS-DVB porous layer open tubular column (PLOT) was prepared and assessed in the configuration of a nano liquid chromatography coupled to an electron ionization mass spectrometry system (OT-nanoLC-EI-Ms), via the direct insertion of the column outlet into the ionization source. The developed system's operational parameters were comprehensively studied, and the setup performance was investigated employing both unidimensional and column switching configurations. As a result, the OT-nanoLC-EI-MS system demonstrated competitive applicability in separating non-amenable ESI compounds, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and non-amenable GC compounds such as thermolabile pesticides. Furthermore, with excellent chromatographic performance, the PLOT columns can work under more compatible EI-detection conditions - such as the elution with 100% organic solvent. For example, PAHs retention factors ranged between 1.5 and 2.2 for 100% MeCN mobile phase, and more than 33,000 plates per meter for naphthalene at 50 nL/min flow rate. In analyzing thermolabile pesticides, the column switching PLOT-nanoLC-EI-MS system provided LODs of 25 µg/L, demonstrating suitable intra e interday reproducibility (% RSD < 13%, n = 3), and possibilities the direct injection of raw samples with suitable robustness.
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3
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Shan L, Jones B. Nano liquid chromatography, an updated review. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5317. [PMID: 34981550 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Low flow chromatography has a rich history of innovation but has yet to reach widespread implementation in bioanalytical applications. Improvements in pump technology, microfluidic connections, and nano-electrospray sources for mass spectrometry have laid the groundwork for broader application, and innovation in this space has accelerated in recent years. This article reviews the instrumentation used for nano-flow liquid chromatography , the types of columns employed, and strategies for multi-dimensionality of separations, which is key to the future state of the technique to the high-throughput needs of modern bioanalysis. An update of the current applications where nano-LC is widely used, such as proteomics and metabolomics, is discussed. But the trend towards biopharmaceutical development of increasingly complex, targeted, and potent therapeutics for the safe treatment of disease drives the need for ultimate selectivity and sensitivity of our analytical platforms for targeted quantitation in a regulated space. The selectivity needs are best addressed by mass spectrometric detection, especially at high resolutions, and exquisite sensitivity is provided by nano-electrospray ionization as the technology continues to evolve into an accessible, robust, and easy to use platform.
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Vargas Medina DA, Pereira Dos Santos NG, da Silva Burato JS, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. An overview of open tubular liquid chromatography with a focus on the coupling with mass spectrometry for the analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461989. [PMID: 33611115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Open tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) can provide superior chromatographic performance and more favorable mass spectrometry (MS) detection conditions. These features could provide enhanced sensitivity when coupled with electrospray ionization sources (ESI-) and lead to unprecedented detection capabilities if interfaced with a highly structural informative electron ionization (EI) source. In the past, the exploitation of OT columns in liquid chromatography evolved slowly. However, the recent instrumental developments in capillary/nanoLC-MS created new opportunities in developing and applying OT-LC-MS. Currently, the analytical advantages of OT-LC-MS are mainly exploited in the fields of proteomics and biosciences analysis. Nevertheless, under the right conditions, OT-LC-MS can also offer superior chromatographic performance and enhanced sensitivity in analyzing small molecules. This review will provide an overview of the latest developments in OT-LC-MS, focusing on the wide variety of employed separation mechanisms, innovative stationary phases, emerging column fabrication technologies, and new OT formats. In the same way, the OT-LC's opportunities and shortcomings coupled to both ESI and EI will be discussed, highlighting the complementary character of those two ionization modes to expand the LC's detection boundaries in the performance of targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods to determine the kinetic performance limit of contemporary chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:323-339. [PMID: 32902146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining separation efficiency data as a function of flow rate with the column permeability, the kinetic plot method allows to determine the limits of separation power (time vs. efficiency) of different chromatographic techniques and methods. The technique can be applied for all different types of chromatography (liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid), for different types of column morphologies (packed beds, monoliths, open tubular, micromachined columns), for pressure and electro-driven separations and in both isocratic and gradient elution mode. The present contribution gives an overview of the methods and calculations required to correctly determine these kinetic performance limits and their underlying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Yang Y, Liu S. Non-porous thin dense layer coating: Key to achieving ultrahigh peak capacities using narrow open tubular columns. TALANTA OPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2020.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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8
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Miniaturized liquid chromatography focusing on analytical columns and mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1103:11-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Mejía-Carmona K, Soares da Silva Burato J, Borsatto JVB, de Toffoli AL, Lanças FM. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li MWH, She J, Zhu H, Li Z, Fan X. Microfabricated porous layer open tubular (PLOT) column. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3979-3987. [PMID: 31659362 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of micro gas chromatography (μGC) is aimed at rapid and in situ analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for environmental protection, industrial monitoring, and toxicology. However, due to the lack of appropriate microcolumns and associated stationary phases, current μGC is unable to separate highly volatile chemicals such as methane, methanol, and formaldehyde, which are of great interest for their high toxicity and carcinogenicity. This inability has significantly limited μGC field applicability. To address this deficiency, this paper reports the development and characterization of a microfabricated porous layer open tubular (μPLOT) column with a divinylbenzene-based stationary phase. The separation capabilities of the μPLOT column are demonstrated by three distinct analyses of light alkanes, formaldehyde solution, and organic solvents, exhibiting its general utility for a wide range of highly volatile compounds. Further characterization shows the robust performance of the μPLOT column in the presence of high moisture and at high temperatures (up to 300 °C). The small footprint and the ability to separate highly volatile chemicals make the μPLOT column highly suitable for integration into μGC systems, thus significantly broadening μGC's applicability to rapid, field analysis of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Wei-Hao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jinyan She
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Chromatographic study of the structural properties of mesoporous silica layers deposited on radially elongated pillars. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Study of peak capacities generated by a porous layered radially elongated pillar array column coupled to a nano-LC system. Analyst 2019; 144:1809-1817. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a porous-layered radially elongated pillar (PLREP) array column in a commercial nano-LC system was examined by performing separation of alkylphenones and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Futagami
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Division of Metabolomics
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Materials and Chemistry
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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13
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Lam SC, Sanz Rodriguez E, Haddad PR, Paull B. Recent advances in open tubular capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2019; 144:3464-3482. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances and applications of open tubular capillary liquid chromatography (OT-LC) over the period 2007–2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Chung Lam
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Estrella Sanz Rodriguez
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Brett Paull
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
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14
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Hara T, Izumi Y, Nakao M, Hata K, Baron GV, Bamba T, Desmet G. Silica-based hybrid porous layers to enhance the retention and efficiency of open tubular capillary columns with a 5 μm inner diameter. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Rodriguez ES, Lam SC, Haddad PR, Paull B. Reversed-Phase Functionalised Multi-lumen Capillary as Combined Concentrator, Separation Column, and ESI Emitter in Capillary-LC–MS. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Dores-Sousa JL, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Resolving power in liquid chromatography: A trade-off between efficiency and analysis time. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:38-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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17
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Hara T, Futagami S, De Malsche W, Baron GV, Desmet G. Exploring the effect of mesopore size reduction on the column performance of silica-based open tubular capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1552:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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LI RN, WANG YN, PENG MH, WANG XY, GUO GS. Preparation and Application of Porous Layer Open Tubular Capillary Columns with Narrow Bore in Liquid Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Hara T, Futagami S, De Malsche W, Eeltink S, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G. Chromatographic Properties of Minimal Aspect Ratio Monolithic Silica Columns. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10948-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Division
of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1
Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shunta Futagami
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Materials
and Chemistry, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Preparation of open tubular capillary columns by in situ ring-opening polymerization and their applications in cLC-MS/MS analysis of tryptic digest. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 979:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Blue LE, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias JP, Grinias KM, Lunn DB, Moore SM. Recent advances in capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:17-39. [PMID: 28599863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the twenty years since its initial demonstration, capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has proven to be one of most powerful separation techniques for the analysis of complex mixtures. This review focuses on the most recent advances made since 2010 towards increasing the performance of such separations. Improvements in capillary column preparation techniques that have led to columns with unprecedented performance are described. New stationary phases and phase supports that have been reported over the past decade are detailed, with a focus on their use in capillary formats. A discussion on the instrument developments that have been required to ensure that extra-column effects do not diminish the intrinsic efficiency of these columns during analysis is also included. Finally, the impact of these capillary UHPLC topics on the field of proteomics and ways in which capillary UHPLC may continue to be applied to the separation of complex samples are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Blue
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Edward G Franklin
- HPLC Research & Development, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Kaitlin M Grinias
- Department of Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Daniel B Lunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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In Situ Measurement of Polymer Layer Thickness in Porous Layer Open Tubular (PLOT) Columns Using Optical Absorbance in the Near-IR Range. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Hara T, Futagami S, Eeltink S, De Malsche W, Baron GV, Desmet G. Very High Efficiency Porous Silica Layer Open-Tubular Capillary Columns Produced via in-Column Sol-Gel Processing. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10158-10166. [PMID: 27642813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that 5 μm i.d. capillaries can be coated with mesoporous silica layers up to 550 nm thickness. All the columns produced using in-column sol-gel synthesis with tetramethoxysilane provide plate height curves that closely follow the Golay-Aris theory. In 60 cm long columns, efficiencies as high as N = 150 000 and N = 120 000 were obtained, respectively, for a 300 and 550 nm thick porous layer. An excellent retention and plate height reproducibility was obtained when the recipes were subsequently applied to produce very long (1.9 and 2.5 m) capillaries. These columns produced efficiencies up to N = 600 000 plates for a retained and around N = 1 000 000 plates for an unretained component. Given the good reproducibility on the long capillaries, and considering that mesoporous silica is still the preferred support for LC, it is believed the present study could spur a renewed interest in open-tubular LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shunta Futagami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gino V Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Astefanei A, Dapic I, Camenzuli M. Different Stationary Phase Selectivities and Morphologies for Intact Protein Separations. Chromatographia 2016; 80:665-687. [PMID: 28529348 PMCID: PMC5413533 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of biology proposed that one gene encodes for one protein. We now know that this does not reflect reality. The human body has approximately 20,000 protein-encoding genes; each of these genes can encode more than one protein. Proteins expressed from a single gene can vary in terms of their post-translational modifications, which often regulate their function within the body. Understanding the proteins within our bodies is a key step in understanding the cause, and perhaps the solution, to disease. This is one of the application areas of proteomics, which is defined as the study of all proteins expressed within an organism at a given point in time. The human proteome is incredibly complex. The complexity of biological samples requires a combination of technologies to achieve high resolution and high sensitivity analysis. Despite the significant advances in mass spectrometry, separation techniques are still essential in this field. Liquid chromatography is an indispensable tool by which low-abundant proteins in complex samples can be enriched and separated. However, advances in chromatography are not as readily adapted in proteomics compared to advances in mass spectrometry. Biologists in this field still favour reversed-phase chromatography with fully porous particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight alternative selectivities and stationary phase morphologies that show potential for application in top-down proteomics; the study of intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Astefanei
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I. Dapic
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Camenzuli
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Peng L, Zhu M, Zhang L, Liu H, Zhang W. Preparation and evaluation of 3 m open tubular capillary columns with a zwitterionic polymeric porous layer for liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3736-3744. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Manman Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
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26
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Wall modified photonic crystal fibre capillaries as porous layer open tubular columns for in-capillary micro-extraction and capillary chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 905:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Silva MR, Andrade FN, Fumes BH, Lanças FM. Unified chromatography: Fundamentals, instrumentation and applications†. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3071-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meire R. Silva
- University of São Paulo; Sao Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP Brasil
| | - Felipe N. Andrade
- University of São Paulo; Sao Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP Brasil
| | - Bruno H. Fumes
- University of São Paulo; Sao Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP Brasil
| | - Fernando M. Lanças
- University of São Paulo; Sao Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP Brasil
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28
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Qu Q, Liu Y, Shi W, Yan C, Tang X. Tunable thick porous silica coating fabricated by multilayer-by-multilayer bonding of silica nanoparticles for open-tubular capillary chromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1399:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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29
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30
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Collins DA, Nesterenko EP, Paull B. Porous layer open tubular columns in capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2014; 139:1292-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01869e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Preparation and kinetic performance assessment of thick film 10–20μm open tubular silica capillaries in normal phase high pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1315:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Kinetic efficiency of polar monolithic capillary columns in high-pressure gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1315:162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Kanat’eva AY, Korolev AA, Dianov ME, Kurganov AA. Efficiency of monolithic capillary columns in high-pressure gas chromatography. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Rogeberg M, Vehus T, Grutle L, Greibrokk T, Wilson SR, Lundanes E. Separation optimization of long porous-layer open-tubular columns for nano-LC-MS of limited proteomic samples. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2838-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rogeberg
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Tore Vehus
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Lene Grutle
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Tyge Greibrokk
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | | | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
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35
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Cheong WJ, Ali F, Kim YS, Lee JW. Comprehensive overview of recent preparation and application trends of various open tubular capillary columns in separation science. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1308:1-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Performance evaluation of thick film open tubular silica capillary by reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1283:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels,
Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels,
Belgium
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38
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Forster S, Kolmar H, Altmaier S. Synthesis and characterization of new generation open tubular silica capillaries for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:88-94. [PMID: 23084484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic performance gain of open tubular (OT) silica capillaries over packed beds has been demonstrated theoretically. However, experimental progress in the preparative realization of these columns is still lacking behind as thick films are required for a sufficient mass loadability. Here, silica sol-gel chemistry in confined spaces was applied to the preparation of thick-film OT capillaries comprising a mesoporous layer with a thickness of approximately 500 nm covalently attached to the capillary wall. Samples were synthesized varying both in length and inner diameter (ID) and the resulting layer morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The chromatographic performance of these first generation columns was evaluated by normal phase chromatography utilizing standard capillary-LC equipment. Separations of small molecules in a 15 μm ID column provided high theoretical plate numbers (up to 170,000) and a good retention capacity within reasonable retention times (<1 h), bearing the unavoidable trade-off between column efficiency and analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Forster
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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39
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Arrua RD, Talebi M, Causon TJ, Hilder EF. Review of recent advances in the preparation of organic polymer monoliths for liquid chromatography of large molecules. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 738:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Collins DA, Nesterenko EP, Brabazon D, Paull B. Controlled Ultraviolet (UV) Photoinitiated Fabrication of Monolithic Porous Layer Open Tubular (monoPLOT) Capillary Columns for Chromatographic Applications. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3465-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203432p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Collins
- Irish Separation
Science Cluster,
Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Dermot Brabazon
- Irish Separation
Science Cluster,
Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brett Paull
- Irish Separation
Science Cluster,
Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of
Tasmania, Hobart, TAS7001, Australia
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