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Ma W, Halvorsen RC, Cain CN, Synovec RE. Fuel property modeling by high-speed gas chromatography coupled with partial least squares data analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1732:465220. [PMID: 39106664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Partial least squares (PLS) regression is a valuable chemometric tool for property prediction when coupled with gas chromatography (GC). Since the separation run time and stationary phase selection are crucial for effective PLS modeling, we study these GC parameters on the prediction of viscosity, density and hydrogen content for 50 aerospace fuels. Due to the diversity of compounds in the fuels (primarily alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics), we explore both polar and non-polar stationary phase columns. The robustness for the PLS models was evaluated by their normalized root mean square error of cross-validation (NRMSECV). PLS models built for viscosity across 1-min, 3-min, 7-min, and 10-min time window (TW) high-speed GC separations produced nearly the same NRMSECV with the polar column data with an average (standard deviation) of 4.41 % (0.34 %) versus the non-polar column data of 4.69 % (0.15 %). In contrast, while the NRMSECV of density modeling with the polar column data varied more than the viscosity models, averaging 7.54 % (0.67 %), the non-polar column data produced a significantly higher average NRMSECV of 10.06 % (0.35 %). Similarly, for hydrogen content, the NRMSECV with the polar column data averaged 9.50 % (0.87 %), which was significantly lower than the NRMSECV with the non-polar column data averaging 12.10 % (0.88 %). We also investigated the impact of smoothing the GC data on the corresponding PLS models. By applying varying degrees of smoothing, we can effectively obtain similar chromatographic peak patterns in a shorter TW. For example, a 10-min smoothed chromatogram appears like the 1-min separation with no smoothing but resulted in nearly the same NRMSECV. Overall, the fast separation with a 1-min TW produced robust PLS models for viscosity with either stationary phase column, whereas for density and hydrogen content the polar stationary phase column produced superior PLS models, thus with proper stationary phase selection, a fast separation run time could be readily applied with optimal PLS property modeling results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert C Halvorsen
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Caitlin N Cain
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Development of gas chromatographic pattern recognition and classification tools for compliance and forensic analyses of fuels: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:157-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sparse common component analysis for multiple high-dimensional datasets via noncentered principal component analysis. Stat Pap (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00362-018-1045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Freye CE, Fitz BD, Billingsley MC, Synovec RE. Partial least squares analysis of rocket propulsion fuel data using diaphragm valve-based comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection. Talanta 2016; 153:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Sampat A, Lopatka M, Sjerps M, Vivo-Truyols G, Schoenmakers P, van Asten A. Forensic potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fitz BD, Synovec RE. Extension of the two-dimensional mass channel cluster plot method to fast separations utilizing low thermal mass gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 913:160-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Reaser BC, Yang S, Fitz BD, Parsons BA, Lidstrom ME, Synovec RE. Non-targeted determination of 13C-labeling in the Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 metabolome using the two-dimensional mass cluster method and principal component analysis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1432:111-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chemometric Resolution of Complex Higher Order Chromatographic Data with Spectral Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63638-6.00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Saraiva C, Oliveira I, Silva JA, Martins C, Ventanas J, García C. Implementation of multivariate techniques for the selection of volatile compounds as indicators of sensory quality of raw beef. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:3887-98. [PMID: 26028774 PMCID: PMC4444891 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed in order to select volatile compounds to predict the off-odour and overall assessment of raw beef's freshness Maronesa breed, using multivariate analysis. M. longissimus dorsi packed in vacuum and MAP (70 % O2/20 % CO2/10 % N2) stored at 4 ºC were examined for off-odour perception as well as the overall assessment of freshness at 10 and 21 days post mortem. The results achieved in this study demonstrated that the selected volatile compounds could be considered as volatile indicators of beef spoilage, enclosing information for discrimination of Maronesa beef samples in sensory classes of odour corresponding to unspoiled and spoiled levels. Fifty-four volatile compounds were detected. A significant increase of aldehydes, ketones and alcohols were observed during storage in MAP. 2 and 3-methylbutanal, 2 and 3-methylbutanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 2,3-octanedione, 3,5-octanedione, octanal and nonanal were suggested as indicators of beef spoilage. 3-methylpentane was considered as a marker in the first stages of spoilage in beef, decreasing during storage. Data were examined using PCR and PLSR models for different optimal subsets of volatile compounds. The simplicity and usefulness of the technique in using 0/1 data in preserving high levels of accuracy was also prevalent. The powerful analytical methodologies for reducing variables and the choice of optimal subsets could be advantageous in both basic research and the routine quality control of chilled beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saraiva
- />School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, DCV, CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - I. Oliveira
- />CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Portugal School of Science and Technology, DM—University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - J. A. Silva
- />School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, DCV, CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - C. Martins
- />School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, DCV, CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - J. Ventanas
- />Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - C. García
- />Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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Parsons BA, Marney LC, Siegler WC, Hoggard JC, Wright BW, Synovec RE. Tile-Based Fisher Ratio Analysis of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) Data Using a Null Distribution Approach. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3812-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504472s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon A. Parsons
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - Luke C. Marney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - W. Christopher Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - Jamin C. Hoggard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - Bob W. Wright
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
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Pixel-Level Data Analysis Methods for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63527-3.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Fitz BD, Reaser BC, Pinkerton DK, Hoggard JC, Skogerboe KJ, Synovec RE. Enhancing Gas Chromatography–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis Using Two-Dimensional Mass Channel Cluster Plots. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3973-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5004344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Fitz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brooke C. Reaser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David K. Pinkerton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jamin C. Hoggard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kristen J. Skogerboe
- Department
of Chemistry, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington 98122, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Torde RG, Therrien AJ, Shortreed MR, Smith LM, Lamos SM. Multiplexed analysis of cage and cage free chicken egg fatty acids using stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry. Molecules 2013; 18:14977-88. [PMID: 24317525 PMCID: PMC4249618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Binary stable isotope labeling couple with LC-ESI-MS has been used as a powerful non-targeted approach for the relative quantification of lipids, amino acids, and many other important metabolite classes. A multiplexed approach using three or more isotopic labeling reagents greatly reduces analytical run-time while maintaining excellent sensitivity and reproducibility. Three isotopic cholamine labeling reagents have been developed to take advantage of the pre-ionized character of cholamine, for ESI, and the ease by which stable isotopes can be incorporated into the cholamine structure. These three cholamine labeling reagents have been used to relatively quantify three fatty acid samples simultaneously. The quantification resulted in the observation of 12 fatty acids that had an average absolute error of 0.9% and an average coefficient of variation of 6.1%. Caged versus cage-free isotope labeling experiments showed that cage-free eggs have an increased level of omega-3 fatty acids as compared to caged eggs. This multiplexed fatty acid analysis provides an inexpensive and expedited tool for broad-based lipid profiling that will further aid discoveries in the mechanisms of fatty acid action in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Torde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Andrew J. Therrien
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Michael R. Shortreed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; E-Mails: (M.R.S.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Lloyd M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA; E-Mails: (M.R.S.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Shane M. Lamos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Saint Michael’s College, 1 Winooski Park, Colchester, VT 05439, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-802-654-2842; Fax: +1-802-654-2236
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Pierce KM, Kehimkar B, Marney LC, Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. Review of chemometric analysis techniques for comprehensive two dimensional separations data. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Yang S, Nadeau JS, Humston-Fulmer EM, Hoggard JC, Lidstrom ME, Synovec RE. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with chemometric analysis for determining 12C and 13C labeled contributions in metabolomics and 13C flux analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:156-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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