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Ikuta Y, Shimono K, Tsubouchi Y, Sugita T, Kobayashi K, Sugiyama F, Kozaki D, Iwamoto S, Mori M. Retention of inorganic anions using mesoporous zirconia spheres modified with anion-exchange groups as the stationary phase for ion chromatography. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:563-569. [DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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2
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Wahab MF, Patel DC, Wimalasinghe RM, Armstrong DW. Fundamental and Practical Insights on the Packing of Modern High-Efficiency Analytical and Capillary Columns. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8177-8191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Darshan C. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rasangi M. Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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3
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Jandera P, Janás P. Recent advances in stationary phases and understanding of retention in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 967:12-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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4
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Automated dual two-dimensional liquid chromatography approach for fast acquisition of three-dimensional data using combinations of zwitterionic polymethacrylate and silica-based monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1446:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Iadaresta F, Crescenzi C, Amini A, Colmsjö A, Koyi H, Abdel-Rehim M. Application of graphitic sorbent for online microextraction of drugs in human plasma samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Lu T, Olesik SV. Homogeneous edge-plane carbon as stationary phase for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3616-22. [PMID: 25738392 DOI: 10.1021/ac503195r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon stationary phases have been widely used in HPLC due to their unique selectivity and high stability. Amorphous carbon as a stationary phase has at least two sites of interaction with analytes: basal-plane and edge-plane carbon sites. The polarity and adsorptivity of the two sites are different. In this work, the edge-plane carbon stationary phase is prepared by surface-directed liquid crystal assembly. Specific precursor polymers form discotic liquid crystal phases during the pyrolysis process. By using silica as the substrate to align the discotic liquid crystal, edge-plane carbon surfaces were formed. Similar efficiencies as observed for Hypercarb were observed in chromatograms. The column efficiency was studied as a function of linear flow rate. A minimum reduced plate height of 6 was observed in these studies. To evaluate the performance of the homogeneous edge-plane carbon stationary phase, linear solvation energy relationships were used to compare these ordered carbon surfaces to commercially available carbon stationary phases, including Hypercarb. Reversed-phase separations of nucleosides, nucleotides, and amino acids and derivatives were demonstrated using the ordered carbon surfaces, respectively. The column batch-to-batch reproducibility was also evaluated. The retention times for the analytes were reproducible within 1-6% depending on the analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Susan V Olesik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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7
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Monolithic and core–shell columns in comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:139-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Practical considerations in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems (LCxLC) with reversed-phases in both dimensions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:153-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Allen RC, Barnes BB, Haidar Ahmad IA, Filgueira MR, Carr PW. Impact of reversed phase column pairs in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:169-77. [PMID: 25169724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A major issue in optimizing the resolving power of two-dimensional chromatographic separations is the choice of the two phases so as to maximize the distribution of the analytes over the separation space. In this work, we studied the choice of appropriate reversed phases to use in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC). A set of four chemically different conventional bonded reversed phases was used in the first dimension. The second dimension column was either a conventional bonded C18 phase or a carbon-clad phase (CCP). The LC×LC chromatograms and contour plots were all rather similar indicating that the selectivities of the two phases were also similar regardless of the reverse phase column used in the first dimension. Further, the spatial coverage seen with all four first dimension stationary phases when paired with a second dimension C18 phase were low and the retention times were strongly correlated. However, when the C18 column was replaced with the CCP column much improved separations were observed with higher spatial coverages, greater orthogonalities and significant increases in the number of observed peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Allen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian B Barnes
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcelo R Filgueira
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter W Carr
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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10
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Core–shell particles: Preparation, fundamentals and applications in high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1357:36-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Ibrahim ME, Wahab MF, Lucy CA. Hybrid carbon nanoparticles modified core–shell silica: A high efficiency carbon-based phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 820:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Carr PW. Improved synthesis of carbon-clad silica stationary phases. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11765-70. [PMID: 24228897 DOI: 10.1021/ac401986j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described a novel method for cladding elemental carbon onto the surface of catalytically activated silica by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using hexane as the carbon source and its use as a substitute for carbon-clad zirconia.1,2 In that method, we showed that very close to exactly one uniform monolayer of Al (III) was deposited on the silica by a process analogous to precipitation from homogeneous solution in order to preclude pore blockage. The purpose of the Al(III) monolayer is to activate the surface for subsequent CVD of carbon. In this work, we present an improved procedure for preparing the carbon-clad silica (denoted CCSi) phases along with a new column packing process. The new method yields CCSi phases having better efficiency, peak symmetry, and higher retentivity compared to carbon-clad zirconia. The enhancements were achieved by modifying the original procedure in three ways: First, the kinetics of the deposition of Al(III) were more stringently controlled. Second, the CVD chamber was flushed with a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen gas during the carbon cladding process to minimize generation of polar sites by oxygen incorporation. Third, the fine particles generated during the CVD process were exhaustively removed by flotation in an appropriate solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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ZHANG W, ZHANG L. Recent advances of stationary phase with special structures in high performance liquid chromatography. Se Pu 2013; 30:753-5. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.07046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Zhang X, Chen S, Han Q, Ding M. Preparation and retention mechanism study of graphene and graphene oxide bonded silica microspheres as stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1307:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Chester TL. Recent Developments in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phases. Anal Chem 2012; 85:579-89. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303180y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Chester
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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