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Zang W, Sharma R, Li MWH, Fan X. Retention Time Trajectory Matching for Peak Identification in Chromatographic Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6029. [PMID: 37447878 DOI: 10.3390/s23136029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Retention time drift caused by fluctuations in physical factors such as temperature ramping rate and carrier gas flow rate is ubiquitous in chromatographic measurements. Proper peak matching and identification across different chromatograms is critical prior to any subsequent analysis but is challenging without using mass spectrometry. The purpose of this work was to describe and validate a peak matching and identification method called retention time trajectory (RTT) matching that can be used in targeted analyses free of mass spectrometry. This method uses chromatographic retention times as the only input and identifies peaks associated with any subset of a predefined set of target compounds. An RTT is a two-dimensional (2D) curve formed uniquely by the retention times of the chromatographic peaks. The RTTs obtained from the chromatogram of a sample under test and those pre-installed in a library are matched and statistically compared. The best matched pair implies identification. Unlike most existing peak-alignment methods, no mathematical warping or transformation is involved. Based on the experimentally characterized RTT, an RTT hybridization method was also developed to rapidly generate more RTTs and expand the library without performing actual time-consuming chromatographic measurements, which enables successful peak matching even for chromatograms with severe retention time drifts. Additionally, 3.15 × 105 tests using experimentally obtained gas chromatograms and 2 × 1012 tests using two publicly available fruit metabolomics datasets validated the proposed method, demonstrating real-time peak/interferent identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Zang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maxwell Wei-Hao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Huynh K, Jensen AE, Sundberg J. Extended characterization of petroleum aromatics using off-line LC-GC-MS. PEERJ ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-achem.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of crude oil remains a challenge for analytical chemists. With the development of multi-dimensional chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, an impressive number of compounds can be identified in a single sample. However, the large diversity in structure and abundance makes it difficult to obtain full compound coverage. Sample preparation methods such as solid-phase extraction and SARA-type separations are used to fractionate oil into compound classes. However, the molecular diversity within each fraction is still highly complex. Thus, in the routine analysis, only a small part of the chemical space is typically characterized. Obtaining a more detailed composition of crude oil is important for production, processing and environmental aspects. We have developed a high-resolution fractionation method for isolation and preconcentration of trace aromatics, including oxygenated and nitrogen-containing species. The method is based on semi-preparative liquid chromatography. This yields high selectivity and efficiency with separation based on aromaticity, ring size and connectivity. By the separation of the more abundant aromatics, i.e., monoaromatics and naphthalenes, trace species were isolated and enriched. This enabled the identification of features not detectable by routine methods. We demonstrate the applicability by fractionation and subsequent GC-MS analysis of 14 crude oils sourced from the North Sea. The number of tentatively identified compounds increased by approximately 60 to 150% compared to solid-phase extraction and GC × GC-MS. Furthermore, the method was used to successfully identify an extended set of heteroatom-containing aromatics (e.g., amines, ketones). The method is not intended to replace traditional sample preparation techniques or multi-dimensional chromatography but acts as a complementary tool. An in-depth comparison to routine characterization techniques is presented concerning advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Huynh
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Annette E. Jensen
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Sundberg
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Lelevic A, Geantet C, Lorentz C, Moreaud M, Souchon V. Determination of vacuum ultraviolet detector response factors by hyphenation with two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3849-3859. [PMID: 34387030 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography is an established technique, employed for the characterization of complex samples. Broadband vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy detection has recently attracted a lot of attention as it is a universal detection technique characterized by good selectivity but also ease of use and amenability to coupling with two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography. Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy is particularly interesting due to the possibility of performing spectral decomposition for species that coelute in gas chromatography analysis. This detector has quantitative capabilities, however not all species absorb vacuum ultraviolet radiation the same. Unfortunately, vacuum ultraviolet relative response factors for compounds are not always available. Methods to rapidly measure vacuum ultraviolet relative response factors and generate a large database that would allow calibration free quantitative analysis of complex mixtures are therefore of great interest. In this work, a universal methodology that permits rapid measurement of vacuum ultraviolet relative response factors is reported. It involves flow modulated two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with dual vacuum ultraviolet and flame ionization detection. In this set-up, flame ionization detection is employed as a quantitative reference allowing to scale vacuum ultraviolet responses of investigated compounds. This approach was validated by flow measurements and by comparing relative response factors obtained for model compounds with literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lelevic
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Christophe Geantet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Maxime Moreaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France
| | - Vincent Souchon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, Solaize, 69360, France
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4
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Jimenez-Carvelo AM, Cuadros-Rodriguez L, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Chromatographic fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography: Fundamentals and tools. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Comparison of Thermal and Flow-Based Modulation in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography—Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) for the Analysis of Base Oils. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Base oils are produced by refining crude oil or through chemical synthesis. They are a key component of engine oils. With an immense range of carbon numbers and boiling points, analyzing such complex mixtures is very difficult. The need to monitor industrial petroleum processing steps, as well as to identify petrochemical environmental pollutants, drives the search for improved characterization methods. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is one of the best tools for that. The modulator used in GC × GC is responsible for trapping/sampling the first dimension (1D) column analytes, then reinjecting them in the form of narrow bands onto the second dimension (2D) column for further separation. Modulators used today generally fall into two categories, thermal and flow ones. Heater-based thermal modulators trap the 1D column effluent at or above ambient temperatures. Flow-based modulators utilize storage loop(s) to collect the 1D effluent, which is subsequently flushed into the second-dimension column for further separation. A single-stage, consumable-free thermal modulator and a reverse fill/flush flow modulator were compared for the characterization of base oils. Both were evaluated on their ability to achieve separation of several conventional and synthetic engine oils components. A reverse column set, polar 1D and nonpolar 2D, allowed group-type analysis of all classes, including linear, branched, and aromatic species. The results show the ability to achieve a comprehensive separation of specific compound classes and the differentiation of engine oil types and manufacturers. Soft ionization assisted in tentative identification of two alkylated diphenylamines in each sample. The advantages and limitations of both thermal and flow modulation are presented.
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6
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Boegelsack N, Sandau C, McMartin DW, Withey JM, O'Sullivan G. Development of retention time indices for comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography and application to ignitable liquid residue mapping in wildfire investigations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461717. [PMID: 33254004 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a simple three-step workflow for a universally applicable RI system, to be used in GC×GC analysis of ignitable liquid residue (ILR) for arson investigations. The proposed RI system applies a combination of two well-established GC RI systems: non-isothermal Kovats (K) index in the first dimension and Lee (L) index in the second dimension. The proposed KLI RI system showed very good correlations when compared with predicted values and existing RI systems (r2 = 0.97 in first dimension, r2 = 0.99 in second dimension) and was valid for a wide range of analyte concentrations and operational settings (coefficient of variance (CV) < 1% in first dimension, < 10% in second dimension). Using the KLI RI, an ILR classification contour map was created to assist with the identification of ILR types within ASTM E1618. The contour map was successfully applied to neat fuels and a fire scene sample, highlighting the application to wildfire investigation. Standardizing the RI process and establishing acceptable error margins allows the exploration and comparison of comprehensive data generated from GC×GC analysis of ILRs regardless of location, time, or system, further enhancing comprehensive and tenable chemometric analyses of samples. Overall, the KLI workflow was inexpensive, quick to apply, and user-friendly with its simple 3-step design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadin Boegelsack
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK Canada, S7N 5A9.
| | - Court Sandau
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6; Chemistry Matters Inc., 104-1240 Kensington Rd NW Suite 405, Calgary, AB Canada, T2N 3P7
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK Canada, S7N 5A9
| | - Jonathan M Withey
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6
| | - Gwen O'Sullivan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6
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Pulsed voltammetric/amperometric detection of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) at the gold disc electrode for studies in petroleum asphalts. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Lelevic A, Souchon V, Moreaud M, Lorentz C, Geantet C. Gas chromatography vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy: A review. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:150-173. [PMID: 31750981 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated technological progress and increased complexity of interrogated matrices imposes a demand for fast, powerful, and resolutive analysis techniques. Gas chromatography has been for a long time a 'go-to' technique for the analysis of mixtures of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. Coupling of the several dimensions of gas chromatography separation has allowed to access a realm of improved separations in the terms of increased separation power and detection sensitivity. Especially comprehensive separations offer an insight into detailed sample composition for complex samples. Combining these advanced separation techniques with an informative detection system such as vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy is therefore of great interest. Almost all molecules absorb the vacuum ultraviolet radiation and have distinct spectral features with compound classes exhibiting spectral signature similarities. Spectral information can be 'filtered' to extract the response in the most informative spectral ranges. Developed algorithms allow spectral mixture estimation of coeluting species. Vacuum ultraviolet detector follows Beer-Lambert law, with the possibility of calibrationless quantitation. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the features and specificities of gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy coupling which has gained interest since the recent introduction of a commercial vacuum ultraviolet detector. Potentials and limitations, relevant theoretical considerations, recent advances and applications are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lelevic
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France.,IRCELYON, UMR5256 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Souchon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Maxime Moreaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France.,MINESParisTech, PSL-ResearchUniversity, CMM, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- IRCELYON, UMR5256 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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9
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Bell M, Blais JM. "-Omics" workflow for paleolimnological and geological archives: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:438-455. [PMID: 30965259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
"-Omics" is a powerful screening method with applications in molecular biology, toxicology, wildlife biology, natural product discovery, and many other fields. Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics are common examples included under the "-omics" umbrella. This screening method uses combinations of untargeted, semi-targeted, and targeted analyses paired with data mining to facilitate researchers' understanding of the genome, proteins, and small organic molecules in biological systems. Recently, however, the use of "-omics" has expanded into the fields of geology, specifically petrology, and paleolimnology. Specifically, untargeted analyses stand to transform these fields as petroleomics, and sediment-"omics" become more prevalent. "-Omics" facilitates the visualization of small molecule profiles from environmental matrices (i.e. oil and sediment). Small molecule profiles can provide improved understanding of small molecules distributions throughout the environment, and how those compositions can change depending on conditions (i.e. climate change, weathering, etc.). "-Omics" also facilities discovery of next-generation biomarkers that can be used for oil source identification and as proxies for reconstructing past environmental changes. Untargeted analyses paired with data mining and multivariate statistical analyses represents a powerful suite of tools for hypothesis generation, and new method development for environmental reconstructions. Here we present an introduction to "-omics" methodology, technical terms, and examples of applications to paleolimnology and petrology. The purpose of this review is to highlight the important considerations at each step in the "-omics" workflow to produce high quality and statistically powerful data for petrological and paleolimnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Bell
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Environmental Toxicants, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jules M Blais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Environmental Toxicants, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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10
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of nitrogen-containing compounds in fossil fuels: A review. Talanta 2019; 198:263-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Evaluation of aging processes of petroleum asphalt cements by solid state electrochemical monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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12
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Alexandrino GL, de Sousa GR, de A.M. Reis F, Augusto F. Optimizing loop-type cryogenic modulation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using time-variable combination of the dual-stage jets for analysis of crude oil. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:82-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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14
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de Carvalho Rocha WF, Schantz MM, Sheen DA, Chu PM, Lippa KA. Unsupervised classification of petroleum Certified Reference Materials and other fuels by chemometric analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data. FUEL (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 197:248-258. [PMID: 28603295 PMCID: PMC5464420 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As feedstocks transition from conventional oil to unconventional petroleum sources and biomass, it will be necessary to determine whether a particular fuel or fuel blend is suitable for use in engines. Certifying a fuel as safe for use is time-consuming and expensive and must be performed for each new fuel. In principle, suitability of a fuel should be completely determined by its chemical composition. This composition can be probed through use of detailed analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). In traditional analysis, chromatograms would be used to determine the details of the composition. In the approach taken in this paper, the chromatogram is assumed to be entirely representative of the composition of a fuel, and is used directly as the input to an algorithm in order to develop a model that is predictive of a fuel's suitability. When a new fuel is proposed for service, its suitability for any application could then be ascertained by using this model to compare its chromatogram with those of the fuels already known to be suitable for that application. In this paper, we lay the mathematical and informatics groundwork for a predictive model of hydrocarbon properties. The objective of this work was to develop a reliable model for unsupervised classification of the hydrocarbons as a prelude to developing a predictive model of their engine-relevant physical and chemical properties. A set of hydrocarbons including biodiesel fuels, gasoline, highway and marine diesel fuels, and crude oils was collected and GC-MS profiles obtained. These profiles were then analyzed using multi-way principal components analysis (MPCA), principal factors analysis (PARAFAC), and a self-organizing map (SOM), which is a kind of artificial neural network. It was found that, while MPCA and PARAFAC were able to recover descriptive models of the fuels, their linear nature obscured some of the finer physical details due to the widely varying composition of the fuels. The SOM was able to find a descriptive classification model which has the potential for practical recognition and perhaps prediction of fuel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele M Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - David A Sheen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Pamela M Chu
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Katrice A Lippa
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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15
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in combination with pixel-based analysis for fouling tendency prediction. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1501:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Reaser BC, Wright BW, Synovec RE. Using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves To Optimize Discovery-Based Software with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3606-3612. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke C. Reaser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
| | - Bob W. Wright
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle
Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98198, United States
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17
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Couprie C, Duval L, Moreaud M, Hénon S, Tebib M, Souchon V. BARCHAN: Blob Alignment for Robust CHromatographic ANalysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1484:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Separations in the Sample Preparation for Sulfur Compound Analysis. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Achieving a Near-Theoretical Maximum in Peak Capacity Gain for the Forensic Analysis of Ignitable Liquids Using GC×GC-TOFMS. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Janusson E, McGarvey GB, Islam F, Rowan C, McIndoe JS. Selective mass spectrometric analysis of thiols using charge-tagged disulfides. Analyst 2016; 141:5520-6. [PMID: 27390787 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01210h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple chemical derivatization technique was developed for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in which thiols and disulfides may be selectively analyzed in a complex matrix and easily characterized. These reagents enhance detection of thiols and disulfides solely due to the nature of the charge-tag derivatization agent and therefore does not require an isotopically labelled substrate. The charged disulfides readily and exclusively react with thiols in a complex matrix in a short amount of time. Furthermore, the synthesis of these reagents is simple and results in a highly pure and stable reagent. The efficacy of this reaction was demonstrated using on-line monitoring, while the scope and usefulness of the reaction was demonstrated in petroleum fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Janusson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W3V6, Canada.
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21
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da Silveira GD, Faccin H, Claussen L, Goularte RB, Do Nascimento PC, Bohrer D, Cravo M, Leite LF, de Carvalho LM. A liquid chromatographyatmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of organosulfur compounds in petroleum asphalt cements. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Weber BM, Walsh P, Harynuk JJ. Determination of Hydrocarbon Group-Type of Diesel Fuels by Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5809-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6C 2X4, Canada
| | - Phillip Walsh
- VUV Analytics, Inc., Cedar Park, Texas 78613, United States
| | - James. J. Harynuk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6C 2X4, Canada
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23
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Franco MS, Padovan RN, Fumes BH, Lanças FM. An overview of multidimensional liquid phase separations in food analysis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1768-83. [PMID: 27030380 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a priority public health concern that demands analytical methods capable to detect low concentration level of contaminants (e.g. pesticides and antibiotics) in different food matrices. Due to the high complexity of these matrices, a sample preparation step is in most cases mandatory to achieve satisfactory results being usually tedious, lengthy, and prone to the introduction of errors. For this reason, many research groups have focused efforts on the development of online systems capable to do the cleanup, concentration, and separation steps at once through multidimensional separation techniques (MDS). Among several possible setups, the most popular are the multidimensional chromatographic techniques (MDC) that consist in combining more than one mobile and/or stationary phase to provide a satisfactory separation. In the present review, we selected a variety of multidimensional separation systems used for food contaminant analysis in order to discuss the instrumentation aspects, the concept of orthogonality, column approaches used in these systems, and new materials that can be used in these columns. Selected classes of contaminants present in food matrices are introduced and discussed as example of the potential applications of multidimensional liquid phase separation techniques in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maraíssa Silva Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Bruno Henrique Fumes
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
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Nizio KD, Perrault KA, Troobnikoff AN, Ueland M, Shoma S, Iredell JR, Middleton PG, Forbes SL. In vitro volatile organic compound profiling using GC×GC-TOFMS to differentiate bacteria associated with lung infections: a proof-of-concept study. J Breath Res 2016; 10:026008. [PMID: 27120170 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/2/026008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary infections are the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Due to the polymicrobial nature of these infections, the identification of the particular bacterial species responsible is an essential step in diagnosis and treatment. Current diagnostic procedures are time-consuming, and can also be expensive, invasive and unpleasant in the absence of spontaneously expectorated sputum. The development of a rapid, non-invasive methodology capable of diagnosing and monitoring early bacterial infection is desired. Future visions of real-time, in situ diagnosis via exhaled breath testing rely on the differentiation of bacteria based on their volatile metabolites. The objective of this proof-of-concept study was to investigate whether a range of CF-associated bacterial species (i.e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Haemophilus influenzae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus milleri) could be differentiated based on their in vitro volatile metabolomic profiles. Headspace samples were collected using solid phase microextraction (SPME), analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) and evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) in order to assess the multivariate structure of the data. Although it was not possible to effectively differentiate all six bacteria using this method, the results revealed that the presence of a particular pattern of VOCs (rather than a single VOC biomarker) is necessary for bacterial species identification. The particular pattern of VOCs was found to be dependent upon the bacterial growth phase (e.g. logarithmic versus stationary) and sample storage conditions (e.g. short-term versus long-term storage at -18 °C). Future studies of CF-associated bacteria and exhaled breath condensate will benefit from the approaches presented in this study and further facilitate the production of diagnostic tools for the early detection of bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Nizio
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Application of a quantitative structure retention relationship approach for the prediction of the two-dimensional gas chromatography retention times of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycle compounds. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1437:191-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Heshka NE, Hager DB. Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection. J Vis Exp 2015:e53416. [PMID: 26709594 DOI: 10.3791/53416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate interferences, a two dimensional column configuration is used, with a Deans switch employed to transfer hydrogen sulfide from the first to the second column (heart-cutting). Liquid crude samples are first separated on a dimethylpolysiloxane column, and light gases are heart-cut and further separated on a bonded porous layer open tubular (PLOT) column that is able to separate hydrogen sulfide from other light sulfur species. Hydrogen sulfide is then detected with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector, adding an additional layer of selectivity. Following separation and detection of hydrogen sulfide, the system is backflushed to remove the high-boiling hydrocarbons present in the crude samples and to preserve chromatographic integrity. Dissolved hydrogen sulfide has been quantified in liquid samples from 1.1 to 500 ppm, demonstrating wide applicability to a range of samples. The method has also been successfully applied for the analysis of gas samples from crude oil headspace and process gas bags, with measurement from 0.7 to 9,700 ppm hydrogen sulfide.
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Perrault KA, Nizio KD, Forbes SL. A Comparison of One-Dimensional and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography for Decomposition Odour Profiling Using Inter-Year Replicate Field Trials. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Improving the quality of biomarker candidates in untargeted metabolomics via peak table-based alignment of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:111-7. [PMID: 25857541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of high-resolution analytical technologies like GC×GC/TOF MS in untargeted metabolomics and biomarker discovery has been limited by the development of fully automated software that can efficiently align and extract information from multiple chromatographic data sets. In this work we report the first investigation on a peak-by-peak basis of the chromatographic factors that impact GC×GC data alignment. A representative set of 16 compounds of different chromatographic characteristics were followed through the alignment of 63 GC×GC chromatograms. We found that varying the mass spectral match parameter had a significant influence on the alignment for poorly-resolved peaks, especially those at the extremes of the detector linear range, and no influence on well-chromatographed peaks. Therefore, optimized chromatography is required for proper GC×GC data alignment. Based on these observations, a workflow is presented for the conservative selection of biomarker candidates from untargeted metabolomics analyses.
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Heshka NE, Hager DB. A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of hydrogen sulfide in crude oil and crude oil headspace. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3649-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darcy B. Hager
- CanmetENERGY; Natural Resources Canada; Devon Alberta Canada
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Chin ST, Marriott PJ. Multidimensional gas chromatography beyond simple volatiles separation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8819-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Hantao LW, Najafi A, Zhang C, Augusto F, Anderson JL. Tuning the Selectivity of Ionic Liquid Stationary Phases for Enhanced Separation of Nonpolar Analytes in Kerosene Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3717-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5004129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro W. Hantao
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Ali Najafi
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Fabio Augusto
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Jared L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- School
of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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Preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/hydroxyl-terminated silicone oil fiber and its application to analysis of crude oils. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:758043. [PMID: 24578659 PMCID: PMC3919046 DOI: 10.1155/2014/758043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient method to analyze the volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in crude oils has been developed based on direct immersion solid-phase microextraction coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DI-SPME-GC × GC/TOFMS). A novel fiber, multiwalled carbon nanotubes/hydroxyl-terminated silicone oil (MWNTs-TSO-OH), was prepared by sol-gel technology. Using standard solutions, the extraction conditions were optimized such as extraction mode, extraction temperature, extraction time, and salts effect. With the optimized conditions, a real crude oil sample was extracted and then analyzed in detail. It shows that the proposed method is very effective in simultaneously analyzing the normal and branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and biomarkers of crude oil such as steranes and terpanes. Furthermore, the method showed good linearity (r > 0.999), precision (RSD < 8%), and detection limits ranging from 0.2 to 1.6 ng/L.
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33
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Krupčík J, Gorovenko R, Špánik I, Bočková I, Sandra P, Armstrong DW. On the use of ionic liquid capillary columns for analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in low-boiling petrochemical products by one-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:225-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Wohlfahrt S, Fischer M, Saraji-Bozorgzad M, Matuschek G, Streibel T, Post E, Denner T, Zimmermann R. Rapid comprehensive characterization of crude oils by thermogravimetry coupled to fast modulated gas chromatography–single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7107-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Seeley JV, Seeley SK. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: Fundamental Advances and New Applications. Anal Chem 2012; 85:557-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303195u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John V. Seeley
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, Rochester, Michigan, 48309
| | - Stacy K. Seeley
- Kettering University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1700 University Avenue,
Flint, Michigan, 48504
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