1
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Malik MI. Novel epoxy-terminated macromonomers and their polymerization for synthesis of bottle-brush type amphiphilic block copolymers. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28288-28298. [PMID: 37767115 PMCID: PMC10521365 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05912j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Architecture of polymers has vital implications for their physical properties and applications. In this study, synthesis of a series of novel epoxy-terminated macromonomers namely Ep-DEGMME, Ep-TEGMME, Ep-EGMEE, Ep-EGMBE, and Ep-EGMHE is reported. The synthesized macromonomers vary in number of ethylene oxide units and length of the alkyl group. These macromonomers are first homopolymerized by anionic ring-opening polymerization for synthesis of homopolymers of a molar mass range. Subsequently, these macromonomers with different lengths of two segments (alkyl group and ethylene oxide units) are copolymerized with other monomers for synthesis of bottle-brush type architectures. In the first case, di- and tri-block copolymers of Ep-EGMBE are synthesized while using MeO-PEG or PEG as a macroinitiator; the resulting block copolymers have hydrophilic handle and hydrophobic brush. On the same lines, block copolymers of Ep-TEGMME with ε-caprolactone have hydrophobic handle and hydrophilic brush. The synthesized block copolymers are comprehensively characterized by SEC and liquid chromatography at critical conditions. The analysis reveals the successful synthesis of block copolymers while providing information on relative total molar mass, and individual block lengths of the block copolymers, along with amount of unwanted homopolymers in the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Malik
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
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2
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Philipps K, Junkers T, Michels JJ. The block copolymer shuffle in size exclusion chromatography: the intrinsic problem with using elugrams to determine chain extension success. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Is an increase in hydrodynamic volume always expected in block copolymer synthesis? Why SEC is sometimes not the last word.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Philipps
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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3
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Concurrent ring-opening and atom transfer radical polymerization for synthesis of block copolymers, and their comprehensive chromatographic characterization. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Moyses S, Ramakrishnan V, Lietzau C, Bajaj P. The effect of in situ‐formed copolymers on the morphology of reactive poly(phenylene ether)/poly(amide‐6) blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Khatoon R, Rahim S, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Characterization of Polystyrene-block-Poly(2-vinyl pyridine) Copolymers and Blends of Their Homopolymers by Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Khatoon
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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6
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Malik MI. Critical parameters of liquid chromatography at critical conditions in context of poloxamers: Pore diameter, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460440. [PMID: 31416625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the borderline between size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) there is a special mobile phase composition and temperature at which polymer chains become "chromatographically invisible". This point is termed as "chromatographic critical point" and chromatographic separations performed using these conditions are called "liquid chromatography at critical conditions" (LCCC). LCCC is a powerful technique in the analysis of functional polymers and block copolymers. At these so-called critical conditions molar mass discrimination of any specific homopolymer is suppressed rendering elution of whole range of molar mass at same elution volume. These conditions allow enhanced separation with regard to non-critical segment either in exclusion or interaction regime of the polymer chromatography. This article is intended to critically discuss different parameters that can be maneuvered to improve separation and in turn characterization of non-critical segment of block copolymers at LCCC. Different experimental parameters evaluated in this study include pore size of the column, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. These parameters can be adeptly adjusted to improve separation of non-critical segment while keeping the other segment close to critical conditions. Current study demonstrates that pore diameter and mobile phase are the only practical variable that can be used for improvement of characterization of non-critical block in the block copolymer while non-critical block is in exclusion regime. On the other hand, pore diameter of the column, temperature, solvent composition and gradients are important parameters that can be skillfully tuned for improvement of separation of non-critical block while non-critical block elutes in interaction regime. The above-mentioned variations are evaluated for di-block as well as tri-block copolymers of A-B-A and B-A-B type. Moreover, LCCC-IC is especially important for analysis of poloxamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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7
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Poly(propylene ether carbonate)-Based Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers: Synthesis and Chromatographic Characterization. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Sikorska W, Musioł M, Rydz J, Zięba M, Rychter P, Lewicka K, Šiškova A, Mosnáčková K, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G. Prediction studies of environment-friendly biodegradable polymeric packaging based on PLA. Influence of specimens' thickness on the hydrolytic degradation profile. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:938-947. [PMID: 32559989 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of new biodegradable polymer packaging based on polylactide (PLA), susceptible to organic recycling, can help in the waste reduction in landfills. In this paper, the results of the study on abiotic degradation of PLA and its blend containing 15 mol% of poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate], as a model for the first step of organic recycling were presented. The samples used for this study have different shapes and thicknesses: rigid films and cuboid-bars. Particular emphasis was placed on determining the pattern of degradation products released into the medium. Originally, the results of present study revealed that the application of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry supported by high performance liquid chromatography allowed envisaging the differences in the degradation products pattern released from the studied PLA-based samples differing in thickness. The significant differences in degradation products pattern were predominately observed in the first steps of incubation process and are caused by an autocatalytic effect, which occurs mainly during degradation of the large size PLA samples. Although, the thickness of PLA-based packaging changes the degradation product patterns, however this does not increase the total amounts of acids released to the medium. Thus, it may be concluded that thickness should not affect significantly organic recycling of the packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sikorska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - M Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - J Rydz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - M Zięba
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - P Rychter
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Jan Dlugosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - K Lewicka
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Jan Dlugosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - A Šiškova
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Science, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - K Mosnáčková
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Science, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK
| | - G Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Irfan M, Bhayo AM, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Chromatographic characterization of amphiphilic di- and tri-block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3352-3359. [PMID: 30010243 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic di- and tri-block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) as a hydrophilic segment and poly(ε-caprolactone) as a hydrophobic part are synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone while using poly(ethylene glycol)s and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s of varying molar masses as macro-initiators. The synthesized block copolymers are characterized with respect to their total relative molar mass and its distribution by size exclusion chromatography. Liquid chromatography at critical conditions of both blocks is established for the analysis of individual block lengths and tracking presence of unwanted homopolymers of both types in the block copolymer samples. New critical conditions of polycaprolactone on reversed phase column are reported using organic mobile phase. The established critical conditions of polycaprolactone extended the applicable molar mass range significantly compared to already reported critical conditions of polycaprolactone in aqueous mobile phase. Block copolymers are also analyzed at critical conditions of poly(ethylene glycol). Complete analysis of the di- and tri-block copolymers at corresponding critical conditions provided a fair estimate of molar mass of non-critical block besides information regarding presence of homopolymers of both types in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Murad Bhayo
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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10
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Bhayo AM, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Synthesis and characterization of 4-arm star-shaped amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). RSC Adv 2018; 8:28569-28580. [PMID: 35542455 PMCID: PMC9084348 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Star-shaped polymers exhibit lower hydrodynamic volume, glass transition temperature, critical micelles concentration (CMC), and higher viscosity and drug-loading capacity compared to their linear counterparts. In the present study, amphiphilic biodegradable 4-arm star-shaped block copolymers, based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a hydrophilic part and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as a hydrophobic segment, are synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone employing pentaerythritol as an initiator and stannous octoate as a catalyst, followed by the coupling reaction with carboxyl-functionalized monomethoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (MeO-PEO-COOH). The structures of intermediates were deduced through 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Average chemical composition of the star block copolymer is determined by proton NMR. Information related to molar mass distribution of targeted products and their precursors is obtained by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). However, due to its inherent poor resolution SEC could not reveal whether all the parent homopolymers are coupled to each other or remained unattached to the other segment. In order to comprehensively characterize the synthesized star-block copolymers, liquid chromatography at critical conditions of both blocks is employed. The study allowed for separation of homopolymer precursors from targeted star-block copolymers. The study exposed heterogeneity of star block copolymers that was not possible by conventional techniques. LCCC on RP columns proves to be efficient for separation of precursors from targeted star block copolymers in a single run.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Murad Bhayo
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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11
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Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Biodegradable Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers Based on Ethylene Carbonate Polymer as Hydrophobic Segment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
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12
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Tufail MK, Abdul-Karim R, Rahim S, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Analysis of individual block length of amphiphilic di- & tri-block copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimation of individual block lengths and extent of homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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13
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Česla P, Křenková J. Fraction transfer process in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid-phase separations. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:109-123. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Česla
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jana Křenková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v.v.i.; Brno Czech Republic
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14
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic analysis of poloxamers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Phan TN, Gigmes D. Separation of parent homopolymers from poly(ethylene oxide) and polystyrene-based block copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption – 1. Determination of the suitable molar mass range and optimization of chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Sutton AT, Read E, Maniego AR, Thevarajah JJ, Marty JD, Destarac M, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P. Purity of double hydrophilic block copolymers revealed by capillary electrophoresis in the critical conditions. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:187-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Characterization of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers and blends of their homopolymers by liquid chromatography at critical conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6311-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Beaudoin E, Gigmes D. Separation of Parent Homopolymers from Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene Triblock Copolymers by Means of Liquid Chromatography: 1. Comparison of Different Methods. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2694-702. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rollet
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bérengère Pelletier
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Anaïs Altounian
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Dusan Berek
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská
Cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sébastien Maria
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaudoin
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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19
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Application of the evaporative light scattering detector to analytical problems in polymer science. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Separation and composition distribution determination of triblock copolymers by thermal field-flow fractionation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9033-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Šišková A, Macová E, Corradini D, Berek D. Liquid chromatography of synthetic polymers under critical conditions of enthalpic interactions 4: Sample recovery. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2979-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Šišková
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Eva Macová
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Danilo Corradini
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; National Research Council; Rome Italy
| | - Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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23
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Keddie DJ, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Moad G. The reactivity of N-vinylcarbazole in RAFT polymerization: trithiocarbonates deliver optimal control for the synthesis of homopolymers and block copolymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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