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Prieto-Blanco MC, Planas-Franco A, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, González-Castro MJ. Mixed-mode chromatography of mixed functionalized analytes as the homologues of benzalkonium chloride. Application to pharmaceutical formulations. Talanta 2023; 255:124228. [PMID: 36587429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a retention behavior based on mixed-mode reversed-phase (RP)/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was observed for benzalkonium chloride (BAK) using a core-shell column functionalized with biphenyl groups. Although in the literature, the U-shaped retention was reported for polar compounds in mixed functionalized phases, in the present work, the behavior was dependent upon the chemical structure of the analyte with mixed functionality (ammonium group, a benzyl group and an alkyl chain) and on the high selectivity of the chromatographic column. The bimodal retention was observed for the four BAK homologues using a content of acetonitrile from 65 to 95% in the mobile phase. The data were adjusted to polynomial equations which allow for modeling and predicting the U-shaped retention. The salt concentration (50 and 100 mM), anion (formate and acetate) and cation (ammonium and triethylammonium) of the salt, pH (4 and 5) in the mobile phase were studied in order to understand their influence on the two retention modes. Significant electrostatic interactions were involved in the two retention modes, especially with a content of acetonitrile higher that 90%. Linear relationships between the retention factors of the four homologues were found in a wide range of %acetonitrile when the salt and triethylamine concentration, pH and nature of salt were changed. The differences found on the retention of the homologues, when increasing the alkyl chain length, were more significant in the RP mode due to predominant hydrophobic interactions. A pH decrease and a salt concentration increase caused a retention decrease for both modes. A decrease on of the retention was observed when acetate anion was replaced by formate anion. The different order of the polynomial equations according to the used mobile phase confirmed its relevant role in the interactions with the analytes and stationary phase. A mobile phase was selected (85% acetonitrile, pH 4 and 100 mM ammonium formate) for the BAK determination in cutaneous, otic and ophthalmic formulations with different active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients. Low sample volume (500 μL) and short analysis time (<5 min) were some of the advantages of the proposed method. In addition, good analytical performance (R2 > 0.999, % RSD <4.5% for intra-day precision and <5.8% for inter-day precision, and recoveries in the 92-105% range) was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Prieto-Blanco
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Angela Planas-Franco
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María José González-Castro
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Cruz JC, Souza IDD, Lanças FM, Queiroz MEC. Current advances and applications of online sample preparation techniques for miniaturized liquid chromatography systems. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kataoka H. In-tube solid-phase microextraction: Current trends and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461787. [PMID: 33359971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) was developed about 24 years ago as an effective sample preparation technique using an open tubular capillary column as an extraction device. IT-SPME is useful for micro-concentration, automated sample cleanup, and rapid online analysis, and can be used to determine the analytes in complex matrices simple sample processing methods such as direct sample injection or filtration. IT-SPME is usually performed in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography using an online column switching technology, in which the entire process from sample preparation to separation to data analysis is automated using the autosampler. Furthermore, IT-SPME minimizes the use of harmful organic solvents and is simple and labor-saving, making it a sustainable and environmentally friendly green analytical technique. Various operating systems and new sorbent materials have been developed to improve its extraction efficiency by, for example, enhancing its sorption capacity and selectivity. In addition, IT-SPME methods have been widely applied in environmental analysis, food analysis and bioanalysis. This review describes the present state of IT-SPME technology and summarizes its current trends and future perspectives, including method development and strategies to improve extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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Innovations in Extractive Phases for In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Miniaturized Liquid Chromatography: A Critical Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102460. [PMID: 32466305 PMCID: PMC7287690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, a great effort has been devoted to the development of new sorbents that can be used to pack or to coat extractive capillaries for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME). Many of those efforts have been focused on the preparation of capillaries for miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC) due to the reduced availability of capillary columns with appropriate dimensions for this kind of system. Moreover, many of the extractive capillaries that have been used for IT-SPME so far are segments of open columns from the gas chromatography (GC) field, but the phase nature and dimensions are very limited. In particular, polar compounds barely interact with stationary GC phases. Capillary GC columns may also be unsuitable when highly selective extractions are needed. In this work, we provide an overview of the extractive capillaries that have been specifically developed for capillary LC (capLC) and nano LC (nanoLC) to enhance the overall performance of the IT-SPME, the chromatographic separation, and the detection. Different monolithic polymers, such as silica C18 and C8 polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), polymers functionalized with antibodies, and polymers reinforced with different types of carbon nanotubes, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles (including magnetic nanoparticles), and restricted access materials (RAMs) will be presented and critically discussed.
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Liu J, Deng W, Yu M, Wen R, Yao S, Chen B. Rapid analysis of benzalkonium chloride using paper spray mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:151-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fernández-Amado M, Prieto-Blanco M, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. Ion-pair in-tube solid phase microextraction for the simultaneous determination of phthalates and their degradation products in atmospheric particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1520:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fernández-Amado M, Prieto-Blanco MC, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. A comparative study of extractant and chromatographic phases for the rapid and sensitive determination of six phthalates in rainwater samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:52-65. [PMID: 28211335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Six phthalic acid esters were determined in rainwater samples, from which a very low sample volume was collected. This method combines on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector. In order to obtain a short analysis time and to reduce the consumption of organic solvents, two chromatographic phases (C18 monolithic and cyanopropyl silica) are compared. Although three critical pairs are found, faster separation, good resolution and lower pressures are achieved using C18 monolithic column. In order to achieve a simple and sensitive method, two commercial capillaries (a porous polymer with divinylbenzene-4-vinylpyridine and a liquid-phase capillary with 95% poly(dimethylsiloxane)-5% poly(diphenylsiloxane)) are tested for the extraction process. Due to great differences of hydrophobicity among the six phthalates, the selection of a modifier is necessary for a good extraction. The best conditions are achieved using 5 mL of sample containing 40% methanol in a 70 cm-long porous polymer capillary. The procedural blanks are controlled and taken into account in the calculation of the detection limits. Except for dimethylphthalate, the method detection limits are in the range from 0.2 to 0.9 ng mL-1 and the inter-day precision is between 5.3% and 12.5%. The recoveries were within the range of 71%-101%. Rainwater samples are analyzed in order to examine the dilution effect and washout of phthalates in the atmosphere. Dibutyl phthalate is the predominant phthalate found and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is detected in all analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-Amado
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - M C Prieto-Blanco
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - P López-Mahía
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - S Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - D Prada-Rodríguez
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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Gallart-Mateu D, Armenta S, Esteve-Turrillas FA, de la Guardia M. Ion mobility spectrometry as a fast analytical tool in benzalkonium chloride homologs determination. Talanta 2017; 164:110-115. [PMID: 28107903 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure is proposed for the determination by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) of C12, C14 and C16 benzalkonium chloride (BAC) homologs. The proposed method requires minimum sample treatment and the measurement was made in less than one minute. A high sensitivity was obtained for BAC determination by IMS with limit of detection values from 37 to 69µgL-1. Accuracy of the proposed methodology was evaluated through the analysis of aqueous and alcoholic samples spiked with BAC at concentration levels from 0.002% to 20% (w/v), providing recovery values from 91% to 104%. BAC was determined in sanitary alcohols, nasal sprays, postharvest products, algaecides, and treated swimming pool water. Results obtained by the proposed IMS methodology were statistically comparable to those provided by a liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) reference methodology. The Green Certificate evaluation of the proposed IMS methodology provided 91 score points in the Eco-Scale as compared with 77 for LC-UV method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallart-Mateu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Armenta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - F A Esteve-Turrillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Serra-Mora P, Moliner-Martínez Y, Molins-Legua C, Herráez-Hernández R, Verdú-Andrés J, Campíns-Falcó P. Trends in Online Intube Solid Phase Microextraction. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Fernández-Amado M, Prieto-Blanco M, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. A novel and cost-effective method for the determination of fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in low volume rainwater samples. Talanta 2016; 155:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fernández-Amado M, Prieto-Blanco M, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. Strengths and weaknesses of in-tube solid-phase microextraction: A scoping review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 906:41-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Bu Y, Feng J, Sun M, Zhou C, Luo C. Gold-functionalized stainless-steel wire and tube for fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:932-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan China
| | - Changli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Jinan; Jinan China
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Prieto-Blanco M, Argente-García A, Campíns-Falcó P. A capillary liquid chromatography method for benzalkonium chloride determination as a component or contaminant in mixtures of biocides. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1431:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moliner-Martinez Y, Herráez-Hernández R, Verdú-Andrés J, Molins-Legua C, Campíns-Falcó P. Recent advances of in-tube solid-phase microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Boyacı E, Sparham C, Pawliszyn J. Thin-film microextraction coupled to LC-ESI-MS/MS for determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:409-20. [PMID: 24337184 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The dual nature of the quaternary ammonium compounds, having permanently charged hydrophilic quaternary ammonium heads and long-chain hydrophobic tails, makes the sample preparation step and analysis of these compounds challenging. A high-throughput method based on thin-film solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of nine benzylic and aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds. Chromatographic separation and detection of analytes were obtained in reverse-phase mode in 8 min using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Hydrophilic lipophilic balance particle-coated blades were found to be the most suitable among the different coatings tested in terms of recoveries and carryover on the blades. For desorption solvents, 70/30, v/v (A/B) with 0.1 % formic acid (where A is 10 mM ammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water (95/5 , v/v) and B is 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid in isopropyl alcohol) was shown to be the most efficient solvent for the desorption of the analytes from the SPME sorbent. The SPME method was optimised in terms of extraction, pH, and preconditioning, as well as extraction and desorption times. Optimum conditions were 45 min of extraction time and 15 min of desorption time, all with agitation. The extraction was found to be optimum in a range of pH 6.0 to 8.0, which is consistent with the natural pH of water samples. Wide linear dynamic ranges with the developed method were obtained for each compound, enabling the application of the method for a wide range of concentrations. The developed method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration criteria. The proposed method is the first SPME-based approach describing the applicability of the high-throughput thin-film SPME in a 96-well system for analysis of such challenging compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Combining poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) and nitrile phases for improving the separation and quantitation of benzalkonium chloride homologues: In-tube solid phase microextraction–capillary liquid chromatography–diode array detection-mass spectrometry for analyzing industrial samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:226-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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