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Valdez CA, Salazar EP, Leif RN. Trimethyloxonium-mediated methylation strategies for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of chlorinated phenols in various soils by electron impact gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1401. [PMID: 35082365 PMCID: PMC8792036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient methylation of a panel of five industrial and environmentally-relevant chlorophenols (CPs) employing trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (TMO) for their qualitative detection and identification by electron impact gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (EI-GC–MS) is presented. The protocol’s execution is simple and smoothly converts the phenols into their O-methylated counterparts conveniently at ambient temperature. The efficiency of two versions of the protocol was successfully tested in their ability to simultaneously derivatize five CPs (2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and triclosan) in six distinct, separate soil matrices (Nebraska EPA standard soil, Virginia Type A soil, Ottawa sand, Baker sand, Silt and Georgia EPA standard soil) when present at low levels (~ 10 μgg−1). The first version involves the direct derivatization of the spiked soils with the methylating salt while the second one involves an initial soil extraction step of the CPs followed by methylation. The MDL values for each methylated CP were determined and lower values were found (4.1–13.2 ng.mL−1) for both sand matrices (Ottawa and Baker) as well as for the Georgia EPA standard soil, while larger values (8.2–21.8 ng.mL−1) were found for the Virginia Type soil, Nebraska EPA standard soil and Silt. The presented protocol offers a safer and more practical alternative to the universally employed diazomethane method and can be readily applicable to matrices other than soils. Furthermore, the protocols described herein may find applicability to the methylation of other analytes bearing acidic protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Valdez
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA. .,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA. .,Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, L-090, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - Edmund P Salazar
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, L-090, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Roald N Leif
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, L-090, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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2
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Xu L, Jiang D, Zhao Y, Yan P, Dong J, Qian J, Ao H, Li J, Yan C, Li H. Integrated BiPO4 nanocrystal/BiOBr heterojunction for sensitive photoelectrochemical sensing of 4-chlorophenol. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13353-13359. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02687d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sensor platform was constructed by using a BiPO4 nanocrystal/BiOBr heterojunction, which displayed superior performance for monitoring 4-chlorophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Desheng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Jintao Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou 215009
- P. R. China
| | - Junchao Qian
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Huaqin Ao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yan
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Henan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry
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3
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Noestheden M, Thiessen K, Dennis EG, Tiet B, Zandberg WF. Quantitating Organoleptic Volatile Phenols in Smoke-Exposed Vitis vinifera Berries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8418-8425. [PMID: 28849932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Accurate methods for quantitating volatile phenols (i.e., guaiacol, syringol, 4-ethylphenol, etc.) in smoke-exposed Vitis vinifera berries prior to fermentation are needed to predict the likelihood of perceptible smoke taint following vinification. Reported here is a complete, cross-validated analytical workflow to accurately quantitate free and glycosidically bound volatile phenols in smoke-exposed berries using liquid-liquid extraction, acid-mediated hydrolysis, and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The reported workflow addresses critical gaps in existing methods for volatile phenols that impact quantitative accuracy, most notably the effect of injection port temperature and the variability in acid-mediated hydrolytic procedures currently used. Addressing these deficiencies will help the wine industry make accurate, informed decisions when producing wines from smoke-exposed berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Noestheden
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Supra Research & Development , Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katelyn Thiessen
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric G Dennis
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ben Tiet
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- University of British Columbia Okanagan , Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Qian L, Li X, Qi F, Li J, Lu L, Xu Q. An amino-functionalized grooved nanofiber mat for solid-phase extraction of phenolic pollutants. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Zhu H, Janusson E, Luo J, Piers J, Islam F, McGarvey GB, Oliver AG, Granot O, McIndoe JS. Phenol-selective mass spectrometric analysis of jet fuel. Analyst 2017; 142:3278-3284. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bromobenzyl charged tag selectively reacts with key contaminants in jet fuel to provide charged ethers that are readily detectable by ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Canada
| | | | - Jingwei Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Canada
| | - James Piers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Canada
| | | | | | - Allen G. Oliver
- Molecular Structure Facility
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Ori Granot
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Canada
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Kartal AA, Divrikli U, Elci L. Determination of Chlorophenols in Wastewater with Methyl Chloroformate Derivatization, Solid Phase Extraction, and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1046551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Fan Y, Hu S, Liu S. Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction coupled to dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of chlorophenols in wine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3662-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Fan
- College of Science; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Shibin Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
| | - Shuhui Liu
- College of Science; Northwest A&F University; Yangling China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas; Yangling China
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8
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Ultrasound-assisted solid phase extraction of nitro- and chloro-(phenols) using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and Aliquat 336 ionic liquid. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1336:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Machon C, Le Calve B, Coste S, Riviere M, Payen L, Bernard D, Guitton J. Quantification of β-aminopropionitrile, an inhibitor of lysyl oxidase activity, in plasma and tumor of mice by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1017-23. [PMID: 24424787 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase enzymes are reported to be involved in patho-physiological process such as tumorigenesis. β-Aminopropionitrile (BAPN) is an irreversible inhibitor of lysyl oxidase activity, suggesting a potentially useful therapeutic of interest in oncology. This paper describes the first assay concerning the quantification of BAPN by mass spectrometry. A high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed for the quantification of BAPN in plasma and tumor of mice. This method combines dansyl chloride (Dns) derivatization and extraction using a solid-phase extraction Oasis Max column. Deuterated BAPN was used as internal standard (IS). Separation was achieved using an C₁₈ column HypersylGold, (ThermoElectron), 3.0 µm (100 × 2.1 mm i.d.). Gradient elution with water containing 0.1% acetic acid (A) and acetonitrile containing 0.1% acetic acid (B) was applied. Detection was performed with an electrospray ionization interface operating in negative ion mode. Selected reaction monitoring was used with ion transitions m/z 302 → 249 for BAPN-Dns and m/z 306 → 250 for the IS. The method was fully validated in plasma and was linear and sensitive in the range of 10-500 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification in plasma was 2.5 ng/mL. This validated assay was successfully applied to a kinetic study of BAPN in mouse plasma and demonstrates that BAPN reaches the tumoral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Machon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69495, Pierre Bénite, France; Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France
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XIAO C, MING L, TU Y. Electrophoretic Separation of Chlorophenols on Silica Nanospheres-coated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Microchip Using a Nafion/graphene-modified Carbon Electrode for Detection. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:675-81. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen XIAO
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Liang MING
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University
| | - Yifeng TU
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
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Lu L, Chen Y, Yu X, Wu X, Tang F, Wu X. Pressurized CEC with amperometric detection using mixed-mode monolithic column for rapid analysis of chlorophenols and phenol. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2049-57. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Zhao D. Determination of Pentachlorophenol Residue in Meat and Fish by Gas Chromatography–Electron Capture Detection and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with Accelerated Solvent Extraction. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:429-35. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Li X, Xue A, Chen H, Li S. Low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with single-drop microextraction for the fast determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:9-15. [PMID: 23375770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new format of fast three-phase microextraction by combining low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and single-drop microextraction (SDME) was for the first time developed for the determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples. The extraction procedure includes a 2 min DLLME pre-extraction and a 10 min SDME back-extraction. A portion of low-density solvent (toluene) was used as organic phase and injected into the aqueous sample (donor phase) with methanol as disperser. The analytes were pre-extracted into the organic phase within 2 min. A thin layer of the organic phase formed on the top of the aqueous phase by a 2 min centrifugation. Then a drop of acceptor solution was introduced into the upper layer and SDME was carried out for the back-extraction. The stirring step typically involved in SDME and LLLME is avoided with the benefit of the high speed and efficiency of DLLME pre-extraction. After extraction, the acceptor drop was withdrawn and directly injected into a high performance liquid chromatography instrument with ultraviolet detection for analysis. Five chlorophenols, 4-chlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol, were selected as model compounds for developing and evaluating the method. Factors affecting extraction efficiency were studied, including the organic solvent, the disperser solvent, the composition of donor phase and acceptor phase, the volume of acceptor microdrop, and the extraction time. At optimal conditions, the method showed low detection limit (0.016-0.084 μg/L) for the five chlorophenols, good linearity (from 0.2-250 to 1.0-250 μg/L, depending on the analytes) and repeatability (RSD below 8.2, n=5). The simple, fast, and efficient feature of the proposed method was demonstrated by the analysis of chlorophenols in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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