1
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GÜNEŞ G, CAN Z, ARDA A, APAK MR. Determination of ketamine using melamine-modified gold nanoparticles. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:1053-1063. [PMID: 38173732 PMCID: PMC10760846 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is used in medicine because of its anaesthetic and antidepressant effects at low doses. Unfortunately, due to its narcotic effect when used at high doses, its abuse among young people is increasing. It is also one of the most common drugs used in rape. Therefore, there is a need for fast and inexpensive tests that can be performed on-site. With the advancement of nanotechnology, nanoparticle-based approaches have found their place in selective analyses as in many fields. In the developed method, firstly gold nanoparticles were modified with melamine (AuNPs@Mel). Under optimized conditions, hydrogen bonds formed between ketamine and AuNPs@Mel cause the red colour of AuNPs@Mel to shift to blue-purple (i.e. aggregation-induced surface plasmon absorption shift). The association between absorbance and concentration produced a calibration line (curve) having a linearity correlation coefficient of 0.9981 for ketamine concentrations ranging from 4.76 to 47.6 mg L-1. The detection limit of the proposed method was 1.5 mg L-1 and the RSD (relative standard deviation) values of concentrations were changed ranging from 5.2% to 8.2%. The intra-assay and inter-assay measurements using the suggested method resulted in coefficients of variation (CVs) of 5.7% and 8.5%, respectively. Scan transmission electron microscopy (STEM), UV-vis spectrophotometry and FTIR spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized and modified AuNPs. Additionally, the procedure was successfully carried out with some interference materials and a real sample of fetal bovine serum. Lastly, using the Student t-test and F tests, the suggested technique was compared to and confirmed against an LC-MS/MS procedure previously published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler GÜNEŞ
- TEBIP High Performers Program, Board of Higher Education of Turkiye, Istanbul University-Cerrapaşa, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Ziya CAN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, İstanbul University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Ayşem ARDA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, İstanbul University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Mustafa Reşat APAK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, İstanbul University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Ankara,
Turkiye
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2
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Simão AY, Oliveira P, Rosendo LM, Rosado T, Andraus M, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Microextraction by Packed Sorbent as a Clean-up Approach for the Determination of Ketamine and Norketamine in Hair by Gas Chromatography--Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:227-235. [PMID: 36124733 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances has been increasing and constitutes a social and public health problem, and hence, toxicological analysis has become of utmost importance for the detection of such substances. In this article, we present the development and full validation of a simple, user and environmentally friendly, cheap and suitable method for the determination of ketamine and its main metabolite norketamine in hair samples. The procedure included using a miniaturized procedure-microextraction by packed sorbent with mixed-mode sorbent-for sample clean-up. Organic solvents use was minimal, and it was possible to obtain a linear method (0.05-10 ng/mg for both analytes). The extraction efficiency ranged from 32 to 61%, which did not impair sensitivity. The method proved to be selective, precise, accurate and suitable for routine analysis for the determination of said compounds in 50-mg hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Simão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
| | - P Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
| | - L M Rosendo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
| | - T Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
| | - M Andraus
- Chromatox/Dasa Laboratory Ltda, Sumaré, São Paulo-SP 01259-000, Brazil
| | - M Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, Lisboa 1169-201, Portugal
| | - E Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-000, Portugal
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3
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Kurzweil L, Danyeli L, Şen ZD, Fejtova A, Walter M, Gensberger-Reigl S. Targeted mass spectrometry of ketamine and its metabolites cis-6-hydroxynorketamine and norketamine in human blood serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122214. [PMID: 32531641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine (KET) was originally developed as an anesthetic agent but has also attracted attention for further clinical applications such as medical treatment of depression or pain. The use of KET induces dissociation and emergence delirium. Due to these effects, KET has a high potential for abuse. In order to investigate metabolization of KET or to confirm misuse of KET, highly sensitive analytical methods that cover KET and its metabolites are necessary. A new analytical approach for simultaneous analysis of KET and its metabolites cis-6-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) and norketamine (NK) was established. The compounds were extracted from human blood serum by ultrafiltration and solid phase extraction with subsequent vacuum evaporation. The compounds were analyzed by non-enantioselective ultra-high performance micro-flow liquid chromatography (Waters ACQUITY UPLC® M-Class HSS T3 column, 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid, 14 µL/min flow rate) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in positive scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode. Validation parameters such as linearity, precision, recovery, accuracy, stability, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were proven. LOD for KET and NK was 0.08 ng/mL and LOQ were 0.5 ng/mL and 0.6 ng/mL, respectively. For HNK, LOD was 0.1 ng/mL and LOQ 0.8 ng/mL. The method was then successfully applied to quantify KET, HNK, and NK in blood serum samples from subjects who received KET intravenously. A novel method for the simultaneous analysis of KET, NK, and HNK was established. This new method could now be used for clinical trials investigating KET and its metabolites HNK and NK or for forensic analysis in order to confirm KET abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kurzweil
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Danyeli
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Zümrüt Duygu Şen
- University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Anna Fejtova
- Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gensberger-Reigl
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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4
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Yehia AM, Farag MA, Tantawy MA. A novel trimodal system on a paper-based microfluidic device for on-site detection of the date rape drug "ketamine". Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1104:95-104. [PMID: 32106962 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic device was designed with wax-printing to combine potentiometric, fluorimetric and colorimetric detection zones. This newly developed trimodal paper chip has been used for on-site determination of ketamine hydrochloride (KET) as a date rape drug in beverages. The device employed polyaniline nano-dispersion as conducting polymer in ion sensing paper electrodes designed to fit USB plug connector. Carbon dots-gold nanoparticles and cobalt thiocyanate were used in fluorescence and color detection zones, respectively. Cellular phone's camera facilitated the on-site fluorimetric and color detection. The implemented trimodal detection system exhibited specificity for KET detection in the presence of several other beverage interferences i.e., biogenic amines. This innovative sensor brings together analytical figures of merit for effective KET detection in single aliquot of spiked beverages. The proposed paper-based chip also fulfils WHO criteria for point-of-care devices posing the proposed trimodal paper device as an active part for rapid, on-site drug diagnostics and to be applied further for other similar drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Yehia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Tantawy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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5
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Tantawy MA, Farag MA, Yehia AM. A gold–carbon dots nanoprobe for dual mode detection of ketamine HCl in soda drinks. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent and color sensors for ketamine HCl determination. A dual-mode nanoprobe for the detection of a club drug in spiked beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Egypt
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Ali M. Yehia
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
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6
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Fu K, Zhang R, He J, Bai H, Zhang G. Sensitive detection of ketamine with an electrochemical sensor based on UV-induced polymerized molecularly imprinted membranes at graphene and MOFs modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Feng Y, Zheng M, Zhang X, Kang K, Kang W, Lian K, Yang J. Analysis of four antidepressants in plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with sensitive and selective derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Shopova T, Kiefer D, Wolf B, Maurer F, Sessler DI, Volk T, Fink T, Kreuer S. Simultaneous quantification of propofol, ketamine and rocuronium in just 10 μL plasma using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry and its pilot application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4540. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Shopova
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Daniel Kiefer
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Beate Wolf
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Felix Maurer
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Daniel I. Sessler
- Michael Cudahy Professor & Chair, Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology InstituteCleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Thomas Volk
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Tobias Fink
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Sascha Kreuer
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
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9
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Moeller B, Espelien B, Weber W, Kuehl P, Doyle-Eisele M, Garner CE, McDonald JD, Garcia E, Raulli R, Laney J. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular injection to F344 rats. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:68-76. [PMID: 30027605 PMCID: PMC6538562 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that is a rapid-acting dissociative anesthetic. It has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment along with other drugs (atropine, midazolam, pralidoxime) used in the current standard of care (SOC) for organophosphate and nerve agent exposures. Ketamine is a pharmaceutical agent that is readily available to most clinicians in emergency departments and possesses a broad therapeutic index with well-characterized effects in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of ketamine and its active metabolite, norketamine, in F344 rats following single or repeated intramuscular administrations of subanesthetic levels (7.5 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) of ketamine with or without the SOC. Following administration, plasma and brain tissues were collected and analyzed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantitate ketamine and norketamine. Following sample analysis, the pharmacokinetics were determined using non-compartmental analysis. The addition of the current SOC had a minimal impact on the pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular administration and repeated dosing at 7.5 mg/kg every 90 minutes allows for sustained plasma concentrations above 100 ng/mL. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine with and without the SOC in rats supports further investigation of the efficacy of ketamine co-administration with the SOC following nerve agent exposure in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Moeller
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Waylon Weber
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Philip Kuehl
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | | | | | - Efrain Garcia
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
| | - Robert Raulli
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
| | - Judith Laney
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
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10
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Fu L, Liu J, Hu Z, Zhou M. Recent Advances in the Construction of Biofuel Cells Based Self-powered Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangying Fu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education; National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University; Changchun, Jilin Province 130024 P.R. China
| | - Jingju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education; National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University; Changchun, Jilin Province 130024 P.R. China
| | - Zongqian Hu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; Beijing 100850 P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education; National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University; Changchun, Jilin Province 130024 P.R. China
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11
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Cao M, Zhang P, Feng Y, Zhang H, Zhu H, Lian K, Kang W. Development of a Method for Rapid Determination of Morpholine in Juices and Drugs by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:9670481. [PMID: 29854564 PMCID: PMC5944257 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9670481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A reliable derivatization method has been developed to detect and quantify morpholine in apple juices and ibuprofen with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Morpholine can react with sodium nitrite under acidic condition to produce stable and volatile N-nitrosomorpholine derivative. In this experiment, various factors affecting the derivatization and extraction process were optimized, including volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid, quantity of sodium nitrite, derivatization temperature, derivatization time, extraction reagents, and extraction time. The derivative was extracted with dichloromethane and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The linearity range of morpholine was 10-500 μg·L-1 with good correlation, and limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 7.3 μg·L-1 and 24.4 μg·L-1, respectively. Low, medium, and high concentrations of morpholine were added in apple juices and ibuprofen samples to evaluate standard recovery rate and relative standard deviation. The spiked recovery rate ranged from 94.3% to 109.0%, and the intraday repeatability and interday reproducibility were 2.0%-4.4% and 3.3%-7.0%, respectively. The developed method has good accuracy and precision. This quantitative method for morpholine is simple, sensitive, rapid, and low cost and can successfully be applied to analyze the residual morpholine in apple juices and drug samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Cao
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Genetic Family, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Huayin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Huaijiao Zhu
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Weijun Kang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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12
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Asghary M, Raoof JB, Rahimnejad M, Ojani R. Microbial fuel cell-based self-powered biosensing platform for determination of ketamine as an anesthesia drug in clinical serum samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Fassauer GM, Hofstetter R, Hasan M, Oswald S, Modeß C, Siegmund W, Link A. Ketamine metabolites with antidepressant effects: Fast, economical, and eco-friendly enantioselective separation based on supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC) and single quadrupole MS detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:410-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Ding Y, Li X, Guo Y, Yan J, Ling J, Li W, Lan L, Chang Y, Cai J, Zha L. Rapid and sensitive detection of ketamine in blood using novel fluorescence genosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:7027-7034. [PMID: 29032453 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, drug abuse has been considered as a most challenging social problem that aroused public attention. Ketamine has increased in unregulated use as a 'recreational drug' in teenagers. However, there is no suitable and maneuverable detection method for ketamine in situ at the moment. Fluorescence sensor technique, with predominant recognition and simple operation, is a good potential application in drug detection. Here, we first reported a highly sensitive and selective fluorescence genosensor for rapid detection of ketamine based on DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs) probes, in which the DNA sequence could specially recognize ketamine with high affinity. Parameters affecting detection efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, the as-prepared genosensor can allow for the determination of ketamine in the concentration range of 0.0001-20 μg/mL with two linear equations: one is y = 2.84x-7.139 (R2 = 0.987) for 0.0001-0.1 μg/mL, and the other is y = 1.87x-0.091 (R2 = 0.962) for 0.1-20 μg/mL, and the estimated detection limit of ketamine is 0.06 ng/mL. Moreover, the feasibility of this proposed method was also demonstrated by analyzing forensic blood samples. Compared with official gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), this fluorescence genosensor is simple, rapid, and accurate for quantitative determination of ketamine in blood for pharmaceutical and forensic analysis. Overall, it is the first report on a fluorescence genosensor for detecting ketamine directly in blood. This research may provide a new insight for the analyst to band fluorescence genosensor technology together with drug monitoring in the battle against drug abuse and forensic examination. Graphical abstract High selectively detection of ketamine using a novel fluorescence genosensor based on DNA-AgNCs probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Ding
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xingmei Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jiang Ling
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Weichen Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Lingmei Lan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yunfeng Chang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jifeng Cai
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Lagabaiyla Zha
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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15
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Göktaş EF, Arıöz F. A review of chromatographic methods for ketamine and its metabolites norketamine and dehydronorketamine. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Quantitative chiral and achiral determination of ketamine and its metabolites by LC–MS/MS in human serum, urine and fecal samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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18
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Measurement of ketamine and xylazine in rat brain by liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 77:6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moreno I, Barroso M, Martinho A, Cruz A, Gallardo E. Determination of ketamine and its major metabolite, norketamine, in urine and plasma samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li Q, Tang W, Wang Y, Di J, Yang J, Wu Y. Electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for ketamine detection based on polyamidoamine-coated carbon dot film. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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A new approach for decreasing the detection limit for a ketamine(I) ion-selective electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 49:445-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Quantification of ketamine and norketamine in bovine plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abu Shawish HM, Saadeh SM, Tamos H, Abed-Almonem KI, khalili OA. A novel coated silver ketamine(I) electrode for potentiometric determination of ketamine hydrochloride in ampoules and urine samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bairros AVD, Lanaro R, Almeida RMD, Yonamine M. Determination of ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine in urine by hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction using an essential oil as supported liquid membrane. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:47-54. [PMID: 24810678 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a method for the determination of ketamine (KT) and its main metabolites, norketamine (NK) and dehydronorketamine (DHNK) in urine samples by using hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) in the three-phase mode. The fiber pores were filled with eucalyptus essential oil and a solution of 1.0mol/L of HCl was introduced into the lumen of the fiber (acceptor phase). The fiber was submersed in the alkalinized urine containing 10% NaCl, and the system was submitted to lateral shaking (2400rpm) during 30min. Acceptor phase was withdrawn from the fiber, dried and the residue was then derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) for further determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The calibration curves were linear over the specified range and limits of detection (LoDs) obtained for KT, NK and DHNK were below the cut-off value (1.0ng/mL) recommended by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). A totally "green chemistry" approach of the sample extraction was obtained by using essential oil as a supported liquid membrane in HF-LPME. The developed method was successfully validated and applied to urine samples collected from two clinical cases in which KT was suspected to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Lanaro
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ferreira AMC, Laespada MEF, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. In situ aqueous derivatization as sample preparation technique for gas chromatographic determinations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:70-83. [PMID: 23726081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of derivatization reactions is a common practice in analytical laboratories. Although in many cases it is tedious and time-consuming, it does offer a good alternative for the determination of analytes not compatible to gas chromatography. Many of the reactions reported in the literature occur in organic medium. However, in situ aqueous derivatization reactions, which can be performed directly in aqueous medium, offer important advantages over those mentioned above, such as no need of a previous extraction step and easy automation. Here we review the most recent developments and applications of in situ aqueous derivatization. The discussion focuses on the derivatization reactions used for the determination of alcohols and phenols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones, nitrogen-containing compounds and thiols in different aqueous matrices, such as environmental, biological and food samples. Several reactions are described for each functional group (acylation, alkylation, esterification, among others) and, in some cases, the same reagents can be used for several functional groups, such that there is an unavoidable overlap between sections. Finally, attention is also focused on the techniques used for the introduction of the derivatives formed in the aqueous medium into the chromatographic system. The implementation of in situ aqueous derivatization coupled to preconcentration techniques has permitted the enhancement of recoveries and improvements in the separation, selectivity and sensitivity of the analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Casas Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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