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Liu Y, Sun Q, Zhou H, Gao H, Li D, Li Y. One-dimensional Europium-coordination polymer as luminescent sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120303. [PMID: 34454134 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three isostructural lanthanide coordination polymers (LnCPs), [Ln(L)6(DMF)]n {HL = 2-(2-formylphenoxy) acetic acid, Ln = Sm (1); Eu (2); Tb (3)} have been synthesized by solvothermal reaction and characterized. Single crystal analyses revealed that the architectures of these LnCPs own one dimensional chain which can be further packed into two-dimensional architectures by hydrogen bonds. Moreover, these LnCPs can offer strategically placed uncoordinated formyl groups, which may act as hydrogen-bond acceptor in the sensing of nitro explosives. Luminescence measurements reveal that LnCPs 2 and 3 exhibit strong luminescence in solid states. LnCP 2 shows quick, highly selective and sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) with the high quenching constant (2.6 × 104 M-1) and low detection limit (3.39 μM), which indicates that LnCP 2 is more efficient than most of Eu-based coordination polymers for the sensing of TNP. Furthermore, LnCP 2 represents the first example of one-dimensional Eu-based sensors with formyl group as hydrogen-bonding site in the detection of TNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Dongping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
| | - Yongxiu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
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2
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S K, Sam B, George L, N SY, Varghese A. Fluorescein Based Fluorescence Sensors for the Selective Sensing of Various Analytes. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1251-1276. [PMID: 34255257 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescein molecules are extensively used to develop fluorescent probes for various analytes due to their excellent photophysical properties and the spirocyclic structure. The main structural modification of fluorescein occurs at the carboxyl group where different groups can be easily introduced to produce the spirolactam structure which is non-fluorescent. The spirolactam ring opening accounts for the fluorescence and the dual sensing of analytes using fluorescent sensors is still a topic of high interest. There is an increase in the number of dual sensors developed in the past five years and quite a good number of fluorescein derivatives were also reported based on reversible mechanisms. This review analyses environmentally and biologically important cations such as Cu2+, Hg2+, Fe3+, Pd2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Mg2+; anions (F-, OCl-) and small molecules (thiols, CO and H2S). Structural modifications, binding mechanisms, different strategies and a comparative study for selected cations, anions and molecules are outlined in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana S
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Bincy Sam
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Louis George
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Sudhakar Y N
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
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3
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Assessing effects of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography instrument configuration on dispersion, system pressure, and retention. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461660. [PMID: 33189961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study involves the systematic assessment of the effects of system configuration on dispersion, pressure, and retention characteristics while operating a 1500 bar UHPLC system with 2.1 mm i.d. × 100 mm long columns packed with 1.5 µm core-shell particles in isocratic and gradient mode. Altering the system configuration by changing the i.d. of connection tubing and flow cells affects the elution time, dispersion characteristics, and the kinetic performance limits of the system. The gain in separation efficiency when decreasing tubing i.d. from 100 to 75 µm was found to contribute more to the decrease in separation impedance and the position of the kinetic performance curve than the loss in available column pressure induced by the narrower tubing. When applying steep gradients, characterized by gradient-to-column dead-time ratio < 7, optimizing instrument configuration leads to either a significant time gain factor of 3.9 without compromising peak capacity, or a gain in peak capacity with a gain factor of 1.3 while maintaining the analysis time constant. Due to the reduced fluidic volume of connection tubing of smaller i.d., a decrease in residence time is obtained. At the same time, an increase in k was observed due to a pressure-induced retention effect, and this effect is significant for late-eluting analytes.
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods to determine the kinetic performance limit of contemporary chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:323-339. [PMID: 32902146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining separation efficiency data as a function of flow rate with the column permeability, the kinetic plot method allows to determine the limits of separation power (time vs. efficiency) of different chromatographic techniques and methods. The technique can be applied for all different types of chromatography (liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid), for different types of column morphologies (packed beds, monoliths, open tubular, micromachined columns), for pressure and electro-driven separations and in both isocratic and gradient elution mode. The present contribution gives an overview of the methods and calculations required to correctly determine these kinetic performance limits and their underlying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Kristl A, Lokošek P, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of pressure on the retention of macromolecules in ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:89-99. [PMID: 30926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Shorter analysis times and greater resolving power are contributing factors for transfer of separation methods from an HPLC to a UHPLC system when performing analysis in biopharmaceutical or clinical research. The effect of pressure on separations in reversed phase chromatography is well described, however such investigations on ion exchange columns were previously not conducted. In this study we describe the effect of pressure on retention properties of proteins, oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA in ion exchange chromatography. Different column inlet pressures were obtained by coupling restriction capillaries with column outlet and performing separations at a constant temperature and mobile phase flow rate. Macromolecules were separated in isocratic mode as well as with various linear gradients of salt concentration at a constant pH value. The measured retention time increase was up to 80% for isocratic and 20% for gradient separations for a 500 bar increase in pressure. The effect of pressure was validated on a separate instrument after few months from initial experiments. The influence of pressure on retention properties seems to be dependent on the size, shape and flexibility of the macromolecule and causes different retention shifts when separating a sample with diverse analytes. Such changes in retention time can sometimes exceed the criteria set by European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) for the allowable method adjustment and are thus considered to be a result of a different separation method. Therefore, the pressure effect that follows method transfer from HPLC to UHPLC conditions should not be neglected even for gradient separations in ion exchange chromatography, as the resulting retention change may cause revalidation of the separation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Lokošek
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia.
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Makarov AA, Mann BF, Regalado EL, Pirrone GF, Sun C, Sun S, Nowak T, Wang H, Mangion I. Visualizing and studying frictional heating effects in reversed-phase liquid chromatography using infrared thermal imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1018:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Prauda I, Bartó E, Felinger A. Influence of pressure on the retention of resorcinarene-based cavitands. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1535:123-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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McCalley DV. Understanding and manipulating the separation in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:49-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Geng TM, Ye SN, Wang Y, Zhu H, Wang X, Liu X. Conjugated microporous polymers-based fluorescein for fluorescence detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Talanta 2017; 165:282-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Mann BF, Makarov AA, Wang H, Welch CJ. Effects of pressure and frictional heating on protein separation using monolithic columns in reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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ÿsberg D, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. A fundamental study of the impact of pressure on the adsorption mechanism in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Hara T, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Exploring the pressure resistance limits of monolithic silica capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1446:164-9. [PMID: 27086284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on an experimental approach to measure the pressure stability and mechanical strength of monolithic silica capillary columns with different diameters (50 and 100μm i.d.) and considering two different domain sizes, typical for the second generation monoliths or smaller. The approach consists of exposing the capillaries to ultra-high pressures (gradually stepwise increased from 20 to 80MPa), with intermediate measurements of the column efficiency, permeability and retention factors to check the mechanical stability of the bed. It was observed that all tested columns withstood the imposed pressure stress, i.e., all the tested parameters remained unaffected up till the maximal test pressure of 80MPa. The applied pressure gradient corresponded to 320MPa/m. The two 100μm i.d.-capillary columns were also exposed to pressures between 80 and 90MPa for a prolonged time (8h), and this did not cause any damage either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Tanaka N, McCalley DV. Core–Shell, Ultrasmall Particles, Monoliths, and Other Support Materials in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 88:279-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David V. McCalley
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
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14
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Andrés A, Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods for the experimental characterization and analysis of the efficiency and speed of chromatographic columns: A step-by-step tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 894:20-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Comparison of the most recent chromatographic approaches applied for fast and high resolution separations: Theory and practice. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Makarov AA, Schafer WA, Helmy R. Use of pressure in reversed-phase liquid chromatography to study protein conformational changes by differential deuterium exchange. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2396-402. [PMID: 25620238 DOI: 10.1021/ac5043494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The market of protein therapeutics is exploding, and characterization methods for proteins are being further developed to understand and explore conformational structures with regards to function and activity. There are several spectroscopic techniques that allow for analyzing protein secondary structure in solution. However, a majority of these techniques need to use purified protein, concentrated enough in the solution to produce a relevant spectrum. In this study, we describe a novel approach which uses ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass-spectrometry (MS) to explore compressibility of the secondary structure of proteins under increasing pressure detected by hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). Several model proteins were used for these studies. The studies were conducted with UHPLC in isocratic mode at constant flow rate and temperature. The pressure was modified by a backpressure regulator up to about 1200 bar. It was found that the increase of retention factors upon pressure increase, at constant flow rate and temperature, was based on reduction of the proteins' molecular molar volume. The change in the proteins' molecular molar volume was caused by changes in protein folding, as was revealed by differential deuterium exchange. The degree of protein folding under certain UHPLC conditions can be controlled by pressure, at constant temperature and flow rate. By modifying pressure during UHPLC separation, it was possible to achieve changes in protein folding, which were manifested as changes in the number of labile protons exchanged to deuterons, or vice versa. Moreover, it was demonstrated with bovine insulin that a small difference in the number of protons exchanged to deuterons (based on protein folding under pressure) could be observed between batches obtained from different sources. The use of HDX during UHPLC separation allowed one to examine protein folding by pressure at constant flow rate and temperature in a mixture of sample solution with minimal amounts of sample used for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Makarov
- Department of Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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17
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McCalley DV. The impact of pressure and frictional heating on retention, selectivity and efficiency in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Effect of pressure on the chromatographic separation of enantiomers under reversed-phase conditions. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1352:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Okusa K, Iwasaki Y, Kuroda I, Miwa S, Ohira M, Nagai T, Mizobe H, Gotoh N, Ikegami T, McCalley DV, Tanaka N. Effect of pressure on the selectivity of polymeric C18 and C30 stationary phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Increased separation of isomeric fatty acid methyl esters, triacylglycerols, and tocopherols at high pressure. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Makarov A, LoBrutto R, Karpinski P. Effect of pressure on secondary structure of proteins under ultra high pressure liquid chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1318:112-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Effect of mobile phase on resolution of the isomers and homologues of tocopherols on a triacontyl stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9285-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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