1
|
Schmidtkunz C, Küpper K, Gries W, Leng G. A validated LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of climbazole metabolites in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122677. [PMID: 33848799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Climbazole is a preservative and an anti-dandruff ingredient with applications in various cosmetic products. The general population is therefore exposed to this chemical, and exposure monitoring is desirable. We have postulated a pathway for the human metabolism of climbazole, leading to two specific metabolites which can be excreted via urine. An analytical method for the determination of these metabolites in human urine was developed and validated. The sample preparation includes an enzymatic hydrolysis protocol. The measurement as such is based on online solid phase extraction (SPE), coupled to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Intra- and inter-series coefficients of variation (CV) were determined in the concentration range from 1 µg/l to 100 µg/l with spiked pooled urine samples, and they were consistently below 15%, mostly below 10%. The corresponding accuracies (mean relative recovery rates) in spiked pooled urine varied from 97% to 103%. The robustness of the method was estimated by spiking individual urine samples. At 1 µg/l, the robustness was rather limited due to interfering matrix peaks in several samples, but excellent results were obtained at 10 µg/l and 100 µg/l, with CVs between 7% and 14% and accuracies from 101% to 110%. Matrix interferences often seemed to be associated with higher creatinine contents (≥2.0 g/l) of the samples. We subsequently applied the method to urine specimens from a human metabolism study involving documented climbazole exposures. We were able to identify and quantify the postulated metabolites in those real samples, thus validating our metabolism hypothesis. We also investigated the precision and accuracy of the enzymatic deconjugation with the real samples. The deconjugation step was found to be highly repeatable and largely quantitative. Both metabolites formed glucuronides, though varying fractions were also excreted in unconjugated (free) forms. Phase II conjugates other than glucuronides did not seem to be produced in significant amounts. With our method, both climbazole metabolites can be reliably quantified in the range between about 1.5 µg/l (depending on matrix interferences in individual samples) and at least 500 µg/l.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmidtkunz
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Katja Küpper
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gries
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Leng
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun X, Wang M, Yang L, Wen H, Wang L, Li T, Tang C, Yang J. Preparation and evaluation of dummy-template molecularly imprinted polymer as a potential sorbent for solid phase extraction of imidazole fungicides from river water. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1586:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
3
|
Sun X, Wang M, Peng J, Yang L, Wang X, Wang F, Zhang X, Wu Q, Chen R, Chen J. Dummy molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction of climbazole from environmental water samples. Talanta 2018; 196:47-53. [PMID: 30683393 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dummy molecularly imprinted polymer (DMIP) for climbazole (CBZ) was synthesized for the first time employing miconazole (MNZ) as the dummy template together with methacrylic acid (MAA) monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) cross-linker and acetonitrile (ACN) porogen. The selectivity and capacity of the prepared MNZ-DMIP was estimated for CBZ by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and equilibrium binding experiments. Imprinting factor (IF) with a value of 7.0 was achieved, much higher than the CBZ templated MIP (IF = 3.5). Heterogeneous binding sites were found in the MNZ-DMIP, the corresponding saturation capacity and dissociation constant for the high and low affinity binding sites were 6.761 μmol g-1 and 0.3027 mmol L-1, 43.60 μmol g-1 and 4.055 mmol L-1, respectively. High efficient method based on dummy molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (DMISPE) coupled with HPLC was established for the selective enrichment of CBZ in river and tap water using MNZ-DMIP as sorbent. DMISPE conditions including sample loading pH/volume, selective washing and elution solvents were carefully optimized. The developed method showed good recoveries (82.3-96.2%) and repeatability (RSDs 0.6-4.9%, n = 5) for samples spiked at three different concentration levels (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 μg L-1). The detection limit was determined as 0.012 μg L-1. The results demonstrated good potential of this method for sample pretreatment of CBZ in environmental water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China.
| | - Muhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Junyu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Luoxing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Feidi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xinxue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Qingyao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Rile Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen G, Ji C, Miao M, Yang K, Luo Y, Hoptroff M, Collins LZ, Janssen HG. Ex-vivo measurement of scalp follicular infundibulum delivery of zinc pyrithione and climbazole from an anti-dandruff shampoo. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 143:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
5
|
Chen G, Miao M, Hoptroff M, Fei X, Collins LZ, Jones A, Janssen HG. Sensitive and simultaneous quantification of zinc pyrithione and climbazole deposition from anti-dandruff shampoos onto human scalp. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1003:22-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
6
|
Casado J, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Selective determination of antimycotic drugs in environmental water samples by mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|