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Gerigk M, Börner F, Luca SV, Minceva M. Nonlinear liquid-liquid chromatography: Modeling a binary mixture separation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464361. [PMID: 37722348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
In liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC), mixture components are separated due to their different distribution between the phases of a biphasic liquid system composed of three or four solvents. LLC separations are typically modeled assuming that only the solutes distribute between the two liquid phases and their distribution can be described with a concentration-independent distribution constant. With increasing solute concentration, the physicochemical properties of the biphasic system change, and the distribution of the solutes becomes a function of their concentration. However, the experimental determination of liquid-liquid equilibria in multicomponent systems is time-intensive, and its prediction using thermodynamic models is often not sufficiently accurate for process design purposes. Thus, in this work, we propose a simple approach to model and simulate LLC separations in the nonlinear (concentration-dependent) range of the solutes' distribution equilibria, namely cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). Using the inverse method, the distribution equilibrium equation parameters were estimated from pulse injection experiments of single solutes at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mg/mL and 1-50 mg/mL for CBD and CBG, respectively. The obtained parameters were then successfully used to predict the elution profiles of binary mixtures of different compositions at 40 mg/mL total cannabinoid concentration. The approach was demonstrated and validated for CBD and CBG as model compounds and n-hexane/methanol/water 10/7.5/2.5 (v/v/v) as the biphasic solvent system. It should be noted that the applicability of the proposed approach is system-dependent, and hence, it should be evaluated for each separation task individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gerigk
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Fabian Börner
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mirjana Minceva
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Gerigk M, Dargó G, Könczöl Á, Luca SV, Minceva M. Nonlinear liquid-liquid chromatography: Beyond a constant distribution coefficient. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463824. [PMID: 36709549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC) is a technique in which the separation of mixture components is achieved due to their different distribution between the two phases of a pre-equilibrated biphasic solvent system. In this work, the LLC operation in the nonlinear range of the distribution isotherm was systematically examined for the first time. The influence of the feed concentration on the elution profiles of a model component (cannabidiol, CBD) was studied in three LLC units of different types and sizes ranging from ∼20 mL to ∼2 L. A series of pulse injections with CBD concentrations varying from 1 to 300 mg/mL was performed with n-hexane/methanol/water 5/4/1 (v/v/v) in descending mode (lower phase as the mobile phase). The elution profiles were simulated using the equilibrium-cell model and an anti-Langmuir-like equation for describing the CBD distribution equilibria. The distribution equilibria equation parameters were fitted to the CBD elution profiles using the peak fitting method. The model was validated and provided good predictions of the CBD elution profiles in the entire concentration range for all three LLC units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gerigk
- Biothermodynamics, Department of Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gergő Dargó
- Rotachrom Technologies LLC, 6000 Kecskemét, Hungary
| | | | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Biothermodynamics, Department of Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mirjana Minceva
- Biothermodynamics, Department of Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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LI Z, FU Q, DAI Z, JIN Y, LIANG X. 环孢素A在反相液相色谱中的吸附行为及分离纯化. Se Pu 2022; 40:66-73. [PMID: 34985217 PMCID: PMC9404102 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Endre G, Hegedüs Z, Turbat A, Škrbić B, Vágvölgyi C, Szekeres A. Separation and Purification of Aflatoxins by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060309. [PMID: 31151208 PMCID: PMC6628226 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that are produced by several species of filamentous fungi. In the European Union, the concentration limits for this group of mycotoxins in food and feed products are very low (on the order of parts per billion). Thus, relatively high amounts of these substances in their pure forms are required as reference standards. Chromatographic techniques based on solid stationary phases are generally used to purify these molecules; however, liquid–liquid chromatographic separations may be a promising alternative. Therefore, this study proposes a liquid–liquid chromatographic method for the separation of four aflatoxins and impurities. To optimise the method, numerous biphasic solvent systems (chloroform-, acetone- and acetic acid-based systems) were tested and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness at partitioning aflatoxins; the toluene/acetic acid/water (30:24:50, v/v/v/%) system was found to be the most efficient for application in centrifugal partition chromatographic instrument. Using liquid–liquid instrumental separation, the four aflatoxins, namely B1 (400 mg), B2 (34 mg), G1 (817 mg) and G2 (100 mg), were successfully isolated with 96.3%–98.2% purity from 4.5 L of Aspergillus parasiticus fermented material in a 250 mL centrifugal partition chromatography column. The identities and purities of the purified components were confirmed, and the performance parameters of each separation step and the whole procedure was determined. The developed method could be effectively used to purify aflatoxins for analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Endre
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Hegedüs
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Adiyadolgor Turbat
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Biljana Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - András Szekeres
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Angelis A, Hamzaoui M, Aligiannis N, Nikou T, Michailidis D, Gerolimatos P, Termentzi A, Hubert J, Halabalaki M, Renault JH, Skaltsounis AL. An integrated process for the recovery of high added-value compounds from olive oil using solid support free liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography techniques. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1491:126-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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das Neves Costa F, Hubert J, Borie N, Kotland A, Hewitson P, Ignatova S, Renault JH. Schinus terebinthifolius countercurrent chromatography (Part III): Method transfer from small countercurrent chromatography column to preparative centrifugal partition chromatography ones as a part of method development. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Centrifugal partition chromatography - A review of recent applications and some classic references. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1597-1609. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Boonloed A, Weber GL, Ramzy KM, Dias VR, Remcho VT. Centrifugal partition chromatography: A preparative tool for isolation and purification of xylindein from Chlorociboria aeruginosa. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1478:19-25. [PMID: 27919517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) method was developed for the preparative-scale isolation and purification of xylindein from the wood-staining fungi, Chlorociboria aeruginosa. Xylindein, a blue-green pigment naturally secreted from the hyphae and fruiting bodies of the fungus, has great value in the decorative wood industry and textile coloration. Xylindein has great potential for use as a fluorescent labeling agent as well as in organic semiconductor applications. However, a primary limitation of xylindein is its poor solubility in most common HPLC solvents. Consequently, it is arduous to purify using preparative liquid chromatography or solid-phase extraction (SPE). Support-free, liquid-liquid chromatographic methods, including CPC, where solutes are separated based on their different distribution coefficients (KD) between two immiscible solvent systems, are promising alternatives for the purification of the compound on a preparative scale. In this work, a new biphasic solvent system suitable for CPC separation of xylindein was developed. Various groups of solvents were assessed for their suitability as xylindein extractants. A new solvent system suitable for CPC separation of xylindein, composed of heptane/THF/MEK/acetonitrile/acetic acid/water, was developed. This solvent system yielded a KD value for xylindein of 1.54±0.04, as determined by HPLC (n=3). The compositions of the upper phase and lower phase of the solvent system were determined by Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation (HSQC) NMR and proton NMR. A CPC system, equipped with a fraction collector, was used for the isolation of xylindein from crude extracts. The xylindein fractions isolated by the CPC were then analyzed using HPLC and presented as a fractogram. Based on the CPC fractogram, the purified xylindein fractions were achieved after 30min CPC separation time, yielding 71% extraction efficiency. The developed CPC method allowed for isolation of this naturally sourced xylindein in amounts suitable for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukul Boonloed
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Genevieve L Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kelly M Ramzy
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Veronica R Dias
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Vincent T Remcho
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Sample injection strategy to increase throughput in counter-current chromatography: Case study of Honokiol purification. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1476:19-24. [PMID: 27884427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) has been widely used as a preparative separation method to purify natural products from plant extracts and fermentation broths. Traditionally, throughput optimization in CCC has focused on sample concentration and sample volume. In this paper sample injection was considered as consisting of three variables: injection flow rate, post-injection flow rate and sample solvent. The effects of these parameters were studied using a honokiol purification from a Magnolia officinalis bark extract as a case study aiming to achieve the highest throughput/yield ratio for greater than 99% purity of this potential anti-cancer drug obtained for submission to the Chinese FDA. An injection method was established that increased the throughput of honokiol by 46.5% (from 3.05g/h to 4.47g/h), and decreased the solvent consumption of mobile phase and stationary phase per gram of honokiol by 40.0% (from 0.68L/g to 0.41L/g) and 48.4% (from 0.40L/g to 0.21L/g) respectively. These results show the importance of understanding the whole injection process when optimizing a given CCC separation.
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Englert M, Kaiser C, Schwack W, Vetter W. Isolation of (Five) Steviol Glycosides from a Stevia rebaudiana Formulation by Gradient Elution Countercurrent Chromatography. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Accelerated separation of GC-amenable lipid classes in plant oils by countercurrent chromatography in the co-current mode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:9019-28. [PMID: 26438473 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols represent the major part (>90%) in most plant oils and have to be eliminated, when the minor compounds such as phytosterols or tocopherols should be analyzed. Here, we used an all liquid-liquid chromatographic technique, countercurrent chromatography (CCC), to fractionate the minor lipids before gas chromatography (GC) analysis. To cover the wide range of polarity of the minor compounds, we used the co-current mode, in which both mobile and stationary phase are pumped through the system. This allowed to elute substances which partitioned almost exclusively in the stationary phase within 90 min. After testing with standard compounds, the method was applied to the separation of sesame oil and sunflower oil samples. The abundant triacylglycerols could be effectively separated from tocopherols, phytosterols, diacylglycerols, and free fatty acids in the samples, and these compounds could be analyzed (after trimethylsilylation) by GC coupled with mass spectrometry. After the enrichment caused by the CCC fractionation, we were also able to identify the tocopherol derivative α-tocomonoenol, which had not been described in sunflower oil before. Also, separation of sesame oil yielded a mixture of the polar compounds sesamin and sesamolin without further impurities.
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Amarouche N, Giraud M, Forni L, Butte A, Edwards F, Borie N, Renault JH. Two novel solvent system compositions for protected synthetic peptide purification by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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