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Zango ZU, Ethiraj B, Al-Mubaddel FS, Alam MM, Lawal MA, Kadir HA, Khoo KS, Garba ZN, Usman F, Zango MU, Lim JW. An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116102. [PMID: 37196688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are sub-class of perfluoroalkyl substances commonly detected in water matrices. They are persistent in the environment, hence highly toxic to living organisms. Their occurrence at trace amount, complex nature and prone to matrix interference make their extraction and detection a challenge. This study consolidates current advancements in solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for the trace-level analysis of PFCAs from water matrices. The advantages of the methods in terms of ease of applications, low-cost, robustness, low solvents consumption, high pre-concentration factors, better extraction efficiency, good selectivity and recovery of the analytes have been emphasized. The article also demonstrated effectiveness of some porous materials for the adsorptive removal of the PFCAs from the water matrices. Mechanisms of the SPE/adsorption techniques have been discussed. The success and limitations of the processes have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Baranitharan Ethiraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Fahad S Al-Mubaddel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haliru Aivada Kadir
- Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muttaqa Uba Zango
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Zacs D, Fedorenko D, Pasecnaja E, Bartkevics V. Application of nano-LC - nano-ESI - Orbitrap-MS for trace determination of four priority PFAS in food products considering recently established tolerable weekly intake (TWI) limits. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:341027. [PMID: 36925299 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of four priority perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), namely, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in food products using nanoscale liquid chromatography (nano-LC) coupled with nanoscale electrospray ionization (nano-ESI) and Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-MS) detection. The efficiency of two different nano-LC setups for chromatographic separation of selected PFAS was evaluated. The optimal LC separation of analytes was achieved using a reversed phase C18 (RP-C18) nano bore column with an integrated emitter. The effect of matrix concentration factor on signal suppression/enhancement was evaluated for different matrices. The method validation indicated analyte recoveries in the range 83-118% and within-laboratory reproducibility from 7 to 18%, while reanalysis of the materials from proficiency tests (PTs) showed that the accuracy of the obtained concentrations ranged from 85 to 124% of the provided consensus values. The method limits of quantification (m-LOQs) were set as first validation levels ranging from 0.001 to 0.3 ng g-1 sample depending on the type of the food group. The observed method performance characteristics met the criteria stated in Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/1428, Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/1431, as well as Guidance Document on Analytical Parameters for the Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food and Feed with regards to the compliance testing of PFAS maximum levels (MLs) and monitoring purposes. The elaborated method was applied for the analysis of selected priority PFAS in different food groups collected from the Latvian retail market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
| | - Denis Fedorenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Elina Pasecnaja
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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Stróżyńska M, H Gross J, Schuhen K. Structural investigation of perfluorocarboxylic acid derivatives formed in the reaction with N,N-dimethylformamide dialkylacetals. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:131-143. [PMID: 31594396 DOI: 10.1177/1469066719880546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A structural investigation of perfluorocarboxylic acid derivatives formed in the reaction with N,N-dimethylformamide dialkylacetals employing several techniques of mass spectrometry (MS) is described. Two derivatizing reagents, dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) and dimethylformamide diethylacetal (DMF-DEA) were used. In contrast to carboxylic acids, perfluorocarboxylic acids are not able to form alkyl esters as the main product in this reaction. We found that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) forms a salt with N,N-dimethylformamide dialkylacetals. This salt undergoes a further reaction inside the injection block of a gas chromatograph (GC) by loss of CO2 and then forms 1,1-perfluorooctane-(N,N,N,N-tetramethyl)-diamine. The GC-MS experiments using both electron ionization (EI) and positive-ion chemical ionization (PCI) revealed that the same reaction products are formed with either derivatizing reagent. Subjecting the perfluorocarboxylic acid derivative to electrospray ionization (ESI) and direct analysis in real time (DART), both positive- and negative-ion modes indicated that cluster ions are formed. In the positive-ion mode, this cluster ion consists of two iminium cations and one PFOA anion, while in the negative-ion mode, it comprises two PFOA anions and one cation. The salt structure was further confirmed by liquid injection field desorption/ionization (LIFDI) as well as infrared (IR) spectroscopy. We propose a simple mechanism of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylformamidinium cation formation. The structure elucidation is supported by specific fragment ions as obtained by GC-EI-MS and GC-PCI-MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stróżyńska
- Wasser 3.0/abcr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hu Z, Li Q, Xu L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Determination of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in environmental water samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with GC-MS analysis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1728311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weinong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by triethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography mass spectrometry for perfluorocarboxylic acids determination in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Song P, Li D, Wang X, Zhong X. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy on the reproduction and development of male offspring mice. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13059. [PMID: 29862542 DOI: 10.1111/and.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the effects of maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on reproduction and development of male offspring mice. Pregnant mice were given 1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg BW PFOA daily by gavage during gestation. The results showed that the survival number of offspring mice at weaning was significantly decreased. There were no differences in the testicular index of offspring mice between PFOA exposure groups and non-PFOA group. Maternal exposure to PFOA reduced the level of testosterone in the male offspring mice on PND 21 (p < 0.01) but increased in 1 mg/kg group and decreased in 2.5 and 5 mg/kg groups on PND 70 (p < 0.01). There were different degrees of damage to testis in a dose-dependent manner, and the number of Leydig cells markedly decreased (p < 0.01) in 2.5 and 5 mg/kg PFOA groups on PND 21 and PND 70. The expression of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster showed a decreasing trend, where Glt2, Rian and Dio3 gene expressions were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) on PND 21. Therefore, PFOA exposure during pregnancy reduces the number of survival offspring mice, damages testis, disrupts reproductive hormones and reduces the mRNA expressions of the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted cluster in testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Danyang Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhong
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
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Concha-Graña E, Fernández-Martínez G, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Fast and sensitive determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in seawater. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Shafique U, Schulze S, Slawik C, Kunz S, Paschke A, Schüürmann G. Gas chromatographic determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids in aqueous samples – A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 949:8-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zacs D, Bartkevics V. Trace determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in environmental samples (surface water, wastewater, biota, sediments, and sewage sludge) using liquid chromatography – Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1473:109-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang M, Huang J. Layer-by-layer coated molecular-imprinted solid-phase microextraction fibers for the determination of polar compounds in water samples. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18454e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the selective extraction of polar compound in water samples was reported using molecular-imprinted solid-phase microextraction (MISPME) combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) within situderivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Analytical Science
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- China
| | - Jiarong Huang
- Dongshan Environmental Protection Bureau
- Zhangzhou 363400
- China
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Ballesteros E, Gallego M. Analytical method for biomonitoring of perfluoroalkyl acids in human urine. Talanta 2014; 128:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Tang C, Tan J, Wang C, Peng X. Determination of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in cooking oil and pig adipose tissue using reversed-phase liquid–liquid extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1341:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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