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Gritti F, Lawrence N, Field J. Preparation and investigation of two-component silica-modified hydrophobic layer for minimizing retention loss of reversed-phase chromatographic columns using fully aqueous mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464766. [PMID: 38428339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Chromatographers often employ fully aqueous mobile phases to retain highly polar compounds in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). However, when the flow rate is interrupted, either accidentally or intentionally, a substantial loss in retention occurs due to the spontaneous dewetting of water from the hydrophobic surface of conventional RPLC-C18 particles. Previous studies have shown that maintaining a low C18 surface coverage (approximately 1.5 μmol/m2) can mitigate water dewetting by increasing chain disorder, facilitating the intercalation of water clusters between the C18-bonded chains, and keeping the mesopores wetted. In this research, we explore the potential and additional benefits of using two-component surface bonding materials (C8/C18 and PhenylHexyl (PhHx)/C18) at a constant and low total surface coverage of 1.51 ± 0.15 μmol/m2. We synthesized seven one- and two-component modified silica particles with a volume average particle size of 5.22 μm and an average mesopore size of 104 Å. The surface coverage was increased from 0 to 0.54, 1.00, and to 1.66 μmol2 for C8 chains and from 0 to 0.52, 0.70, and to 1.65 μmol2 for PhHx ligands. To prevent interactions between water and any unreacted silanols, all seven derivatized particles were heavily endcapped with trimethylsilane (TMS) reagent. The fraction of the surface area remaining in contact with water was determined by measuring the retention times of weakly (thiourea) and strongly (thymine) retained compounds at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 minutes following the cessation of flow. Two distinct column temperatures, 24°C and 60°C, were employed in the experiments. Retention losses were found to be minimized in the presence of a small quantity of C8 chains (less than 40% of the total surface coverage). Additionally, it is essential to consider substantial fractions of PhHx chains, as long as the presence of the PhHx ligand does not significantly impact retention and selectivity. Combining mixed RPLC bondings with a low total surface coverage of approximately 1.5 μmol/m2 emerges as a viable solution for further minimizing retention loss in standard C18-bonded RPLC columns, particularly within the surface coverage range of 2.5-3.0 μmol/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA.
| | - Nicole Lawrence
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Jessica Field
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
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2
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De Luca C, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Felletti S. Novel insights into the dependence of adsorption-desorption kinetics on particle geometry in chiral chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1809-1820. [PMID: 38358532 PMCID: PMC10901921 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The existence of slow adsorption-desorption kinetics in chiral liquid chromatography is common knowledge. This may significantly contribute to worsening the efficiency and kinetic performance of a chromatographic run, especially when high flow rates are employed. Many attempts and protocols have been proposed to access this term, the so-called c ads , but they are based on different (theoretical) assumptions. As a consequence, no official method is available for the estimation of the adsorption-desorption kinetics term. In this work, a novel approach to access c ads is presented. This procedure combines experimental results obtained with kinetic and thermodynamic measurements. The investigations have been performed on two zwitterionic teicoplanin chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on 1.9 μ m fully porous and 2.0 μ m superficially porous particles (FPPs and SPPs), using Z-D,L-Methionine as probe molecule. Kinetic studies have been performed through the combination of both stop-flow and dynamic measurements, while adsorption isotherms have been calculated through Inverse Method. This study has confirmed that, on both particle formats, analyte diffusion on the surface of the particle is negligible, meaning that adsorption is localized, and it has been demonstrated that adsorption-desorption kinetics is strongly dependent on particle geometry and, in particular, on the loading of chiral selector. These findings are fundamental not only to unravel novel aspects of the complex enantiorecognition mechanism but also to optimize the employment of CSPs for ultra-fast and preparative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, CREA, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
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3
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Dos Santos Pereira A. Effect of water and protic solvents on polysaccharide-based column efficiency. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300538. [PMID: 37888779 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, polysaccharide-based columns were used to evaluate the efficiency of columns in response to the introduction of water and protic solvents (methanol and ethanol) into the mobile phase, replacing acetonitrile. While increasing water content frequently enhances enantiomer resolution, the inclusion of water, particularly when combined with methanol and ethanol in the mobile phase, has an adverse impact on mass transfer, thus influencing the column plate height. These effects are more pronounced with ethanol, and in many cases, van Deemter plots exhibit the absence of a minimum point optimal in the explored range. Consequently, acetonitrile and its water mixtures are the preferred choices to mitigate these effects for situations in which the chiral column is operated at a relatively high flow rate (> 1 mL/min in a 4.6 mm column).
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4
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Manetto S, Franchina FA, Chenet T, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Understanding the Transition from High-Selective to High-Efficient Chiral Separations by Changing the Organic Modifier with Zwitterionic-Teicoplanin Chiral Stationary Phase. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37294639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The retention behavior of small molecules and N-protected amino acids on a zwitterionic teicoplanin chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared on superficially porous particles (SPPs) of 2.0 μm particle diameter, has shown that efficiency and enantioselectivity, and so enantioresolution, dramatically change depending on the employed organic modifier. In particular, it was found that while methanol permits the boost of enantioselectivity and resolution of the amino acids, at the cost of efficiency, acetonitrile allows for the ability to reach extraordinary efficiency even at high flow rates (with reduced plate height <2 and up to 300,000 plates/m at the optimum flow rate). To understand these features, an approach based on the investigation of mass transfer through the CSP, the estimation of the binding constants of amino acids on the CSP, and the assessment of compositional properties of the interfacial region between bulk mobile phase and solid surface has been adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Manetto
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Retention and mass transfer properties of the series of unbonded, amide-bonded, and alkylsulfobetaine-bonded ethylene bridged hybrid hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463828. [PMID: 36804802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the link between the retentivity and the stationary phase to mobile phase mass transfer resistance of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns packed with the same base ethylene-bridged hybrid particles (BEH). The retention volumes, the plate heights, and the volume of the adsorbed water layer were measured for the ACQUITYTM UPLCTM BEHTM 130 Å HILIC Column (unbonded BEH), ACQUITY UPLC BEH 130 Å Amide Column (amide group attached), and AtlantisTM Premier BEH 95 Å Z-HILIC (zwitterionic group attached) Column. The method of Guo (toluene retention volumes in pure acetonitrile and in the HILIC eluent) was validated from the UNIFAC group-contribution method and applied to measure accurately the water layer volumes in these columns. A strong correlation was found between the retention volumes of most neutral polar analytes and the volume of the water layer adsorbed in the HILIC column. The fraction of the pore volume occupied by the water layer increases significantly from the BEH HILIC Column to the BEH Amide Column, and to the BEH Z-HILIC Column. This is explained by the water solvation of the attached ligands in the pore volume of the BEH Particles and to the smaller average mesopore size of the BEH Z-HILIC Particles. A second and strong correlation is also observed between the water content in the HILIC particle and the stationary phase to mobile phase mass transfer resistance of the HILIC columns at high mobile phase linear velocities. The measured intra-particle diffusivity normalized to the bulk diffusion coefficient decreased from 0.33 (BEH HILIC Column) to 0.10 (BEH Amide Column) and to only 0.03 (BEH Z-HILIC Column) for comparable retention of cytosine. These results are fully consistent with the higher viscosity of the internal eluent (higher water content) and higher internal obstruction for diffusion (smaller mesopores and internal porosity) in the BEH Z-HILIC Particles. Still, in gradient elution mode, the peak capacity was found to be 18% higher for the BEH Z-HILIC Column than that on the BEH Amide Column because the retention factors at elution were smaller when maintaining the same analysis time and starting eluent composition.
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Felletti S, Catani M, Mazzoccanti G, De Luca C, Lievore G, Buratti A, Pasti L, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A. Mass transfer kinetics on modern Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases made on fully- and superficially-porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461854. [PMID: 33387912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a detailed study of mass transfer properties of trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) enantiomers on two Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases (CSPs) has been performed. The CSPs were prepared by using both fully-porous silica particles of 2.5 μm particle diameter and superficially-porous ones of 2.6 μm particle diameter as base materials. By combining stop-flow and dynamic measurements in normal-phase conditions, the different contributions to mass transfer have been estimated. The study of intraparticle diffusion has revealed that the adsorption of both enantiomers is localized (i.e., characterized by absence of surface diffusion). The determination of thermodynamic binding constants (measured through adsorption isotherms) supports this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dept. of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Universita di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Buratti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dept. of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Universita di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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7
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Klimova YA, Asnin LD. Enantioselective adsorption dynamics of leucyl-leucine in a Chirobiotic R column. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461771. [PMID: 33302135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of adsorption of the Leu-Leu stereoisomers in a chromatographic column packed with the Chirobiotic R chiral stationary phase bearing grafted antibiotic ristocetin A was studied by means of measurement and analysis of van Deemter plots. Similar measurements were carried out with weakly retained Gly-Gly for the sake of comparison. The bulk diffusion coefficients of the investigated dipeptides were also determined. It is found that the van Deemter plots of both the Leu-Leu stereoisomers and Gly-Gly have an uncommon convex-upward shape. Besides, the van Deemter B coefficients for the Leu-Leu stereoisomers, but not for Gly-Gly, have unusually high values. It is suggested that a high transcolumn contribution to eddy dispersion, which turned out to be enantioselective, accounts for these findings. Adsorption kinetics of all the dipeptides considered is relatively slow, the adsorption rate constant (kads) being of order of magnitude 20-60 s-1. kads does not depend on the configuration of Leu-Leu stereoisomers, although their affinity toward the chiral selector depends on this factor. This supports the above hypothesis that eddy dispersion is mainly responsible for the observed peculiarities in the dynamic behavior of dipeptides, and adsorption kinetics has secondary importance in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana A Klimova
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al., Perm 614990, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid D Asnin
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al., Perm 614990, Russian Federation.
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8
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Lievore G, Chenet T, Chankvetadze B, Farkas T, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Shedding light on mechanisms leading to convex-upward van Deemter curves on a cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461532. [PMID: 32950816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An unusual convex-upward van Deemter curve was observed for the more retained enantiomer of a chiral sulfoxide (2-(benzylsulfinyl)benzamide) on a cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared on silica particles of 1000 Å pore size. In contrast, the firstly eluted enantiomer of the same molecule exhibited the traditional convex-downward van Deemter curve. A detailed kinetic and thermodynamic investigation has revealed that this unusual phenomenon, which however has already been observed in chiral chromatography, originates when the adsorption of the compound is very strong and the solid-phase diffusion negligible. Experimentally, the intraparticle diffusion of the more retained enantiomer of the sulfoxide was found to be one order of magnitude smaller than that of the first eluted one. Overall, this translates into very little longitudinal diffusion (b-term of van Deemter curve) accompanied by high solid-liquid mass transfer resistance (c-term). Finally the comparison with another, differently-substituted chiral sulfoxide (whose enantiomers both exhibit traditional van Deemter curve behavior) has allowed to correlate these findings to the specific characteristics of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tivadar Farkas
- Phenomenex Inc., 411 Madrid Ave., Torrance, CA 90501, United States
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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9
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Lin J, Tsang C, Lieu R, Zhang K. Fast chiral and achiral profiling of compounds with multiple chiral centers by a versatile two-dimensional multicolumn liquid chromatography (LC–mLC) approach. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1620:460987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Khanal O, Kumar V, Schlegel F, Lenhoff AM. Estimating and leveraging protein diffusion on ion-exchange resin surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7004-7010. [PMID: 32179691 PMCID: PMC7132105 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921499117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein mobility at solid-liquid interfaces can affect the performance of applications such as bioseparations and biosensors by facilitating reorganization of adsorbed protein, accelerating molecular recognition, and informing the fundamentals of adsorption. In the case of ion-exchange chromatographic beads with small, tortuous pores, where the existence of surface diffusion is often not recognized, slow mass transfer can result in lower resin capacity utilization. We demonstrate that accounting for and exploiting protein surface diffusion can alleviate the mass-transfer limitations on multiple significant length scales. Although the surface diffusivity has previously been shown to correlate with ionic strength (IS) and binding affinity, we show that the dependence is solely on the binding affinity, irrespective of pH, IS, and resin ligand density. Different surface diffusivities give rise to different protein distributions within the resin, as characterized using confocal microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering (length scales of micrometer and nanometer, respectively). The binding dependence of surface diffusion inspired a protein-loading approach in which the binding affinity, and hence the surface diffusivity, is modulated by varying IS. Such gradient loading increased the protein uptake efficiency by up to 43%, corroborating the importance of protein surface diffusion in protein transport in ion-exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohnmar Khanal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Vijesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | | | - Abraham M Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716;
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Gritti F, Gilar M, Walter TH, Wyndham K. Retention loss of reversed-phase chromatographic columns using 100% aqueous mobile phases from fundamental insights to best practice. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1612:460662. [PMID: 31690460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with experimental investigations pertaining to the impact of chemical (electrolyte concentration from 0 to 100 mM, dissolved nitrogen gas from 0 to 6.7 × 10-4 M in water; surface chemistry including hexylphenyl, polyphenyl, C30, C18, and C8; surface coverage in C18-bonded chains from 1.5 to 3.5 µmol/m2; presence of surface dopant), physical (hydrostatic pressure of water from 50 to 500 bar; temperature from 27 ∘C to 75 ∘C), and structural parameters (average pore size from 50 Å to 400 Å; pore connectivity) on the dewetting kinetics of water from the hydrophobic mesopores of particles packed in RPLC columns. The results are explained from physico-chemical viewpoints involving intrusion and extrusion Laplace pressures, advancing and receding contact angles, surface tension of water, vapor pressure of water, 3D reconstruction of the actual mesoporous structure, pore connectivity, and the hysteresis in nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm onto reversed-phase chromatographic materials. A model of water dewetting consistent with the observations and the physical interpretations is then proposed. Finally, the most relevant practical solutions (pressurizing the column in absence of flow, pore size enlargement, using phenyl-bonded phase, polar embedded or surface doped C18-bonded phases, reducing the C18 surface coverage, doping the silica surface, lengthening of the alkyl-bonded chains, applying low temperatures, purging and degassing the mobile phase with helium gas) are suggested in order to eliminate or at least minimize the retention loss of RPLC columns when using fully aqueous mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA.
| | - Martin Gilar
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Thomas H Walter
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Kevin Wyndham
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
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12
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Geibel C, Dittrich K, Woiwode U, Kohout M, Zhang T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Evaluation of superficially porous particle based zwitterionic chiral ion exchangers against fully porous particle benchmarks for enantioselective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:130-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Gritti F, Hlushkou D, Tallarek U. Faster dewetting of water from C8- than from C18-bonded silica particles used in reversed-phase liquid chromatography: Solving the paradox. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:253-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Unusual van Deemter plots of optical isomers on a chiral brush-type liquid chromatography column. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1592:112-121. [PMID: 30683529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Unusual dynamic behavior of the enantiomers of 9-bromo-11b-(tert-butyl)-2,3,6,11b-tetrahydrooxazolo[3',2':1,5]pyrrolo[3,4-b]quinoline-5,11-dione (I) was observed on a Nautilus-R column packed with silica grafted with antibiotic ristocetin. It consisted in (i) antibatic behavior of the van Deemter plots of the enantiomers and (ii) high and strongly enantiomer dependent values of the A- and B-terms of the van Deemter equation. Although rare, such a pattern has been found earlier in chiral chromatography, with all reported cases limited to brush-type chiral stationary phases. Adsorption dynamics in this system was studied by means of the moment method and the peak parking technique; hydrodynamic properties of the column were explored by using unretained tracers. It was shown that the peculiar shape of the van Deemter curves for the enantiomers of I is conditioned by imperfect packing of the stationary phase, which result in high transcolumn eddy dispersion, and by slow adsorption/desorption kinetics. It was proven that the whole void volume of the column available to an eluent is not accessible to the studied analyte because it cannot penetrate the space between neighboring grafted ligands. Its mass transfer in pores is also affected by the fact that the stagnant layer of the binary water-acetonitrile mobile phase differs in composition from the bulk liquid due to preferential adsorption of water that influences the apparent molecular diffusivity of solutes. An effect of the structures of analyte and chiral selector on the adsorption kinetics is also briefly discussed.
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Ismail OH, Pasti L, Costa V, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M. On the effect of chiral selector loading and mobile phase composition on adsorption properties of latest generation fully- and superficially-porous Whelk-O1 particles for high-efficient ultrafast enantioseparations. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1579:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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The Way to Ultrafast, High-Throughput Enantioseparations of Bioactive Compounds in Liquid and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102709. [PMID: 30347852 PMCID: PMC6222346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Until less than 10 years ago, chiral separations were carried out with columns packed with 5 or 3 μm fully porous particles (FPPs). Times to resolve enantiomeric mixtures were easily larger than 30 min, or so. Pushed especially by stringent requirements from medicinal and pharmaceutical industries, during the last years the field of chiral separations by liquid chromatography has undergone what can be defined a “true revolution”. With the purpose of developing ever faster and efficient method of separations, indeed, very efficient particle formats, such as superficially porous particles (SPPs) or sub-2 μm FPPs, have been functionalized with chiral selectors and employed in ultrafast applications. Thanks to the use of short column (1–2 cm long), packed with these extremely efficient chiral stationary phases (CSPs), operated at very high flow rates (5–8 mL/min), resolution of racemates could be accomplished in very short time, in many cases less than 1 s in normal-, reversed-phase and HILIC conditions. These CSPs have been found to be particularly promising also to carry out high-throughput separations under supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) conditions. The most important results that have been recently achieved in terms of ultrafast, high-throughput enantioseparations both in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography with particular attention to the very important field of bioactive chiral compounds will be reviewed in this manuscript. Attention will be focused not only on the latest introduced CSPs and their applications, but also on instrumental modifications which are required in some cases in order to fully exploit the intrinsic potential of new generation chiral columns.
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17
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Schmitt K, Woiwode U, Kohout M, Zhang T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Comparison of small size fully porous particles and superficially porous particles of chiral anion-exchange type stationary phases in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography: effect of particle and pore size on chromatographic efficiency and kinetic performance. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:149-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Catani M, Felletti S, Ismail OH, Gasparrini F, Pasti L, Marchetti N, De Luca C, Costa V, Cavazzini A. New frontiers and cutting edge applications in ultra high performance liquid chromatography through latest generation superficially porous particles with particular emphasis to the field of chiral separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2457-2465. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Gritti F, Cormier S. Performance optimization of ultra high-resolution recycling liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1532:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Catani M, Ismail OH, Gasparrini F, Antonelli M, Pasti L, Marchetti N, Felletti S, Cavazzini A. Recent advancements and future directions of superficially porous chiral stationary phases for ultrafast high-performance enantioseparations. Analyst 2017; 142:555-566. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02530g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of superficially porous particles (SPPs) as chiral stationary phases for ultra-high performance liquid enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Catani
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Omar H. Ismail
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology
- “Sapienza” Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology
- “Sapienza” Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Michela Antonelli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology
- “Sapienza” Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Nicola Marchetti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
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21
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Ismail OH, Pasti L, Ciogli A, Villani C, Kocergin J, Anderson S, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase on core–shell and fully porous particles: Are superficially porous particles always the better choice toward ultrafast high-performance enantioseparations? J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Method transfer from high-pressure liquid chromatography to ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. II. Temperature and pressure effects. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1401:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Thurmann S, Lotter C, Heiland JJ, Chankvetadze B, Belder D. Chip-Based High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for High-Speed Enantioseparations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5568-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thurmann
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Department
of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural
Sciences, Tbilisi State University, 0179 Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Mass transport of small retained molecules in polymer-based monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:49-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Effect of content of chiral selector and pore size of core–shell type silica support on the performance of amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phases in nano-liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:363-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Dolzan MD, Spudeit DA, Breitbach ZS, Barber WE, Micke GA, Armstrong DW. Comparison of superficially porous and fully porous silica supports used for a cyclofructan 6 hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1365:124-30. [PMID: 25260342 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new HILIC stationary phase comprised of native cyclofructan-6 (CF6) bonded to superficially porous silica particles (2.7μm) was developed. Its performance was evaluated and compared to fully porous silica particles with 5μm (commercially available as FRULIC-N) and 3μm diameters. Faster and more efficient chromatography was achieved with the superficially porous particles (SPPs). The columns were also evaluated in the normal phase mode. The peak efficiency, analysis time, resolution, and overall separation capabilities in both HILIC and normal phase modes were compared. The analysis times using the superficially porous based column in HILIC mode were shorter and the theoretical plates/min were higher over the entire range of flow rates studied. The column containing the superficially porous particles demonstrated higher optimum flow rates than the fully porous particle packed columns. At higher flow rates, the advantages of the superficially porous particles was more pronounced in normal phase separations than in HILIC, clearly demonstrating the influence that the mode of chromatography has on band broadening. However, the minimum reduced plate heights (hmin) were typically lower in HILIC than in the normal phase mode. Overall, the superficially porous particle based CF6 column showed clear advantages over the fully porous particle columns, in terms of high throughput and efficient separations of polar compounds in the HILIC mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maressa D Dolzan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Spudeit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Zachary S Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - William E Barber
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE 19808, USA
| | - Gustavo A Micke
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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Liquid chromatographic enantiomer separation with special focus on zwitterionic chiral ion-exchangers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6095-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Possible resolution gain in enantioseparations afforded by core–shell particle technology. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1348:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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