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Perchepied S, Ritchie H, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Insights in column packing processes of narrow bore and capillary-scale columns: Methodologies, driving forces, and separation performance – A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1235:340563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Bernau CR, Knödler M, Emonts J, Jäpel RC, Buyel JF. The use of predictive models to develop chromatography-based purification processes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1009102. [PMID: 36312533 PMCID: PMC9605695 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1009102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatography is the workhorse of biopharmaceutical downstream processing because it can selectively enrich a target product while removing impurities from complex feed streams. This is achieved by exploiting differences in molecular properties, such as size, charge and hydrophobicity (alone or in different combinations). Accordingly, many parameters must be tested during process development in order to maximize product purity and recovery, including resin and ligand types, conductivity, pH, gradient profiles, and the sequence of separation operations. The number of possible experimental conditions quickly becomes unmanageable. Although the range of suitable conditions can be narrowed based on experience, the time and cost of the work remain high even when using high-throughput laboratory automation. In contrast, chromatography modeling using inexpensive, parallelized computer hardware can provide expert knowledge, predicting conditions that achieve high purity and efficient recovery. The prediction of suitable conditions in silico reduces the number of empirical tests required and provides in-depth process understanding, which is recommended by regulatory authorities. In this article, we discuss the benefits and specific challenges of chromatography modeling. We describe the experimental characterization of chromatography devices and settings prior to modeling, such as the determination of column porosity. We also consider the challenges that must be overcome when models are set up and calibrated, including the cross-validation and verification of data-driven and hybrid (combined data-driven and mechanistic) models. This review will therefore support researchers intending to establish a chromatography modeling workflow in their laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Bernau
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Knödler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Emonts
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - R. C. Jäpel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J. F. Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: J. F. Buyel,
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Ishii T, Nojiri N, Mano Y. A simple UPLC-MS/MS assay with a core-shell column for the determination of exemestane in human plasma for clinical application. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2022; 28:94-103. [PMID: 36128912 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221126276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exemestane is one of the aromatase inhibitors and has been used to treat breast cancer by lowering estrogen levels. Accurate quantification of exemestane is important to set an optimal dose, and thus a simple assay for exemestane is developed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometer. Exemestane was extracted from human plasma samples (100 μL) by simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile/methanol (1/1, v/v). Interference peaks observed close to the elution of exemestane led us to use a core shell column for higher selectivity instead of totally porous columns. The extracts were chromatographed on CORTECS UPLC C18, under a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min and detected in the selected reaction monitoring. Validation parameters were assessed in accordance with the bioanalytical guidelines using quality control samples. Exemestane in human plasma was quantifiable from 0.5 to 50 ng/mL with high extraction recovery and minimal matrix effects. Hemolyzed or hyperlipemic plasma did not impact the exemestane assay. Exemestane was stable in human plasma for 392 days at -15°C or below. The developed assay was robust and successfully applied to quantifying exemestane concentrations in human plasma to support a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuho Ishii
- DMPK & Bioanalysis Unit, Tsukuba R&D Supporting Division, 204948Sunplanet Co., Ltd, Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Nana Nojiri
- DMPK & Bioanalysis Unit, Tsukuba R&D Supporting Division, 204948Sunplanet Co., Ltd, Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Yuji Mano
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 8030Eisai Co., Ltd, Tsukuba-shi, Japan
- Laboratory of Genomics-based Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Chiral Monolithic Silica-Based HPLC Columns for Enantiomeric Separation and Determination: Functionalization of Chiral Selector and Recognition of Selector-Selectand Interaction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175241. [PMID: 34500675 PMCID: PMC8434329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review draws attention to the use of chiral monolithic silica HPLC columns for the enantiomeric separation and determination of chiral compounds. Properties and advantages of monolithic silica HPLC columns are also highlighted in comparison to conventional particle-packed, fused-core, and sub-2-µm HPLC columns. Nano-LC capillary monolithic silica columns as well as polymeric-based and hybrid-based monolithic columns are also demonstrated to show good enantioresolution abilities. Methods for introducing the chiral selector into the monolithic silica column in the form of mobile phase additive, by encapsulation and surface coating, or by covalent functionalization are described. The application of molecular modeling methods to elucidate the selector–selectand interaction is discussed. An application for enantiomeric impurity determination is also considered.
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Advancements in the preparation and application of monolithic silica columns for efficient separation in liquid chromatography. Talanta 2021; 224:121777. [PMID: 33379011 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fast and efficient separation remains a big challenge in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The need for higher efficiency and resolution in separation is constantly in demand. To achieve that, columns developed are rapidly moving towards having smaller particle sizes and internal diameters (i.d.). However, these parameters will lead to high back-pressure in the system and will burden the pumps of the HPLC instrument. To address this limitation, monolithic columns, especially silica-based monolithic columns have been introduced. These columns are being widely investigated for fast and efficient separation of a wide range of molecules. The present article describes the current methods developed to enhance the column efficiency of particle packed columns and how silica monolithic columns can act as an alternative in overcoming the low permeability of particle packed columns. The fundamental processes behind the fabrication of the monolith including the starting materials and the silica sol-gel process will be discussed. Different monolith derivatization and end-capping processes will be further elaborated and followed by highlights of the performance such monolithic columns in key applications in different fields with various types of matrices.
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Sanders KL, Edwards JL. Nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and recent applications in omics investigations. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4404-4417. [PMID: 32901622 PMCID: PMC7530103 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is one of the most powerful tools in identifying and quantitating molecular species. Decreasing column diameter from the millimeter to micrometer scale is now a well-developed method which allows for sample limited analysis. Specific fabrication of capillary columns is required for proper implementation and optimization when working in the nanoflow regime. Coupling the capillary column to the mass spectrometer for electrospray ionization (ESI) requires reduction of the subsequent emitter tip. Reduction of column diameter to capillary scale can produce improved chromatographic efficiency and the reduction of emitter tip size increased sensitivity of the electrospray process. This improved sensitivity and ionization efficiency is valuable in analysis of precious biological samples where analytes vary in size, ion affinity, and concentration. In this review we will discuss common approaches and challenges in implementing nLC-MS methods and how the advantages can be leveraged to investigate a wide range of biomolecules.
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Gritti F, Hlushkou D, Tallarek U. Multiple-open-tubular column enabling transverse diffusion. Part 1: Band broadening model for accurate mass transfer predictions. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Park SH, De Pra M, Haddad PR, Grosse S, Pohl CA, Steiner F. Localised quantitative structure–retention relationship modelling for rapid method development in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Solheim S, Hutchinson SA, Lundanes E, Wilson SR, Thorne JL, Roberg-Larsen H. Fast liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry reveals side chain oxysterol heterogeneity in breast cancer tumour samples. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105309. [PMID: 30779932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols can contribute to proliferation of breast cancer through activation of the Estrogen Receptors, and to metastasis through activation of the Liver X Receptors. Endogenous levels of both esterified and free sidechain-hydroxylated oxysterols were examined in breast cancer tumours from Estrogen Receptor positive and negative breast tumours, using a novel fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Multiple aliquots of five milligram samples of 22 tumours were analysed for oxysterol content to assess intra- and inter-tumour variation. Derivatization was performed with Girard T reagent (with and without alkaline hydrolysis) and sample clean-up was performed using a robust automatic on-line column switching system ("AFFL"). Oxysterols were separated isocratically on a 2.1 mm inner diameter column packed with ACE SuperPhenylHexyl core shell particles using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in H2O/methanol/acetonitrile (57/10/33, v/v/v) followed by a wash out step (0.1% formic acid in methanol/acetonitrile, 50/50, v/v). The total analysis time, including sample clean-up and column reconditioning, was 8 min (80% time reduction compared to other on-line systems). Analysis revealed large intra-tumour variations of sidechain oxysterols, resulting in no significant differences in endogenous oxysterols levels between Estrogen Receptor positive and Estrogen Receptor negative breast cancers. However, a correlation between esterified and free 27-hydroxycholesterol was observed. The same correlation was not observed for 24S-hydroxycholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol. The oxysterol heterogeneity of tumour tissue is a critical factor when assessing the role of these lipids in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James L Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Gumustas M, Zalewski P, Ozkan SA, Uslu B. The History of the Core–Shell Particles and Applications in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Via Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Qu Q, Si Y, Xuan H, Zhang K, Chen X, Ding Y, Feng S, Yu HQ, Abdullah MA, Alamry KA. Dendritic core-shell silica spheres with large pore size for separation of biomolecules. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1540:31-37. [PMID: 29426717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monodispersed core-shell silica spheres with fibrous shell structure and tunable pore size were prepared by using a one-pot oil-water biphase method. The pore size could be tuned from 7 nm to 37 nm by using organic solvents with different polarities as oil phase. The spheres synthesized by using benzene as organic solvent had the maximum pore size of 37 nm and possessed a surface area of 61 m2 g-1. The obtained wide pore core-shell silica spheres were applied for rapidly separating small molecules, peptides, small proteins, and large proteins with molecular weight up to 200 kDa. Since the pore size of the core-shell silica spheres was sufficiently large for the free access of all the solutes, sharp and symmetric peaks were obtained. The separation performance was as high as 264,531 plates m-1 for fluorene. The great efficient separation demonstrates that the wide pore core-shell silica spheres have a great potential for rapid analysis of both small and large solutes with high performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Yang Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Han Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kehua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shaojie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - M Asiri Abdullah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Haque SA, Cañete SJP. HPLC-CUPRAC post-column derivatization method for the determination of antioxidants: a performance comparison between porous silica and core-shell column packing. J Anal Sci Technol 2018; 9:4. [PMID: 29387504 PMCID: PMC5770480 DOI: 10.1186/s40543-018-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An HPLC method employing a post-column derivatization strategy using the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity reagent (CUPRAC reagent) for the determining antioxidants in plant-based materials leverages the separation capability of regular HPLC approaches while allowing for detection specificity for antioxidants. METHODS Three different column types, namely core-shell and porous silica including two chemically different core-shell materials (namely phenyl-hexyl and C18), were evaluated to assess potential improvements that could be attained by changing from a porous silica matrix to a core-shell matrix. Tea extracts were used as sample matrices for the evaluation specifically looking at catechin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). RESULTS Both the C18 and phenyl-hexyl core-shell columns showed better performance compared to the C18 porous silica one in terms of separation, peak shape, and retention time. Among the two core-shell materials, the phenyl-hexyl column showed better resolving power compared to the C18 column. CONCLUSIONS The CUPRAC post-column derivatization method can be improved using core-shell columns and suitable for quantifying antioxidants, exemplified by catechin and EGCG, in tea samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A. Haque
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Socrates Jose P. Cañete
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
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13
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Methodologies to determine b-term coefficients revisited. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1532:124-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Rods-on-sphere silica particles for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1497:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Gritti F. Impact of straight, unconnected, radially-oriented, and tapered mesopores on column efficiency: A theoretical investigation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1485:70-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Kohler I, Giera M. Recent advances in liquid-phase separations for clinical metabolomics. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:93-108. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kohler
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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System maps for retention of small neutral compounds on a superficially porous particle column in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1468:250-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Márta Z, Bobály B, Fekete J, Magda B, Imre T, Mészáros KV, Szabó PT. Pushing quantitation limits in micro UHPLC–MS/MS analysis of steroid hormones by sample dilution using high volume injection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vanderlinden K, Broeckhoven K, Vanderheyden Y, Desmet G. Effect of pre- and post-column band broadening on the performance of high-speed chromatography columns under isocratic and gradient conditions. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Measurement and Modeling of Extra-Column Effects Due to Injection and Connections in Capillary Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Highly efficient capillary columns packed with superficially porous particles via sequential column packing. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:345-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Grinias JP, Kennedy RT. Evaluation of 5 µm Superficially Porous Particles for Capillary and Microfluidic LC Columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:502-514. [PMID: 26714261 PMCID: PMC4669065 DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Large-size (4–5 µm) superficially porous particles yield lower plate heights (e.g., the minimal reduced plate height or hmin ≈ 1.5) than fully porous particles of a similar size when packed into large-bore columns. This property allows for better chromatographic performance without the higher pressures required for smaller particles. This study explores the use of such particles in microfluidic LC columns where materials and fitting pressure limits can constrain the size of particle used. The theoretically predicted performance improvements compared to fully porous particles were not demonstrated in capillary columns (with hmin ≈ 2 for both particle types), in agreement with previous studies that examined smaller superficially porous particles. Microfluidic columns were then compared to capillary columns. Capillary columns significantly outperformed microfluidic columns due to imperfections imposed by microfluidic channel asymmetry and world-to-chip connection at the optimal flow rate; however, superficially porous particles packed in microfluidic LC columns had flatter plate height versus flow rate curves indicating potential for better performance at high reduced velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-734-615-4376
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Comparison of the most recent chromatographic approaches applied for fast and high resolution separations: Theory and practice. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Computational investigation of longitudinal diffusion, eddy dispersion, and trans-particle mass transfer in bulk, random packings of core–shell particles with varied shell thickness and shell diffusion coefficient. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:139-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Ma Y, Chassy AW, Miyazaki S, Motokawa M, Morisato K, Uzu H, Ohira M, Furuno M, Nakanishi K, Minakuchi H, Mriziq K, Farkas T, Fiehn O, Tanaka N. Efficiency of short, small-diameter columns for reversed-phase liquid chromatography under practical operating conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1383:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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González-Ruiz V, Olives AI, Martín MA. Core-shell particles lead the way to renewing high-performance liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Grinias JP, Keil DS, Jorgenson JW. Observation of enhanced heat dissipation in columns packed with superficially porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:261-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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29
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Gritti F, Bell DS, Guiochon G. Particle size distribution and column efficiency. An ongoing debate revived with 1.9μm Titan-C18 particles. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:179-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Core–shell particles: Preparation, fundamentals and applications in high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1357:36-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Effect of the pressure on pre-column sample dispersion theory, experiments, and practical consequences. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1352:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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