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Evtyugin DD, Evtuguin DV, Casal S, Domingues MR. Advances and Challenges in Plant Sterol Research: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications and Production. Molecules 2023; 28:6526. [PMID: 37764302 PMCID: PMC10535520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) are cholesterol-like terpenoids widely spread in the kingdom Plantae. Being the target of extensive research for more than a century, PS have topped with evidence of having beneficial effects in healthy subjects and applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, many gaps in several fields of PS's research still hinder their widespread practical applications. In fact, many of the mechanisms associated with PS supplementation and their health benefits are still not fully elucidated. Furthermore, compared to cholesterol data, many complex PS chemical structures still need to be fully characterized, especially in oxidized PS. On the other hand, PS molecules have also been the focus of structural modifications for applications in diverse areas, including not only the above-mentioned but also in e.g., drug delivery systems or alternative matrixes for functional foods and fats. All the identified drawbacks are also superimposed by the need of new PS sources and technologies for their isolation and purification, taking into account increased environmental and sustainability concerns. Accordingly, current and future trends in PS research warrant discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Evtyugin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Continuous flow organocatalyzed methoxycarbonylation of benzyl alcohol derivatives with dimethyl carbonate. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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NABESHIMA K, MIZUTANI A, MISAWA E, TANAKA M, YAMAUCHI K, ABE F. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of phytosterols derived from Aloe vera gel. MethodsX 2022; 9:101642. [PMID: 35273905 PMCID: PMC8902629 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to quantitate five minor phytosterols named Aloe sterols identified from Aloe vera gel was validated using AVGP (Aloe vera gel powder) as the sample. To measure the Aloe sterols content, AVGP was extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The calibration curve revealed a high coefficient of determination (>0.999). The limit of quantification was 2.3–4.1 ng/mL. Average recoveries ranged from 95 to 105%. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 2.6–6.4% and 3.8–7.3%, respectively, confirming good method precision. Aloe sterols were also quantified in AVGE (Aloe vera gel extract) using this method. We showed that the composition ratio of each Aloe sterol in AVGP did not change in AVGE. Additionally, we measured the concentration of Aloe sterols in the capsule containing AVGE, and confirmed that it was stable even after 1 year of storage. In conclusion, a quantification method was established to simultaneously measure multiple plant sterols with similar structures. • A quantification method to simultaneously measure several plant sterols with similar structures was established. • Results from the intra-day precision and the inter-day precision confirmed good precision. • This method can be applied to processed raw materials and/or foods in long-term storage.
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A chiral GC-MS method for analysis of secondary amino acids after heptafluorobutyl chloroformate & methylamine derivatization. Amino Acids 2021; 53:347-358. [PMID: 33586043 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acids (L-AAs) play different important roles in the physiology of all living organisms. Their chiral counterparts, D-amino acids (D-AAs) are increasingly being recognized as essential molecules in many biological systems. Secondary amino acids with cyclic structures, such as prolines, exhibit conformational rigidity and thus unique properties in the structural and protein folding. Despite their widespread occurrence, much less attention was paid to their chiral analysis, particularly when the minor, typically D-enantiomer, is present in low amounts in a complex biological matrix. In this paper, a cost-effective, chiral GC-MS method is described for capillary Chirasil-L-Val separation of nine cyclic secondary amino acid enantiomers with four-, five-, and six-membered rings, involving azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, pipecolic acid, nipecotic acid, proline, isomeric cis/trans 3-hydroxy, 4-hydroxyproline, and cis/trans-5-hydroxy-L-pipecolic acid in the excess of its enantiomeric antipode. The sample preparation involves in-situ derivatization with heptafluorobutyl chloroformate, simultaneous liquid-liquid micro-extraction into isooctane followed by amidation of the arising low-polar derivatives with methylamine, an evaporation step, re-dissolution, and final GC-MS analysis. The developed method was used for analyses of human biofluids, biologically active peptides containing chiral proline constituents, and collagen.
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Uebi T, Hariyama T, Suzuki K, Kanayama N, Nagata Y, Ayabe-Kanamura S, Yanase S, Ohtsubo Y, Ozaki M. Sampling, identification and sensory evaluation of odors of a newborn baby's head and amniotic fluid. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12759. [PMID: 31485001 PMCID: PMC6726625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For baby odor analyses, noninvasive, stress-free sample collection is important. Using a simple method, we succeeded in obtaining fresh odors from the head of five newborn babies. These odors were chemically analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS), and compared with each other or with the odor of amniotic fluid from the baby's mother. We identified 31 chemical components of the volatile odors from neonate heads and 21 from amniotic fluid. Although 15 of these components were common to both sources, there was an apparent difference in the GC × GC patterns between the head and amniotic fluid odors, so the neonate head odor might be individually distinct immediately after birth. Therefore, we made artificial mixtures of the major odor components of the neonate head and maternal amniotic fluid, and used psychological tests to examine whether or not these odors could be distinguished from each other. Our data show that the artificial odor of a neonate head could be distinguished from that of amniotic fluid, and that the odors of artificial head odor mixtures could be correctly discriminated for neonates within an hour after birth and at 2 or 3 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Uebi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Hariyama
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Institute for NanoSuit Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazunao Suzuki
- Perinatal Medical Center, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kanayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nagata
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Saho Ayabe-Kanamura
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shihoko Yanase
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ozaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Kartsova LA, Solov’eva SA. Application of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Techniques to Metabolomic Studies. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Le 乐 娟 J, Yuan 袁腾 飞 TF, Zhang 张 艳 Y, Wang 王少 亭 ST, Li 李 艳 Y. New LC-MS/MS method with single-step pretreatment analyzes fat-soluble vitamins in plasma and amniotic fluid. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1783-1790. [PMID: 30026263 PMCID: PMC6121937 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d087569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs), A, D, and E, are components of prenatal vitamin care. Previously, limited evidence existed to explain on a molecular level how maternal FSV supplementation affects the fetus during pregnancy. We developed a simplified LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously detect FSVs in maternal plasma (MP) and amniotic fluid (AF); we used this approach to investigate the correlation between FSV levels in these two matrices. With this method, we circumvented frequently used liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction methods and, instead, used simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile for sample preparation. This method displayed satisfactory linearity, intra- and inter-day imprecision, and accuracy. We validated the consistency with standard reference material 972a and 968f certification. In analysis of MP and AF samples from 50 pregnant women in the second trimester, concentrations of retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], and α-tocopherol (reflecting vitamins A, D, and E, respectively) were lower in AF than in MP. Significant positive correlations existed between MP and AF for 25(OH)D3 (r = 0.667; P < 0.001) and retinol (r = 0.393; P = 0.005), but not for α-tocopherol (r = 0.145, P > 0.05). This novel LC-MS/MS method shows prominent applicability for FSV detection and the observed correlations contribute to research on fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Le 乐 娟
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan, China
| | - Teng-Fei Yuan 袁腾 飞
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang 张 艳
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Ting Wang 王少 亭
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan, China.
| | - Yan Li 李 艳
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan, China.
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Hušek P, Švagera Z, Hanzlíková D, Karlínová I, Řimnáčová L, Zahradníčková H, Šimek P. GC-MS Metabolomic Profiling of Protic Metabolites Following Heptafluorobutyl Chloroformate Mediated Dispersive Liquid Microextraction Sample Preparation Protocol. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1738:159-181. [PMID: 29654589 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7643-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple analytical workflow is described for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic profiling of protic metabolites, particularly amino-carboxylic species in biological matrices. The sample preparation is carried out directly in aqueous samples and uses simultaneous in situ heptafluorobutyl chloroformate (HFBCF) derivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), followed by GC-MS analysis in single-ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The protocol involves ten simple pipetting steps and provides quantitative analysis of 132 metabolites by using two internal standards. A comment on each analytical step and explaining notes are provided with particular attention to the GC-MS analysis of 112 physiological metabolites in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hušek
- University Hospital Ostrava, Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Analytical Biochemistry & Metabolomics, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Švagera
- University Hospital Ostrava, Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Hanzlíková
- University Hospital Ostrava, Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Karlínová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Analytical Biochemistry & Metabolomics, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Řimnáčová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Analytical Biochemistry & Metabolomics, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Zahradníčková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Analytical Biochemistry & Metabolomics, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Analytical Biochemistry & Metabolomics, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Rezende JDP, Ferreira GMD, Ferreira GMD, da Silva LHM, do Carmo Hepanhol da Silva M, Pinto MS, Pires ACDS. Polydiacetylene/triblock copolymer nanosensor for the detection of native and free bovine serum albumin. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:535-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hložek T, Bursová M, Coufal P, Čabala R. Gabapentin, Pregabalin and Vigabatrin Quantification in Human Serum by GC-MS After Hexyl Chloroformate Derivatization. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:749-753. [PMID: 27590034 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and robust method for simultaneous determination of antiepileptic drugs (gabapentin, pregabalin and vigabatrin) in human serum using GC-MS was developed and validated for clinical toxicology purposes. This method employs an emerging class of derivatization agents - alkyl chloroformates allowing the efficient and rapid derivatization of both the amino and carboxylic groups of the tested antiepileptic drugs within seconds. The derivatization protocol was optimized using the Design of Experiment statistical methodology, and the entire sample preparation requires less than 5 min. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range from 0.5 to 50.0 mg/L, with adequate accuracy (97.9-109.3%) and precision (<12.1%). The method was successfully applied to quantification of selected γ-aminobutyric acid analogs in the serum of patients in both therapeutic and toxic concentration ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hložek
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Bursová
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Coufal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radomír Čabala
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic .,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Hušek P, Švagera Z, Hanzlíková D, Řimnáčová L, Zahradníčková H, Opekarová I, Šimek P. Profiling of urinary amino-carboxylic metabolites by in-situ heptafluorobutyl chloroformate mediated sample preparation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1443:211-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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GC-MS and LC-MS approaches for determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in biological and food matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:156-69. [PMID: 26964480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols, widely described as vitamin E derivatives, have been proven to take part in a number of important biological functions. Among them, antioxidant properties had been investigated and documented in the literature. Since tocochromanols have revealed their plausible beneficial impact on several pathological processes, such as cancerogenesis or cognitive impairment diseases, there is a growing interest in quantitative determination of these compounds in biological fluids, tissues and plant organs. However, due to vitamin E chemical features, such as lipophilic and non-polar characteristics, quantitative determination of the compounds seems to be problematic. In this paper we present current analytical approaches in tocopherols and tocotrienols determination in biological and food matrices with the use of chromatographic techniques, especially gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry. Derivatization techniques applied for GC-MS analysis in the case of tocol derivatives, especially silylation and acylation, are described. Significant attention is paid to ionization process of tocopherols and tocotrienols.
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Cervinkova B, Krcmova LK, Solichova D, Melichar B, Solich P. Recent advances in the determination of tocopherols in biological fluids: from sample pretreatment and liquid chromatography to clinical studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2407-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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A review of chromatographic methods for the determination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.05310.1002/jssc.201501038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Karaźniewicz-Łada M, Główka A. A review of chromatographic methods for the determination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:132-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Karaźniewicz-Łada
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznań Poland
| | - Anna Główka
- Department of Bromatology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznań Poland
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Borisov RS, Zhilyaev DI, Polovkov NY, Zaikin VG. Simple approach to derivatization of alcohols and phenols for the analysis by matrix(surface)-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2231-2236. [PMID: 25279736 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct analysis of hydroxyl-containing compounds by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) methods is not always possible due to the neutral character of analytes. The suggested fixed-charge derivatization may increase the ionization efficiency for various alcohols and phenols in specific matrix- and surface-activated LDI conditions. METHODS Aliphatic and steroid alcohols, as well as chlorophenols, were converted into various ammonioacetyl derivatives, containing a covalently bonded charged group, by reaction with bromoacetyl chloride and amine-type compounds such as triethylamine, pyridine or quinoline. The derivatives are suitable for MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF)MS analysis. RESULTS Triethylammoniumacetyl, pyridyliumacetyl and quinoliniumacetyl derivatives were prepared from aliphatic alcohols, some sterols and chlorinated phenols in one stage with quantitative yields. The derivatives produced characteristic MALDI and SALDI mass spectra. CONCLUSIONS The suggested derivatization approach for the modification of alcohols is simple and does not require any expensive reagents. The derivatives include a fixed charge and produce intense signals in MALDI (preferentially non-acidic matrices) and matrix-free SALDI (nanostructured target) conditions. Corresponding mass spectra are suitable for the determination of molecular mass and profiling of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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