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Aly AA, Górecki T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography with reversed phase in both dimensions: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464824. [PMID: 38522405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), and in particular comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC), offers increased peak capacity, resolution and selectivity compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. It is commonly accepted that the technique produces the best results when the separation mechanisms in the two dimensions are completely orthogonal; however, the use of similar separation mechanisms in both dimensions has been gaining popularity as it helps avoid difficulties related to mobile phase incompatibility and poor column efficiency. The remarkable advantages of using reversed phase in both dimensions (RPLC×RPLC) over other separation mechanisms made it a promising technique in the separation of complex samples. This review discusses some physical and practical considerations in method development for 2D-LC involving the use of RP in both dimensions. In addition, an extensive overview is presented of different applications that relied on RPLC×RPLC and 2D-LC with reversed phase column combinations to separate components of complex samples in different fields including food analysis, natural product analysis, environmental analysis, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A Aly
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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2
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Tammekivi E, Batteau M, Laurenti D, Lilti H, Faure K. A powerful two-dimensional chromatography method for the non-target analysis of depolymerised lignin. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342157. [PMID: 38220289 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is an abundant natural polymer obtained as a by-product from the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. In the name of a circular economy, lignin should be valorised into valuable chemicals or biomaterials and utilised instead of petrochemicals. For the development of efficient valorisation processes, the structural characterisation of lignin can be highly beneficial. However, this is an arduous task, as the isolated (and sometimes processed) lignin mainly consists of various neutral monomers but also oligomers. In addition, the material contains isomers, which can be especially problematic to separate and identify. RESULTS We present a powerful off-line comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) chromatography method combining liquid chromatography (LC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and high-resolution mass spectrometry for the non-target analysis of depolymerised lignin. The implementation of a 1-aminoanthracene column in the second dimension enabled a class separation of potential lignin monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers with an additional separation based on the number of hydroxyl groups and steric effects. The pentafluorophenyl column in the first dimension additionally improved the separation based on hydrophobicity. The comparison of off-line 2D LC × SFC to 1D SFC showed that besides the overall improved performance, the first method is also superior for the separation of isomers. Advanced data analysis methods (MS-DIAL, SIRIUS, and Feature-Based Molecular Network) were integrated into the non-target workflow to rapidly visualise and study the detected compounds, which proved to be especially beneficial for the characterisation of the separated isomers. SIGNIFICANCE The method yielded the first 2D LC plot demonstrating a classification of lignin compounds, which can be applied to compare various lignin sources and processing methods. In addition, the technique demonstrated improved separation of compounds, including isomers, which was especially beneficial as 77 % of the detected compounds had at least one isomer in the same lignin sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliise Tammekivi
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Magali Batteau
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dorothée Laurenti
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hugo Lilti
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karine Faure
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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Tammekivi E, Geantet C, Lorentz C, Faure K. Two-dimensional chromatography for the analysis of valorisable biowaste: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1283:341855. [PMID: 37977769 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Various everyday areas such as agriculture, wood industry, and wastewater treatment yield residual biowastes in large amounts that can be utilised for the purpose of sustainability and circular economy. Depending on the type of biowaste, they can be used to extract valuable chemicals or converted into alternative fuels. However, for efficient valorisation, these processes need to be monitored, for which thorough chemical characterisation can be highly beneficial. For this aim, two-dimensional (2D) chromatography can be favourable, as it has a higher peak capacity and sensitivity than one-dimensional (1D) chromatography. Therefore, here we review the studies published since 2010 involving gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) as one of the dimensions. For the first time, we present the 2D chromatographic characterisation of various biowastes valorised for different purposes (chemical, fuels), together with future prospects and challenges. The aspects related to the 2D chromatographic analysis of polar, poorly volatile, and thermally unstable compounds are highlighted. In addition, it is demonstrated how different 2D setups can be applied for monitoring the biowaste conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliise Tammekivi
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Rue de La Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Christophe Geantet
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Karine Faure
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 Rue de La Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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Devaux J, Mignot M, Rouvière F, François I, Afonso C, Heinisch S. On-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography x supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry: a powerful tool for the characterization of advanced biofuels. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1697:463964. [PMID: 37068402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Bio-oils obtained by thermochemical or biochemical conversion of biomass represent a promising source of energy to complement fossil fuels, in particular for maritime or air transport for which the use of hydrogen or electricity appears complicated. As these bio-oils are very rich in water and heteroatoms, additional treatments are necessary before they can be used as biofuel. In order to improve the efficiency of these treatments, it is important to have a thorough knowledge of the composition of the bio-oil. The characterization of bio-oils is difficult because they are very complex mixtures with thousands of compounds covering a very wide range of molecular weight and polarity. Due to the high degree of orthogonality between the two chromatographic dimensions, the on-line combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography (on-line RPLC x SFC) can significantly improve the characterization of such complex matrices. The hyphenation was optimized by selecting, in SFC, the stationary phase, the co-solvent, the make-up solvent prior to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and the injection solvent. Additionally, a new interface configuration is described. Quality descriptors such as the occupation of the separation space, the peak shapes and the signal intensity were considered to determine the optimal conditions. The best results were obtained with bare silica, a co-solvent composed of acetonitrile and methanol (50/50, v/v), a make-up solvent composed of methanol (90%) and water (10%) with formic acid (0.1%), an addition of co-solvent through an additional pump for SFC separation in a 2.1 mm column, and an hydro-organic solvent as injection solvent. The optimized setup was used to analyze two microalgae bio-oils: the full bio-oil coming from hydrothermal liquefaction and Soxhlet extraction of microalgae, and the gasoline cut obtained after distillation of the full bio-oil. Results in on-line RPLC x SFC-qTOF were particularly interesting, with very good peak shapes and high reproducibility. Moreover, the high degree of orthogonality for microalgae bio-oils of RPLC and SFC was highlighted by the very large occupation of the separation space. Isomeric profiles of compound families could be obtained in RPLC x SFC-qTOF and many isomers not separated in SFC alone were separated in RPLC and vice versa, thus showing the complementarity of the two chromatographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Devaux
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France; COBRA, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014, IRCOF 1 rue Tesnière, Mont Saint Aignan 76821, France; International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Mélanie Mignot
- COBRA, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014, IRCOF 1 rue Tesnière, Mont Saint Aignan 76821, France; International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Isabelle François
- Chromisa Scientific, Schoolstraat 3, Sint-Lievens-Houtem 9520, Belgium
| | - Carlos Afonso
- COBRA, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014, IRCOF 1 rue Tesnière, Mont Saint Aignan 76821, France; International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
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5
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Letourneau DR, Volmer DA. Mass spectrometry-based methods for the advanced characterization and structural analysis of lignin: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:144-188. [PMID: 34293221 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is currently one of the most promising biologically derived resources, due to its abundance and application in biofuels, materials and conversion to value aromatic chemicals. The need to better characterize and understand this complex biopolymer has led to the development of many different analytical approaches, several of which involve mass spectrometry and subsequent data analysis. This review surveys the most important analytical methods for lignin involving mass spectrometry, first looking at methods involving gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and then continuing with more contemporary methods such as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry. Following that will be techniques that directly ionize lignin mixtures-without chromatographic separation-using softer atmospheric ionization techniques that leave the lignin oligomers intact. Finally, ultra-high resolution mass analyzers such as FT-ICR have enabled lignin analysis without major sample preparation and chromatography steps. Concurrent with an increase in the resolution of mass spectrometers, there have been a wealth of complementary data analyses and visualization methods that have allowed researchers to probe deeper into the "lignome" than ever before. These approaches extract trends such as compound series and even important analytical information about lignin substructures without performing lignin degradation either chemically or during MS analysis. These innovative methods are paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of this important biopolymer, as we seek more sustainable solutions for our human species' energy and materials needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane R Letourneau
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Burlet-Parendel M, Faure K. Opportunities and challenges of liquid chromatography coupled to supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Chapel S, Heinisch S. Strategies to circumvent the solvent strength mismatch problem in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:7-26. [PMID: 34525266 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a powerful technique for the separation of highly complex samples. Due to the addition of the second dimension of separation, impressive peak capacities can be obtained within a reasonable analysis time compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. In online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, the separation power is maximized by selecting two separation dimensions as orthogonal as possible, which most often requires the combination of different mobile phases and stationary phases. The online transfer of a given solvent from the first dimension to the second dimension may cause severe injection effects in the second dimension, mostly due to solvent strength mismatch. Those injection effects may include peak broadening, peak distortion, peak splitting or breakthrough phenomenon. They are often found to reduce significantly the peak capacity and the peak intensity. To overcome such effects, arising specifically in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, different methods have been developed over the years. In this review, we focused on the most recently reported ones. A critical discussion, supported by a theoretical approach, gives an overview of their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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8
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Characterization of positional isomers of drug intermediates by off-line RPLC x SFC hyphenated to high resolution MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 202:114142. [PMID: 34023720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many steps are needed in the synthesis of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In a practical case proposed by a French pharmaceutical company, an intermediate synthesis step, needed to protect 8 hydroxyl groups before oxidation, could produce a mixture of neutral compounds containing up to 652 structures being positional isomers of 18 molecular formulas. Some mixtures allowed obtaining the desired API, others did not. An efficient analytical method was needed to characterize these neutral positional isomers and identify the mixtures to reject. Two samples were provided by the pharmaceutical company: Sample A was conform, Sample B was not. 8 RPLC columns were used with different gradients to screen Sample A. Next, the best RPLC separation was used as the second dimension fast analysis in a comprehensive 2D-RPLC systems. Two columns were used as first dimension: a fluorinated one and a zirconium based one. An order of magnitude was gained in peak capacity, but a better sample characterization was still needed. An off-line RPLC x SFC x Q-TOF/MS analysis was performed collecting 96 RPLC fractions and analyzing them by SFC with Q-TOF/MS detection. A home-made software associated the 96 SFC MS chromatograms to produce either base peak (BPC) or extract ion (EIC) contour plots that allowed for a satisfying characterization of the samples. Subtracting the EIC of expected m/z compounds from the Sample B BPC contour plot produced a unique new contour plot clearly pointing out unexpected compounds explaining the failure of the synthesis and possibly allowing improving the synthesis process.
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9
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Lazzari E, Arena K, Caramão EB, Dugo P, Mondello L, Herrero M. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-based quali-quantitative screening of aqueous phases from pyrolysis bio-oils. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:58-67. [PMID: 32628775 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolysis processes are an alternative to minimize the environmental problem associated to agrifood industrial wastes. The main product resulting from these processes is a high-value liquid product, called bio-oil. Recently, the use of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) has been demonstrated as a useful tool to improve the characterization of the water-soluble phases of bio-oils, considering their complexity and high water content. However, the precise composition of bio-oils from different agrifood byproducts is still unknown. In the present study, the qualitative and quantitative screening of eight aqueous phases from different biomasses, not yet reported in the literature, using LC × LC is presented. The two-dimensional approach was based on the use of two reverse phase separations. An amide column in the first dimension together with a C18 column in the second dimension were employed. Thanks to the use of diode array and mass spectrometry detection, 28 compounds were identified and quantified in the aqueous phase samples with good figures of merit. Samples showed a distinct quali-quantitative composition and a great predominance of compounds belonging to aldehydes, ketones and phenols, most of them with high polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Lazzari
- Institute of Chemistry, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elina B Caramão
- Institute of Chemistry, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Tiradentes University, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Miguel Herrero
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Off-line comprehensive size exclusion chromatography × reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of lignocellulosic biomass products. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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A rational strategy based on experimental designs to optimize parameters of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of complex matrices. Talanta 2019; 205:120063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Lazzari E, Arena K, Caramão EB, Herrero M. Quantitative analysis of aqueous phases of bio-oils resulting from pyrolysis of different biomasses by two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:359-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Centrifugal partition chromatography as a fractionation tool for the analysis of lignocellulosic biomass products by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Iguiniz M, Corbel E, Roques N, Heinisch S. Quantitative aspects in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for pharmaceutical applications. Talanta 2019; 195:272-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Supercritical fluid chromatography for the analysis of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic compounds in unconventional oils. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1589:162-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Le Masle A, Santin S, Marlot L, Chahen L, Charon N. Centrifugal partition chromatography a first dimension for biomass fast pyrolysis oil analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1029:116-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Crepier J, Le Masle A, Charon N, Albrieux F, Duchene P, Heinisch S. Ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization high resolution mass spectrometry for the characterization of fast pyrolysis bio-oils. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Sun M, Sandahl M, Turner C. Comprehensive on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography × supercritical fluid chromatography with trapping column-assisted modulation for depolymerised lignin analysis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1541:21-30. [PMID: 29452928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin depolymerisation produces a large variety of low molecular weight phenolic compounds that can be upgraded to value-added chemicals. Detailed analysis of these complex depolymerisation mixtures is, however, hampered by the lack of resolving power of traditional analysis techniques. In this study, a novel online comprehensive two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) × supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method with trapping column interface was developed for the separation of phenolic compounds in depolymerised lignin samples. The trapping capacities of different trapping columns were evaluated. The influence of large volume water-containing injection on SFC performance was studied. The relation between peak capacity and first dimension flow rate and gradient was investigated. The optimized method was applied for the analysis of a depolymerised lignin sample. The RPLC × SFC system exhibited high degree of orthogonality. Compared with traditional loop based interface, trapping column interface can significantly shorten the analysis time and offer higher detectability, with the disadvantage of more severe undersampling in the first dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Sun
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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19
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Comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography as analytical strategy for pharmaceutical analysis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Lu Y, Li GS, Lu YC, Fan X, Wei XY. Analytical Strategies Involved in the Detailed Componential Characterization of Biooil Produced from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Int J Anal Chem 2017; 2017:9298523. [PMID: 29387086 PMCID: PMC5745679 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9298523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of chemical composition of biooil is essentially important to evaluate the process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCBM) conversion and its upgrading and suggest proper value-added utilization like producing fuel and feedstock for fine chemicals. Although the main components of LCBM are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the chemicals derived from LCBM differ significantly due to the various feedstock and methods used for the decomposition. Biooil, produced from pyrolysis of LCBM, contains hundreds of organic chemicals with various classes. This review covers the methodologies used for the componential analysis of biooil, including pretreatments and instrumental analysis techniques. The use of chromatographic and spectrometric methods was highlighted, covering the conventional techniques such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. The combination of preseparation methods and instrumental technologies is a robust pathway for the detailed componential characterization of biooil. The organic species in biooils can be classified into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, benzene-ring containing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, and other heteroatomic organic compounds. The recent development of high resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional hyphenated chromatographic and spectrometric techniques has considerably elucidated the composition of biooils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Advanced Analysis & Computation Center, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yong-Chao Lu
- School of Basic Education Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Chemical and Engineering Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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21
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D'Atri V, Causon T, Hernandez-Alba O, Mutabazi A, Veuthey JL, Cianferani S, Guillarme D. Adding a new separation dimension to MS and LC-MS: What is the utility of ion mobility spectrometry? J Sep Sci 2017; 41:20-67. [PMID: 29024509 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is an analytical technique known for more than 100 years, which entails separating ions in the gas phase based on their size, shape, and charge. While ion mobility spectrometry alone can be useful for some applications (mostly security analysis for detecting certain classes of narcotics and explosives), it becomes even more powerful in combination with mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Indeed, the limited resolving power of ion mobility spectrometry alone can be tackled when combining this analytical strategy with mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Over the last few years, the hyphenation of ion mobility spectrometry to mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry has attracted more and more interest, with significant progresses in both technical advances and pioneering applications. This review describes the theoretical background, available technologies, and future capabilities of these techniques. It also highlights a wide range of applications, from small molecules (natural products, metabolites, glycans, lipids) to large biomolecules (proteins, protein complexes, biopharmaceuticals, oligonucleotides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tim Causon
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aline Mutabazi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Crepier J, Le Masle A, Charon N, Albrieux F, Heinisch S. Development of a supercritical fluid chromatography method with ultraviolet and mass spectrometry detection for the characterization of biomass fast pyrolysis bio oils. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1510:73-81. [PMID: 28666530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of complex mixtures is a challenging issue for the development of innovative processes dedicated to biofuels and bio-products production. The huge number of compounds present in biomass fast pyrolysis oils combined with the large diversity of chemical functions represent a bottleneck as regards analytical technique development. For the extensive characterization of complex samples, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) can be alternative to usual separation techniques such as gas (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC). In this study, an approach is proposed to define the best conditions for the SFC separation of a fast pyrolysis bio-oil. This approach was based on SFC data obtained directly from the bio-oil itself instead of selecting model compounds as usually done. SFC conditions were optimized by using three specific, easy-to-use and quantitative criteria aiming at maximizing the separation power. Polar stationary phases (ethylpyridine bonded silica) associated to a mix of acetonitrile and water as polarity modifier provided the best results, with more than 120 peaks detected in SFC-UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Crepier
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Agnès Le Masle
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France.
| | - Nadège Charon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Florian Albrieux
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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23
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Sarrut M, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Theoretical and experimental comparison of one dimensional versus on-line comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography for optimized sub-hour separations of complex peptide samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:183-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Meile K, Zhurinsh A, Viksna A. Comparison of photodiode array, evaporative light scattering, and single-quadrupole mass spectrometric detection methods for the UPLC analysis of pyrolysis liquids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Meile
- Department of Technological Research, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Zhurinsh
- Department of Technological Research, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arturs Viksna
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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25
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Hertzog J, Carré V, Le Brech Y, Mackay CL, Dufour A, Mašek O, Aubriet F. Combination of electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization and laser desorption ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotronic resonance mass spectrometry for the investigation of complex mixtures - Application to the petroleomic analysis of bio-oils. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 969:26-34. [PMID: 28411627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive description of complex mixtures such as bio-oils is required to understand and improve the different processes involved during biological, environmental or industrial operation. In this context, we have to consider how different ionization sources can improve a non-targeted approach. Thus, the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has been coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI), laser desorption ionization (LDI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) to characterize an oak pyrolysis bio-oil. Close to 90% of the all 4500 compound formulae has been attributed to CxHyOz with similar oxygen class compound distribution. Nevertheless, their relative abundance in respect with their double bound equivalent (DBE) value has evidenced significant differences depending on the ion source used. ESI has allowed compounds with low DBE but more oxygen atoms to be ionized. APPI has demonstrated the efficient ionization of less polar compounds (high DBE values and less oxygen atoms). The LDI behavior of bio-oils has been considered intermediate in terms of DBE and oxygen amounts but it has also been demonstrated that a significant part of the features are specifically detected by this ionization method. Thus, the complementarity of three different ionization sources has been successfully demonstrated for the exhaustive characterization by petroleomic approach of a complex mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hertzog
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078 Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078 Metz Cedex 03, France.
| | - Yann Le Brech
- LRGP, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Colin Logan Mackay
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dufour
- LRGP, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Center, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Aubriet
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078 Metz Cedex 03, France.
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26
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Recent advances in liquid and gas chromatography methodology for extending coverage of the metabolome. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 43:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Application of fractionized sampling and stacking for construction of an interface for online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Wahab MF, Wimalasinghe RM, Wang Y, Barhate CL, Patel DC, Armstrong DW. Salient Sub-Second Separations. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8821-6. [PMID: 27529503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sub-second liquid chromatography in very short packed beds is demonstrated as a broad proof of concept for chiral, achiral, and HILIC separations of biologically important molecules. Superficially porous particles (SPP, 2.7 μm) of different surface chemistries, namely, teicoplanin, cyclofructan, silica, and quinine, were packed in 0.5-cm-long columns for separating different classes of compounds. Several issues must be addressed to obtain the maximum performance of 0.5 cm columns with reduced plate heights of 2.6 to 3.0. Modified UHPLC hardware can be used to obtain sub-second separations provided extra-column dispersion is minimized and sufficient data acquisition rates are used. Further, hardware improvements will be needed to take full advantage of faster separations. The utility of power transform, which is already employed in certain chromatography detectors, is shown to be advantageous for sub-second chromatography. This approach could prove to be beneficial in fast screening and two-dimensional liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rasangi M Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Yadi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Chandan L Barhate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Darshan C Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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29
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Sarrut M, D’Attoma A, Heinisch S. Optimization of conditions in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography. Experimental comparison with one-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography for the separation of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Separation and characterization of phenolic compounds and triterpenoid saponins in licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) using mobile phase-dependent reversed-phase×reversed-phase comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1402:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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31
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Yao CL, Yang WZ, Wu WY, Da J, Hou JJ, Zhang JX, Zhang YH, Jin Y, Yang M, Jiang BH, Liu X, Guo DA. Simultaneous quantitation of five Panax notoginseng saponins by multi heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography: Method development and application to the quality control of eight Notoginseng containing Chinese patent medicines. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1402:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Sarrut M, Corgier A, Crétier G, Le Masle A, Dubant S, Heinisch S. Potential and limitations of on-line comprehensive reversed phase liquid chromatography×supercritical fluid chromatography for the separation of neutral compounds: An approach to separate an aqueous extract of bio-oil. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1402:124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for chemical constituents analysis of tripterygium glycosides tablets. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1400:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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35
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Tomasini D, Cacciola F, Rigano F, Sciarrone D, Donato P, Beccaria M, Caramão EB, Dugo P, Mondello L. Complementary Analytical Liquid Chromatography Methods for the Characterization of Aqueous Phase from Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomasses. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11255-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5038957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Tomasini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Chemistry-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento
Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-960 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente,
della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont S.r.l., A Start-Up of the
University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Rigano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont S.r.l., A Start-Up of the
University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Centro Integrato
di Ricerca, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Álvaro
del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Beccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Elina B. Caramão
- Institute of Chemistry-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento
Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-960 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont S.r.l., A Start-Up of the
University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Centro Integrato
di Ricerca, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Álvaro
del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont S.r.l., A Start-Up of the
University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti
per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Centro Integrato
di Ricerca, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Álvaro
del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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36
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Practical considerations in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems (LCxLC) with reversed-phases in both dimensions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:153-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Schneider JK, da Cunha ME, dos Santos AL, Maciel GP, Brasil MC, Pinho AR, Mendes FL, Jacques RA, Caramão EB. Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography with fast-quadrupole mass spectrometry detector analysis of polar compounds extracted from the bio-oil from the pyrolysis of sawdust. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:236-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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