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Poole CF. Sample preparation for planar chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300071. [PMID: 36965178 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography has favorable properties for high-throughput separations with a high matrix tolerance. Sample preparation, however, is sometimes required to control specific matrix interferences and to enhance the detectability of target compounds. Trends in contemporary applications have shifted from absorbance and fluorescence detection to methods employing bioassays and mass spectrometry. Traditional methods (shake-flask, heat at reflux, Soxhlet, and hydrodistillation) are being challenged by automated instrumental approaches (ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction) and the quick, easy cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe extraction method for faster and streamlined sample processing. Liquid-liquid extraction remains the most widely used approach for sample clean-up with increasing competition from solid-phase extraction. On-layer sample, clean-up by planar solid-phase extraction is increasingly used for complex samples and in combination with heart-cut multimodal systems. The automated spray-on sample applicator, the elution head interface, biological detection of target and non-target compounds, and straightforward mass spectrometric detection are highlighted as the main factors directing current interest toward faster and simpler sample workflows, analysis of more complex samples, and the determination of minor contaminants requiring high concentration factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2
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Wilson ID, Poole CF. Planar chromatography - Current practice and future prospects. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1214:123553. [PMID: 36495686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Planar chromatography, in the form of thin-layer or high-performance thin-layer chromatography (TLC, HPTLC), continues to provide a robust and widely used separation technique. It is unrivaled as a simple and rapid qualitative method for mixture analysis, or for finding bioactive components in mixtures. The format of TLC/HPTLC also provides a unique method for preserving the separation, enabling further investigation of components of interest (including quantification/structure determination) separated in both time and space from the original analysis. The current practice of planar chromatography and areas of development of the technology are reviewed and promising future directions in the use of TLC/HPTLC are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Wilson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Mehl A, Schmidt LJ, Schmidt L, Morlock GE. High-throughput planar solid-phase extraction coupled to orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry via the autoTLC-MS interface for screening of 66 multi-class antibiotic residues in food of animal origin. Food Chem 2021; 351:129211. [PMID: 33636534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues in food pose a major threat to the health of humans and animals worldwide. Their trace-level analysis is still too time- and cost-intensive to be adequately covered in routine analysis. Thus, a new high-throughput planar solid-phase extraction method has been developed for rapid screening of 66 antibiotics. Via simple clicks on the image, the autoTLC-MS interface automatically eluted the target analyte zones directly into an orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer operated in the variable data-independent acquisition mode. Muscle tissue, cow milk and chicken eggs were analyzed regarding nine different antibiotic classes, including sulfonamides, diaminopyrimidines, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, macrolides, cephalosporins, penicillins, amphenicols and nitroimidazoles. The planar clean-up took 7 min per sample, which is 5-fold faster than the routine state-of-the-art. The screening method has been validated for one representative of each class according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Most analytes were successfully detected at half of their required maximum residue limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Mehl
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lena J Schmidt
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Laszlo Schmidt
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Chair of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional Science, and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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4
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Wagner M, Oellig C. Screening for mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in paper and cardboard directly by planar solid phase extraction and by its coupling to gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1588:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Belwal T, Ezzat SM, Rastrelli L, Bhatt ID, Daglia M, Baldi A, Devkota HP, Orhan IE, Patra JK, Das G, Anandharamakrishnan C, Gomez-Gomez L, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Atanasov AG. A critical analysis of extraction techniques used for botanicals: Trends, priorities, industrial uses and optimization strategies. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Qin Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li F, Han Y, Zou N, Xu H, Qian M, Pan C. Automated multi-plug filtration cleanup for liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric pesticide multi-residue analysis in representative crop commodities. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:19-26. [PMID: 27507726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An automated multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) method on modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extracts was developed. The automatic device was aimed to reduce labor-consuming manual operation workload in the cleanup steps. It could control the volume and the speed of pulling and pushing cycles accurately. In this work, m-PFC was based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) mixed with other sorbents and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in a packed tip for analysis of pesticide multi-residues in crop commodities followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) detection. It was validated by analyzing 25 pesticides in six representative matrices spiked at two concentration levels of 10 and 100μg/kg. Salts, sorbents, m-PFC procedure, automated pulling and pushing volume, automated pulling speed, and pushing speed for each matrix were optimized. After optimization, two general automated m-PFC methods were introduced to relatively simple (apple, citrus fruit, peanut) and relatively complex (spinach, leek, green tea) matrices. Spike recoveries were within 83 and 108% and 1-14% RSD for most analytes in the tested matrices. Matrix-matched calibrations were performed with the coefficients of determination >0.997 between concentration levels of 10 and 1000μg/kg. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of pesticide residues in market samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fangbing Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongtao Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haowei Xu
- Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Meiyuan Qian
- Tianjin Bonna-Agela Technologies, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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7
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Oellig C, Melde T. Screening for total ergot alkaloids in rye flour by planar solid phase extraction–fluorescence detection and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1441:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Review of analytical methods for the determination of pesticide residues in grapes. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1433:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Klimek-Turek A, Sikora M, Rybicki M, Dzido TH. Frontally eluted components procedure with thin layer chromatography as a mode of sample preparation for high performance liquid chromatography quantitation of acetaminophen in biological matrix. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1436:19-27. [PMID: 26839178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new concept of using thin-layer chromatography to sample preparation for the quantitative determination of solute/s followed by instrumental techniques is presented Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is used to completely separate acetaminophen and its internal standard from other components (matrix) and to form a single spot/zone containing them at the solvent front position (after the final stage of the thin-layer chromatogram development). The location of the analytes and internal standard in the solvent front zone allows their easy extraction followed by quantitation by HPLC. The exctraction procedure of the solute/s and internal standard can proceed from whole solute frontal zone or its part without lowering in accuracy of quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klimek-Turek
- Medical University of Lublin, Department of Physical Chemistry, Chodźki 4a Str., 20-098 Lublin, Poland.
| | - M Sikora
- Medical University of Lublin, Department of Physical Chemistry, Chodźki 4a Str., 20-098 Lublin, Poland
| | - M Rybicki
- Medical University of Lublin, Department of Physical Chemistry, Chodźki 4a Str., 20-098 Lublin, Poland
| | - T H Dzido
- Medical University of Lublin, Department of Physical Chemistry, Chodźki 4a Str., 20-098 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract
A dynamic development of methodologies of analytical flow injection measurements during four decades since their invention has reinforced the solid position of flow analysis in the arsenal of techniques and instrumentation of contemporary chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Kamila Kołacińska
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
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11
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Nanita SC, Kaldon LG. Emerging flow injection mass spectrometry methods for high-throughput quantitative analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:23-33. [PMID: 26670771 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Where does flow injection analysis mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) stand relative to ambient mass spectrometry (MS) and chromatography-MS? Improvements in FIA-MS methods have resulted in fast-expanding uses of this technique. Key advantages of FIA-MS over chromatography-MS are fast analysis (typical run time <60 s) and method simplicity, and FIA-MS offers high-throughput without compromising sensitivity, precision and accuracy as much as ambient MS techniques. Consequently, FIA-MS is increasingly becoming recognized as a suitable technique for applications where quantitative screening of chemicals needs to be performed rapidly and reliably. The FIA-MS methods discussed herein have demonstrated quantitation of diverse analytes, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, environmental contaminants, and endogenous compounds, at levels ranging from parts-per-billion (ppb) to parts-per-million (ppm) in very complex matrices (such as blood, urine, and a variety of foods of plant and animal origin), allowing successful applications of the technique in clinical diagnostics, metabolomics, environmental sciences, toxicology, and detection of adulterated/counterfeited goods. The recent boom in applications of FIA-MS for high-throughput quantitative analysis has been driven in part by (1) the continuous improvements in sensitivity and selectivity of MS instrumentation, (2) the introduction of novel sample preparation procedures compatible with standalone mass spectrometric analysis such as salting out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) with volatile solutes and NH4(+) QuEChERS, and (3) the need to improve efficiency of laboratories to satisfy increasing analytical demand while lowering operational cost. The advantages and drawbacks of quantitative analysis by FIA-MS are discussed in comparison to chromatography-MS and ambient MS (e.g., DESI, LAESI, DART). Generally, FIA-MS sits 'in the middle' between ambient MS and chromatography-MS, offering a balance between analytical capability and sample analysis throughput suitable for broad applications in life sciences, agricultural chemistry, consumer safety, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Nanita
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE, 19714, USA.
| | - Laura G Kaldon
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
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12
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Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Mol HG. Current issues involving screening and identification of chemical contaminants in foods by mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography versus Other Modern Analytical Methods for Determination of Pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b18481-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Sherma J. Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2012-2014. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:301-316. [PMID: 25826098 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Publications reporting techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative, and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2012 to November 1, 2014. Analyses are described for a variety of sample types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure - retention relationships, identification and characterization of natural and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, bioactivity, degradation, soil mobility, and lipophilicity are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sherma
- a Department of Chemistry , Lafayette College , Easton , Pennsylvania , USA
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