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Jadeja S, Karsakov AA, Sklenářová H, Lenčo J. Evaluating C 18 stationary phases with a positively charged surface for proteomic LC-MS applications using mobile phase acidified with reduced formic acid concentration. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465142. [PMID: 39002507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated the ability of a C18 stationary phase with a positively charged surface (PCS-C18) to provide superior chromatographic separation of peptides using mobile phase acidified with a mere 0.01 % formic acid, significantly improving MS sensitivity. Here, we examined three columns packed with different PCS-C18 phases using the MS-favorable mobile phase acidified with low formic acid concentrations to establish the impact of separation performance and better MS sensitivity on peptide identifications. The surface charge interaction was evaluated using the retention of nitrate. The highest interaction was observed for the AdvanceBio Peptide Plus column. A surface charge-dependent shift in the retention time of peptides was confirmed with a change in formic acid concentration in the mobile phase. The separation performance of the columns with MS-favorable mobile phase acidified with low concentrations of formic acid was evaluated using well-characterized peptides. The loading capacity was assessed using a basic peptide with three lysine residues. Good chromatographic peak shapes and high loading capacity were observed for the Acquity Premier CSH C18 column, even when using a mobile phase acidified with 0.01 % formic acid. The extent of improvement in peptide identification when using reduced formic acid concentration was evaluated by analyzing the tryptic digest of trastuzumab and tryptic digest of whole bacteria cell lysate. Each column provided improved MS signal intensity and peptide identification when using the mobile phase with 0.01 % formic acid. The ability of the Acquity Premier CSH C18 column to provide better separation of peptides, even with a reduced formic acid concentration in the mobile phase, boosted MS signal intensity by 65 % and increased the number of identified peptides from the bacterial sample by 19 %. Our study confirms that significant improvement in the proteomic outputs can be achieved without additional costs only by tailoring the chemistry of the stationary phase to the composition of the mobile phase. Our results can help researchers understand the retention mechanism of peptides on the PCS-C18 stationary phases using low-ionic strength mobile phases and, more importantly, select the best-suited stationary phases for their LC-MS proteomic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Jadeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandr A Karsakov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sklenářová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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2
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Mazzoccanti G, Manetto S, Bassan M, Macis M, Cabri W, Ciogli A, Ricci A, Gasparrini F. Assessing the performance of new chromatographic technologies for the separation of peptide epimeric impurities: the case of Icatibant. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106682. [PMID: 38142950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry faces the challenge of efficiently characterising impurity profiles of therapeutical peptides, also due to their complex polar and ionisable attributes. This research explores the potential of advanced chromatographic techniques to address this challenge. The study compares dynamic electrostatic repulsion reversed phase (d-ERRP) to its counterparts (static ERRP and ion pair reversed phase IP-RP) in analysing Icatibant and its elusive epimeric impurity, [L-Arg]1-Icatibant and highlights its exceptional capabilities in generating symmetric peaks, mitigating the common tailing phenomenon, and serving as a steadfast guardian of column longevity. The result highlights d-ERRP as a pioneering tool in the domain of liquid chromatography, fostering its role as a reference technique for the analysis of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Manetto
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Bassan
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Via Roma 108, 20051 Cassina de Pecchi, Italy
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Via Roma 108, 20051 Cassina de Pecchi, Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Department of Chemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Gobetti 84, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Via Roma 108, 20051 Cassina de Pecchi, Italy.
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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3
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Benefits of a Mixed-Mode Stationary Phase to Address the Challenging Purification of an Industrially Relevant Peptide: A Proof-of-Concept Study. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9050125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides are a class of biomolecules with a great potential from the therapeutic point of view, because of their unique biological properties. Industrially, the production stategies adopted produce both the target peptide and a series of impurities that must be removed. Preparative chromatography is the technique of choice for the large-scale purification of biomolecules, generally performed in reversed-phase mode, using hydrophobic adsorbents (e.g., C8 stationary phases). A promising and innovative alternative is represented by mixed-mode columns, which bear two different ligands on the particle surface, exploiting two different retention mechanisms to improve the separation. This work represents a proof-of-concept study focused on the comparison of a hydrophobic adsorbent and a mixed-mode one (bearing both hydrophobic groups and charged ones) for the purification of a crude peptide mixture. Thanks to more-favourable thermodynamics, it was found that, when collecting the whole peak excluding fractions of the peak tail, the mixed-mode column led to an increase in the recovery of roughly +15%, together with a slight improvement in purity at the same time, with respect to the traditional hydrophobic column. In addition, if the whole peak, including the tail, is collected, the performance of the two columns are similar in terms of purity and recovery, but the pepetide elutes as a narrower peak with the mixed mode. This leads to a collection pool showing a much-higher peptide concentration and to lower solvent volumes needed, which is a beneficial achievement when targeting more sustainable processes. These results are very advantageous from the industrial viewpoint, because they also involve a decrease in the peptide amount contained in the peak tail, which must be reprocessed again to satisfy purity requirements.
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De Luca C, Lievore G, Bozza D, Buratti A, Cavazzini A, Ricci A, Macis M, Cabri W, Felletti S, Catani M. Downstream Processing of Therapeutic Peptides by Means of Preparative Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2021; 26:4688. [PMID: 34361839 PMCID: PMC8348516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The market of biomolecules with therapeutic scopes, including peptides, is continuously expanding. The interest towards this class of pharmaceuticals is stimulated by the broad range of bioactivities that peptides can trigger in the human body. The main production methods to obtain peptides are enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, recombinant approach and, especially, chemical synthesis. None of these methods, however, produce exclusively the target product. Other species represent impurities that, for safety and pharmaceutical quality reasons, must be removed. The remarkable production volumes of peptide mixtures have generated a strong interest towards the purification procedures, particularly due to their relevant impact on the manufacturing costs. The purification method of choice is mainly preparative liquid chromatography, because of its flexibility, which allows one to choose case-by-case the experimental conditions that most suitably fit that particular purification problem. Different modes of chromatography that can cover almost every separation case are reviewed in this article. Additionally, an outlook to a very recent continuous chromatographic process (namely Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvent Gradient Purification, MCSGP) and future perspectives regarding purification strategies will be considered at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.D.L.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.D.L.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.D.L.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Buratti
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.D.L.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.D.L.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Via San Leonardo 23, 45010 Villadose, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Walter Cabri
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.D.L.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.D.L.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
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Mazzoccanti G, Manetto S, Bassan M, Macis M, Iazzetti A, Cabri W, Ricci A, Gasparrini F. Expanding the Use of Dynamic Electrostatic Repulsion Reversed-Phase Chromatography: An Effective Elution Mode for Peptides Control and Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:4348. [PMID: 34299626 PMCID: PMC8303375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are increasingly used in clinical practice. Reversed-phase chromatography using formic or trifluoroacetic acid in the mobile phase is the most widely used technique for their analytical control. However, sometimes it does not prove sufficient to solve challenging chromatographic problems. In the search for alternative elution modes, the dynamic electrostatic repulsion reversed-phase was evaluated to separate eight probe peptides characterised by different molecular weights and isoelectric points. This technique, which involves TBAHSO4 in the mobile phase, provided the lowest asymmetry and peak width at half height values and the highest in peak capacity (about 200 for a gradient of 30 min) and resolution concerning the classic reversed-phase. All analyses were performed using cutting-edge columns developed for peptide separation, and the comparison of the chromatograms obtained shows how the dynamic electrostatic repulsion reversed-phase is an attractive alternative to the classic reversed-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Simone Manetto
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Michele Bassan
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, 20063 Cernusco sul Naviglio, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, 20063 Cernusco sul Naviglio, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Walter Cabri
- Department of Chemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, Piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, 20063 Cernusco sul Naviglio, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.G.)
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Static vs. Dynamic Electrostatic Repulsion Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography: Solutions for Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Basic Compounds. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8050059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts have been made to separate basic compounds, which are challenging to resolve in reversed phase liquid chromatography. In this process, they are strongly retained and the peak shape undergoes significant distortion. The principal origin of this has been identified with the non-negligible interaction with residual deprotonated silanols. Consequently, all solutions that efficiently shield silanols are being sought. This review is an upgrade on the use of the electrostatic repulsion reversed phase (ERRP) approach: retention of bases, in protonated form, can be achieved by modulating the charge repulsion caused by the presence of positive charges in the chromatographic system. This study successfully (i) introduced fixed positive charges in the structure of stationary phases, (ii) used cationic and hydrophobic additives in the mobile phase, and (iii) used the ERRP-like approach employed at the preparative level for peptide purification.
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Mazzoccanti G, Manetto S, Bassan M, Foschini A, Orlandin A, Ricci A, Cabri W, Ismail OH, Catani M, Cavazzini A, Gasparrini F. Boosting basic-peptide separation through dynamic electrostatic-repulsion reversed-phase (d-ERRP) liquid chromatography. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12604-12610. [PMID: 35497586 PMCID: PMC9051050 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01296c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of a novel chromatographic approach to therapeutic peptides bearing basic amino acids in their structure allowed unprecedented resolution of their related impurities (including epimeric isobaric ones), resulting in a superior analytical tool for the evaluation of the quality of these drugs in the market. A simple and effective chromatographic method has allowed unprecedented resolution of basic peptide and their related impurities, including the very challenging epimeric isobaric ones.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Simone Manetto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Michele Bassan
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, Cernusco sul Naviglio 20063 MI Italy
| | - Alberto Foschini
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, Cernusco sul Naviglio 20063 MI Italy
| | - Andrea Orlandin
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, Cernusco sul Naviglio 20063 MI Italy
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, Cernusco sul Naviglio 20063 MI Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Piazza Maestri del Lavoro 7, Cernusco sul Naviglio 20063 MI Italy .,Department of Chemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Via Selmi2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Omar H Ismail
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome Italy
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8
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Manetto S, Mazzoccanti G, Ciogli A, Villani C, Gasparrini F. Ultra-high performance separation of basic compounds on reversed-phase columns packed with fully/superficially porous silica and hybrid particles by using ultraviolet transparent hydrophobic cationic additives. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1653-1662. [PMID: 32043722 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of the tetrabutylammonium additive was investigated in the ultra-high performance reversed-phase liquid chromatographic elution of basic molecules of pharmaceutical interest. When added to the mobile phase at low pH, the hydrophobic tetrabutylammonium cation interacts with the octadecyl chains and with the residual silanols, thus imparting a positive charge to the stationary phase, modulating retention and improving peak shape of protonated basic solutes. Two sources of additive were tested: a mixture of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide/trifluoroacetic acid and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. Retention and peak shape of 11 basic pharmaceutical compounds were evaluated on commercially available ultra-fast columns packed with octadecyl stationary phases (Ascentis Express C18 2.0 µm, Acquity BEH C18 1.7 µm, Titan C18 1.9 µm). All columns benefit from the use of additive, especially tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, providing very symmetric peaks with reasonable retention times. Focusing on the probe compounds amitriptyline and sertraline, efficiency and asymmetry values were investigated at increasing retention factor. The trend is very different to that obtained in reversed-phase conditions and the effect lies in the complex molecular interaction mechanisms based on hydrophobic and ion exchange interactions as well as electrostatic repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Manetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Sarrut M, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Theoretical and experimental comparison of one dimensional versus on-line comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography for optimized sub-hour separations of complex peptide samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:183-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Mixed-mode reversed phase/positively charged repulsion chromatography for intact protein separation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:63-69. [PMID: 28182992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A mixed-mode reversed phase/positively charged repulsion stationary phase C8PN composed of octyl and amino group has been developed for separation of intact protein. Before the separation of proteins, a set of probe compounds were employed to evaluate the chromatographic properties of C8PN, demonstrating typical reversed phase/positively charged repulsion interaction on this stationary phase as estimated. Then the new C8PN stationary phase was used to separate a standard protein mixture on the reversed phase mode. Compared with a commercial C4 stationary phase, it showed different selectivity for some proteins. In order to better understand the properties of C8PN, the effect of acetonitrile content was investigated based on retention equation. Higher values of the equation parameters on C8PN demonstrated that the protein retentions were more sensitive to the change of acetonitrile content. Besides, the influences of buffer salt additives on the protein retentions were also studied. The retention factors of the proteins got larger with the increase of buffer salt concentration, which confirmed the positively charged repulsion interaction on the column. Finally, the C8PN was further applied to separate oxidized- and reduced- forms of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone. Our study indicated the advantages and application potential of mixed-mode reversed phase/positively charged repulsion stationary phase for intact protein separation.
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Zimmermann A, Horak J, Sánchez-Muñoz OL, Lämmerhofer M. Surface charge fine tuning of reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange type mixed-mode stationary phases for milder elution conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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