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Seelinger F, Wittkopp F, von Hirschheydt T, Frech C. Anti-Langmuir elution behavior of a bispecific monoclonal antibody in cation exchange chromatography: Mechanistic modeling using a pH-dependent Self-Association Steric Mass Action isotherm. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463730. [PMID: 36592480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this scientific work was to model and simulate the complex anti-Langmuir elution behavior of a bispecific monoclonal antibody (bsAb) under high loading conditions on the strong cation exchange resin POROS™ XS. The bsAb exhibited anti-Langmuirian elution behavior as a consequence of self-association expressed both in uncommon retentions and peak shapes highly atypical for antibodies. The widely applied Steric Mass Action (SMA) model was unsuitable here because it can only describe Langmuirian elution behavior and is not able to describe protein-protein interactions in the form of self-association. For this reason, a Self-Association SMA (SAS-SMA) model was applied, which was extended by two activity coefficients for the salt and protein in solution. This model is able to describe protein-protein interactions in the form of self-dimerization and thus can describe anti-Langmuir elution behavior. Linear gradient elution (LGE) experiments were carried out to obtain a broad dataset ranging from pH 4.5 to 7.3 and from 50 to 375 mmol/L Na+ for model parameter determination. High loading LGE experiments were conducted with an increasing load from 0.5 up to 75.0 mgbsAb/mLresin. Thereby, pH-dependent empirical correlations for the activity coefficient of the solute protein, for the equilibrium constant of the self-dimerization process and for the shielding factor could be set up and ultimately incorporated into the SAS-SMA model. This pH-dependent SAS-SMA model was thus able to simulate anti-Langmuir behavior over extended ranges of pH, counterion concentration, and column loading. The model was confirmed by experimental verification of simulated linear pH gradient elutions up to a load of 75.0 mgbsAb/mLresin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Seelinger
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Felix Wittkopp
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Frech
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.
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2
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Trunov D, Muzika F, Kříž A, Štětina J, Sedlářová I, Dendisová M, Hassouna F, Šoóš M. Ambient-temperature porogen-free method for preparation of silica-based macroporous materials. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Paladii IV, Vrabie EG, Sprinchan KG, Bologa MK. Whey: Review. Part 2. Treatment Processes and Methods. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375521060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Rakotondravao HM, Ishizuka N, Sakakibara K, Wada R, Ichihashi E, Takahashi R, Takai T, Horiuchi JI, Kumada Y. Characterization of a macroporous epoxy-polymer based resin for the ion-exchange chromatography of therapeutic proteins. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462503. [PMID: 34520891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the adsorption capacity and mass transfer properties of a novel macroporous epoxy-polymer-based anion-exchanger, MPR Q, for the efficient separation of therapeutic proteins. MPR Q resin was prepared by phase separation based on spinodal decomposition followed by dextran grafting and ligand conjugation. Under static conditions, MPR Q exhibited a binding capacity of 49.8 mg-IgG/cm3-resin at pH 10, whereas the fastest adsorption was observed among the anion-exchanger resins tested. Inverse size-exclusion chromatography (iSEC) experiments revealed that the apparent pore diameter of MPR Q was approximately 90 nm, which was sufficiently large for the penetration of human IgG and bovine IgM. Moreover, the reduced height equivalent to a theoretical plate, h, of human IgG, determined using the linear gradient elution method was 65.8 and was not significantly changed in the range of linear velocities from 20.37 to 50.93 cm/min. The dynamic binding capacity at 10% breakthrough of MPR Q, determined by frontal analysis, exhibited a capacity of 43.8 mg/cm3 at 5.09 cm/min and 58% of DBC10% was maintained even though the linear velocity was increased to 50.93 cm/min. Furthermore, a resolution for separation of IgG and BSA by MPR Q was 1.06 at 5.09 cm/min, while it was higher than that for the conventional resin at all linear velocities from 5.09 cm/min to 50.93 cm/min. Thus, it was suggested that the MPR Q developed in this study is a promising resin that can efficiently separate large biomacromolecules such as human IgG at higher velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norio Ishizuka
- Emaus Kyoto, Inc., 26 Saiinnishida-Cho, Ukyo, Kyoto 615-0055, Japan
| | - Keita Sakakibara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Ryota Wada
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC Co., Ltd., 59 Yonnotsubo-Cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0033, Japan
| | - Emi Ichihashi
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC Co., Ltd., 59 Yonnotsubo-Cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0033, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC Co., Ltd., 59 Yonnotsubo-Cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0033, Japan
| | - Takatomo Takai
- Kyoto Research Laboratories, YMC Co., Ltd., 59 Yonnotsubo-Cho Iwakuraminami, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0033, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Horiuchi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashigami-Cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Other, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kumada
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashigami-Cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Other, 606-8585, Japan.
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5
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Winderl J, Neumann E, Hubbuch J. Exploration of fiber-based cation exchange adsorbents for the removal of monoclonal antibody aggregates. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462451. [PMID: 34399144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cation exchange chromatography (CEX) is a widely used technique for the removal of monoclonal antibody (mAb) aggregates. At present, resins are mainly used for this purpose, as convective types of adsorbents such as membrane adsorbers (MAs) have often not demonstrated overall comparable performance for this particular application. Fiber-based adsorbents can overcome the current limitations of MAs with respect to permeability, binding capacity, and adsorbent cost, and could therefore be a viable alternative to resins for the removal of mAb aggregates. It has not been evaluated, however, whether and under which conditions the use of such adsorbents is feasible for this purpose. In the present study, the use of fiber-based CEX adsorbents for mAb aggregate removal was examined. Two types of fiber-based adsorbents, an uncontrolled grafted and a controlled grafted fiber-based adsorbent, were evaluated with respect to permeability, dynamic mAb binding capacity (DBC), resolution capabilities, and the performance in bind and elute (B/E) and frontal chromatography mode with respect to typical performance indicators. The permeabilities of the fiber-based adsorbents ranged from 200 to 1700 mD, making it possible to use the fiber-based adsorbents at larger bed heights than membrane adsorbers with fast mobile phase velocities. Antibody DBCs ranged from 20 to 41 g/L at 150 cm/h, and at higher mobile phase velocities exceeded the DBC of an existing resin material, Poros 50 HS, which has frequently been used for aggregate removal. Both fiber types showed good resolution capabilities of monomer and aggregates, and provided better resolution per column length than Poros 50 HS. Typical purity and yield constraints were fulfilled for both fiber types in both B/E and frontal chromatography mode for mobile phase velocities ranging up to 480 cm/h and 1060 cm/h. The overall performance of the controlled grafted fibers was found to be superior to the performance of uncontrolled grafted fiber-based adsorbents due to higher productivity and lower buffer consumption. The overall performance of the fiber-based adsorbents was found to be comparable to the performance of Poros 50 HS at typical operating conditions. The results in this study indicate that the use of fiber-based adsorbents for mAb aggregate removal is feasible with a performance that is comparable to the performance of an existing resin material. Depending on the cost of the adsorbents and the use scenario, the usage of such adsorbents could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Winderl
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Eric Neumann
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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6
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Wilson JF, Trunov D, Šrom O, Štětina J, Hassouna F, Kosek J, Šoóš M. Temperature modulated polymer nanoparticle bonding: A numerical and experimental study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Maier RS, Schure MR. Transport properties and size exclusion effects in wide-pore superficially porous particles. Chem Eng Sci 2018; 185:243-255. [PMID: 30613108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hydrodynamic radius on the transport of solute molecules in packed beds of wide-pore superficially porous particles (SPP) are studied using pore-scale simulation. The free molecular diffusion rate varies with radius through the Stokes-Einstein relation. Lattice Boltzmann and Langevin methods are used to model fluid motion and the transport of an ensemble of solute molecules in the fluid, providing statistics on solute concentration, flux, molecule age and residence time, as a function of depth in the SPP. Intraparticle effective diffusion and bed dispersion coefficients are calculated and correlated with the hydrodynamic radius and accessible porosity. The relative importance of convection and diffusion are found to depend on the molecule (tracer) size through the diffusion rate, and convection effects are more significant for larger, slower-diffusing molecules. When larger molecules are utilized, the intraparticle concentration is reduced in proportion to the local particle porosity, leading to a natural definition of the accessible porosity used in size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Although the pore shape is complex, the SEC constant K can be calculated directly from simulation. Simulation demonstrates that the effective diffusion coefficient is elevated near the particle hull, which is largely open to interstitial flow, and decreases with depth into the particle. All molecules studied here have transport access to the entire particle depth, although the accessible volume at a given depth depends on their size. The first passage time into the particle is well predicted by the diffusion rate, but residence time is influenced by convection, shortening the average visit duration. These results are of interest in "perfusion" chromatography where convection is thought to increase separation efficiency for large biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Maier
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0132, USA
| | - Mark R Schure
- Theoretical Separation Science Laboratory, Kroungold Analytical Inc., 1299 Butler Pike, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
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8
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Cingolani A, Baur D, Caimi S, Storti G, Morbidelli M. Preparation of perfusive chromatographic materials via shear-induced reactive gelation. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1538:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Intraparticle and interstitial flow in wide-pore superficially porous and fully porous particles. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Wagner BM, Schuster SA, Boyes BE, Shields TJ, Miles WL, Haynes MJ, Moran RE, Kirkland JJ, Schure MR. Superficially porous particles with 1000Å pores for large biomolecule high performance liquid chromatography and polymer size exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:75-85. [PMID: 28213987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate mass transport and column efficiency, solutes must have free access to particle pores to facilitate interactions with the stationary phase. To ensure this feature, particles should be used for HPLC separations which have pores sufficiently large to accommodate the solute without restricted diffusion. This paper describes the design and properties of superficially porous (also called Fused-Core®, core shell or porous shell) particles with very large (1000Å) pores specifically developed for separating very large biomolecules and polymers. Separations of DNA fragments, monoclonal antibodies, large proteins and large polystyrene standards are used to illustrate the utility of these particles for efficient, high-resolution applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Wagner
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Rd., Ste. 1-K, Quillen Bldg, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
| | - Stephanie A Schuster
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Rd., Ste. 1-K, Quillen Bldg, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA.
| | - Barry E Boyes
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Rd., Ste. 1-K, Quillen Bldg, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
| | - Taylor J Shields
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Rd., Ste. 1-K, Quillen Bldg, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
| | - William L Miles
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Rd., Ste. 1-K, Quillen Bldg, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
| | - Mark J Haynes
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Rd., Ste. 1-K, Quillen Bldg, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
| | - Robert E Moran
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Rd., Ste. 1-K, Quillen Bldg, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
| | - Joseph J Kirkland
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Rd., Ste. 1-K, Quillen Bldg, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
| | - Mark R Schure
- Theoretical Separation Science Laboratory, Kroungold Analytical, Inc., 1299 Butler Pike, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
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11
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López AB, de la Cal JC, Asua JM. Direct Synthesis of Fractal Polymer Dispersions by Miniemulsion Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28117502 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fractal colloids, which find applications in the preparation of advanced materials, are currently synthesized by means of a multistep procedure that yields a low solids content dispersion. This is not well suited for certain applications such as superhydrophobic coatings. In this work, a one-step method for the synthesis of higher solids content waterborne fractal polymer dispersions is presented and it is shown that the surfaces obtained from the fractal dispersions are superhydrophobic (contact angle, θ > 150°) which is beyond the current waterborne coating technology (θ = 130°-137°). This opens the possibility for the large-scale production of waterborne superhydrophobic coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B López
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | - José C de la Cal
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | - José M Asua
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
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12
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Khalaf R, Coquebert de Neuville B, Morbidelli M. Protein adsorption in polyelectrolyte brush type cation-exchangers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1471:126-137. [PMID: 27769533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange chromatography materials functionalized with polyelectrolyte brushes (PEB) are becoming an integral part of many protein purification steps. Adsorption onto these materials is different than that onto traditional materials, due to the 3D partitioning of proteins into the polyelectrolyte brushes. Despite this mechanistic difference, many works have described the chromatographic behavior of proteins on polyelectrolyte brush type ion exchangers with much of the same methods as used for traditional materials. In this work, unconventional chromatographic behavior on polyelectrolyte brush type materials is observed for several proteins: the peaks shapes reveal first anti-Langmuirian and then Langmuirian types of interactions, with increasing injection volumes. An experimental and model based description of these materials is carried out in order to explain this behavior. The reason for this behavior is shown to be the 3D partitioning of proteins into the polyelectrolyte brushes: proteins that fully and readily utilize the 3D structure of the PEB phase during adsorption show this behavior, whereas those that do not show traditional ion exchange behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushd Khalaf
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Lazzari S, Nicoud L, Jaquet B, Lattuada M, Morbidelli M. Fractal-like structures in colloid science. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 235:1-13. [PMID: 27233526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims at reviewing our current understanding of fractal structures in the frame of colloid aggregation as well as the possibility they offer to produce novel structured materials. In particular, the existing techniques to measure and compute the fractal dimension df are critically discussed based on the cases of organic/inorganic particles and proteins. Then the aggregation conditions affecting df are thoroughly analyzed, pointing out the most recent literature findings and the limitations of our current understanding. Finally, the importance of the fractal dimension in applications is discussed along with possible directions for the production of new structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lazzari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - L Nicoud
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Jaquet
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg,, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Brand B, Morbidelli M, Soos M. Shear-Induced Reactive Gelation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:12727-12735. [PMID: 26488233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe a method for the production of porous polymer materials in the form of particles characterized by narrow pore size distribution using the principle of shear-induced reactive gelation. Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) primary particles with diameter ranging from 80 to 200 nm are used as building blocks, which are assembled into fractal-like clusters when exposed to high shear rates generated in a microchannel. It was found that independent of the primary particle size, it is possible to modulate the internal structure of formed fractal-like aggregates having fractal dimension ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 by varying the residence time in the microchannel. Thermally induced postpolymerization was used to increase the mechanical resilience of such formed clusters. Primary particle interpenetration was observed by SEM and confirmed by light scattering resulting in an increase of fractal dimension. Nitrogen sorption measurements and mercury porosimetry confirmed formation of a porous material with surface area ranging from 20 to 40 m(2)/g characterized by porosity of 70% and narrow pore size distribution with an average diameter around 700 nm without the presence of any micropores. The strong perfusive character of the synthesized material was confirmed by the existence of a plateau of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate measured at high reduced velocities using a chromatographic column packed with the synthesized microclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Brand
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Application of polymeric macroporous supports for temperature-responsive chromatography of pharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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