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García-García S, Matilla-González H, Peña J, del Nogal Sánchez M, Casas-Ferreira AM, Pérez Pavón JL. Determination of Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine Using Automated Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013089. [PMID: 36293669 PMCID: PMC9602966 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A fast methodology for the determination of monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine using a fully automated microextraction by packed sorbent coupled to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer is reported. Sample preparation requires simple hydrolysis, centrifugation, filtration, and dilution. The method does not require a derivatization step prior to analysis with gas chromatography and allows the measurement of up to three samples per hour after hydrolysis. Quantitation is carried out by a one-point standard addition allowing the determination of 6 analytes with good limits of detection (10.1-39.6 ng L-1 in water and 0.5-19.4 µg L-1 in urine), accuracy (88-110%) and precision (2.1-23.4% in water and 5.1-19.0% in urine) values. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of six urine samples (three from smoker and three from non-smoker subjects), finding significant differences between both types of samples. Results were similar to those found in the literature for similar samples, which proves the applicability of the methodology.
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A Sensitive LC–MS/MS Method for the Quantification of 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in Urine-Exposure Assessment in Smokers and Users of Potentially Reduced-Risk Products. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a human carcinogen, is formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter such as tobacco. A suitable biomarker of exposure is the monohydroxylated metabolite 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BaP). We developed a sensitive LC–MS/MS (liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) method for the quantification of urinary 3-OH-BaP. The method was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline for bioanalytical method validation and showed excellent results in terms of accuracy, precision, and sensitivity (lower limit of quantification (LLOQ): 50 pg/L). The method was applied to urine samples derived from a controlled clinical study to compare exposure from cigarette smoking to the use of potentially reduced-risk products. Urinary 3-OH-BaP concentrations were significantly higher in smokers of conventional cigarettes (149 pg/24 h) compared to users of potentially reduced-risk products as well as non-users (99% < LLOQ in these groups). In conclusion, 3-OH-BaP is a suitable biomarker to assess the exposure to BaP in non-occupationally exposed populations and to distinguish not only cigarette smokers from non-smokers but also from users of potentially reduced-risk products.
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Sun L, Zhu S, Zheng Z, Sun J, Zhao XE, Liu H. 9-Plex ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of free hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human plasma and urine. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Luo K, Gao Q, Hu J. Determination of 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene Glucuronide/Sulfate Conjugates in Human Urine and Their Association with 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1367-1373. [PMID: 31204473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBaP) is a preferable biomarker to assess human exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a sensitive and simple method is lacking. In this study, a specific and sensitive method based on liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for direct analysis of 3-OHBaP glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in human urine samples without enzymatic hydrolysis. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.06 ng L-1 for BaP-3-sulfate (BaP-3-S) and 0.16 ng L-1 for BaP-3-glucuronide (BaP-3-G), which showed high sensitivity. Both compounds showed excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99) in the range of 0.01-10 μg L-1 in the instrumental calibration. The absolute recoveries of the target analytes spiked in human urine for the entire analytical procedure were 68.3 ± 4.96% (mean ± SD) and 63.7 ± 5.47% for BaP-3-S and BaP-3-G, respectively. This method was applied to quantify BaP-3-G and BaP-3-S in 150 urine samples collected from healthy volunteers. The mean concentration of BaP-3-S was 0.67 ng g-1 creatinine (<LOD to 10.20 ng g-1 creatinine), about 10-fold lower than that of BaP-3-G (6.73 ng g-1 creatinine, < LOD to 52.64 ng g-1 creatinine). For comparison, we also detected the concentration of free 3-OHBaP in 15 randomly selected samples without enzymatic hydrolysis and found at least >98% of 3-OHBaP is excreted mainly in these two conjugated forms in human urine. A statistically significant positive association was observed between urinary 3-OHBaP conjugates and urinary 8-OHdG levels (p < 0.001) in the general population. This study developed a sensitive and simple method to determine urinary glucuronide/sulfate conjugated BaP metabolites and for the first time found that BaP exposure associated with 8-OHdG levels in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Qun Gao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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Development of the LC-MS/MS method for determining the p-cresol level in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 167:149-154. [PMID: 30772758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
p-Cresol is a protein-bound uremic retention solute that originates in the intestine through bacterial metabolism and accumulates throughout the body in case of kidney failure. To date, there has been no method to analyze unconjugated p-cresol concentration in the blood with a limit of detection lower than 75 pg. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of unconjugated p-cresol in plasma with a lower detection limit than what has been determined using previously described methods. Sample preparation included derivatization of p-cresol with dansyl chloride (derivatization reagent) showed to be a better approach to analyze the compound. The method optimization involved various pH, time of the reaction, and concentration of derivatization reagent. The validation process was performed according to the procedures prescribed by the European Medicines Agency. All analyzed validation criteria were fulfilled. The novel validated method was applied to compare the level of p-cresol in patients with chronic renal failure before and after dialysis (n = 24). Additionally, the concentration of p-cresol was determined in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (n = 23). The established method can be used for determination of p-cresol in the plasma in further clinical research.
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Dugheri S, Bonari A, Gentili M, Cappelli G, Pompilio I, Bossi C, Arcangeli G, Campagna M, Mucci N. High-Throughput Analysis of Selected Urinary Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by an Innovative Automated Solid-Phase Microextraction. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081869. [PMID: 30050023 PMCID: PMC6222761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening of samples is the strategy of choice to detect occupational exposure biomarkers, yet it requires a user-friendly apparatus that gives relatively prompt results while ensuring high degrees of selectivity, precision, accuracy and automation, particularly in the preparation process. Miniaturization has attracted much attention in analytical chemistry and has driven solvent and sample savings as easier automation, the latter thanks to the introduction on the market of the three axis autosampler. In light of the above, this contribution describes a novel user-friendly solid-phase microextraction (SPME) off- and on-line platform coupled with gas chromatography and triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry to determine urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1- and 2-hydroxy-naphthalene, 9-hydroxy-phenanthrene, 1-hydroxy-pyrene, 3- and 9-hydroxy-benzoantracene, and 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene. In this new procedure, chromatography’s sensitivity is combined with the user-friendliness of N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide on-fiber SPME derivatization using direct immersion sampling; moreover, specific isotope-labelled internal standards provide quantitative accuracy. The detection limits for the seven OH-PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 4.52 ng/L. Intra-(from 2.5 to 3.0%) and inter-session (from 2.4 to 3.9%) repeatability was also evaluated. This method serves to identify suitable risk-control strategies for occupational hygiene conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Matteo Gentili
- Giotto Biotech Srl, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Pompilio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Costanza Bossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554 bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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Zhou Y, Yang Q, Cuan J, Wang Y, Gan N, Cao Y, Li T. A pyrene-involved luminescent MOF for monitoring 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker for human intoxication of PAH carcinogens. Analyst 2018; 143:3628-3634. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00909k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A robust pyrene-involved MOF is developed as a luminescent platform for sensitive detection of 1-hydroxypyrene, a human intoxication biomarker of PAH carcinogens, by utilizing the efficient host–guest π–π charge transfer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Qian Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Jing Cuan
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials
- School of Mechanical
- Materials and Mechatronics Engineering
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
| | - Yanan Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Ning Gan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Tianhua Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
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Facile preparation of hexadecyl-functionalized magnetic core-shell microsphere for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental waters. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3337-3346. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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HPLC-fast scanning fluorimetric detection determination of risk exposure to polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons biomarkers in human urine. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:265-278. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: An HPLC method for the determination of 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHF), various hydroxyphenanthrene metabolites (1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, OHPhs), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPy) and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHB[a]Py) in human urine, has been developed using fast scanning fluorimetric detection and gradient elution mode. Materials & methods: All reagents were of analytical grade. Standard solutions were prepared separately, by exact weighing or dilution with ultrapure acetonitrile, and were stored at 4 ºC in darkness. The standard addition method was used for the analysis of urine samples. Results: In the optimized conditions, 2- and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene metabolites eluted at the same retention time; however, all other hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were well resolved. Multi-emission detection allows us to monitor each metabolite at its most sensitivity emission wavelength. Detection limits ranged between 0.9 and 4.26 ng ml-1. Conclusion: Fortified urine samples of nonexposure and nonsmoker volunteers, previous precipitation step with acetonitrile, were used to test the proposed method. The obtained results confirm the goodness of the method.
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10
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Toriba A. Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Japan
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11
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Raponi F, Bauleo L, Ancona C, Forastiere F, Paci E, Pigini D, Tranfo G. Quantification of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 6-hydroxynitropyrene by HPLC-MS/MS in human urine as exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational surveys. Biomarkers 2016; 22:575-583. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Raponi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) Viterbo, University of Tuscia, Italy
| | - Lisa Bauleo
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Carla Ancona
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
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12
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Zhang H, Lu H, Huang H, Liu J, Fang X, Yuan BF, Feng YQ, Chen H. Quantification of 1-hydroxypyrene in undiluted human urine samples using magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 926:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Woudneh MB, Benskin JP, Grace R, Hamilton M, Magee BH, Hoeger GC, Forsberg ND, Cosgrove JR. Quantitative determination of hydroxy polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons as a biomarker of exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Hu H, Liu B, Yang J, Lin Z, Gan W. Sensitive determination of trace urinary 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene using ionic liquids-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by chemical derivatization and high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1027:200-6. [PMID: 27294533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBaP) is widely used as a biomarker for assessing carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene exposure risks. However, monitoring urinary 3-OHBaP suffers from an insufficient sensitivity due to the pg/mL level in urine excretion. In this study, a sensitive method for determination trace urinary 3-OHBaP was developed, involving enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, ionic liquids dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) enrichment, derivatization with dansyl chloride and HPLC-HRMS/MS analysis in the positive ion mode. Using IL-DLLME makes the enrichment of trace 3-OHBaP very simple, time-saving, efficiency and environmentally-friendly. To enhanced HPLC-HRMS/MS response, an MS-friendly dansyl group was introduced to increase the ionization and fragmentation efficiency. The optimal IL-DLLME extraction parameters and derivatization reaction conditions were investigated. Good linearity was obtained over a concentration range of 0.6-50.0pg/mL with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.9918. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.2pg/mL and 0.58pg/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 92.0±4.2% with the intra-day and inter-day RSD values ranged from 2.2% to 3.8% and from 3.3% to 6.8%, respectively. The proposed IL-DLLME-Dansylation-HPLC-HRMS/MS method was successfully applied to determine urinary 3-OHBaP of non-occupational exposed smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Baizhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cigarette Smoke Research of China National Tobacco Corporation, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Zuomin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Wuer Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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Lankova D, Urbancova K, Sram RJ, Hajslova J, Pulkrabova J. A novel strategy for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon monohydroxylated metabolites in urine using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2515-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Yuan G, Peng H, Huang C, Hu J. Ubiquitous Occurrence of Fluorotelomer Alcohols in Eco-Friendly Paper-Made Food-Contact Materials and Their Implication for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:942-50. [PMID: 26655429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) was investigated in 94 food-contact materials (FCMs). We detected 6:2 FTOH (<0.60-1110 ng/g), 8:2 FTOH (<0.40-8490 ng/g), and 10:2 FTOH (<0.02-9350 ng/g) in most FCM samples, and four longer-chain C14-20 FTOHs were, for the first time, identified in FCMs with relatively high concentrations (<0.02-8450 ng/g for 12:2 FTOH, <0.02-1640 ng/g for 14:2 FTOH, <0.02-372 ng/g for 16:2 FTOH, and <0.02-130 ng/g for 18:2 FTOH). There were three typical profiles of FTOHs that were dominated by 6:2 FTOH (95.6 ± 8.1% in 9 FCMs), 8:2 FTOH (50.9 ± 20.8% in 22 FCMs), and 10:2 FTOH (44.5 ± 20.9% in 30 FCMs), indicating the congener-specific usage of FTOHs for different commercial purposes. All nine detectable FCMs produced in the United States were dominated by 6:2 FTOH, which was significantly different from those produced in China. The median concentration of total FTOHs in eco-friendly paper tableware was 2990 ng/g, which was lower than in popcorn bags (18 200 ng/g) but much higher than other FCMs (<0.55-38.7 ng/g). FTOHs could migrate from paper bowls, with migration efficiencies of 0.004-0.24% into water, 0.004-0.24% into 10% ethanol, 0.009-2.79% into 30% ethanol, 0.06-13.0% into 50% ethanol (v/v) simulants, and 0.04-2.28% into oil. Migration efficiencies decreased with increasing carbon chain lengths of FTOHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxiang Yuan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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