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Wang M, Zhang W, Yang L, Li Y, Zheng H, Dou H. Flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multidetector: A robust approach for the separation and characterization of resistant starch. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101267. [PMID: 38468634 PMCID: PMC10926298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique properties of resistant starch (RS) have made it applicable in the formulation of a broad range of functional foods. The physicochemical properties of RS play a crucial role in its applications. Recently, flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) has attracted increasing interest in the separation and characterization of different categories of RS. In this review, an overview of the theory behind FlFFF is introduced, and the controllable factors, including FlFFF channel design, sample separation conditions, and the choice of detector, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the applications of FlFFF for the separation and characterization of RS at both the granule and molecule levels are critically reviewed. The aim of this review is to equip readers with a fundamental understanding of the theoretical principle of FlFFF and to highlight the potential for expanding the application of RS through the valuable insights gained from FlFFF coupled with multidetector analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yueqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hailiang Zheng
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Haiyang Dou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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Guo Y, Ye H, Wang H, Wang Q, Fan S, Dou H. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation combined with ultrafiltration: A novel and high-efficiency approach for separation, purification, and characterization of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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A Study on Aqueous Dispersing of Carbon Black Nanoparticles Surface-Coated with Styrene Maleic Acid (SMA) Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245455. [PMID: 36559821 PMCID: PMC9784996 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon black (CB) particles tend to aggregate in aqueous solutions, and finding an optimum dispersing condition (e.g., selection of the type of dispersant) is one of the important tasks in related industries. In the present study, three types of styrene maleic acid (SMA) copolymer dispersants were synthesized, labeled respectively 'SMA-1000', 'SMA-2000', and 'SMA-3000', which have 1, 2, and 3 styrene groups in their repeating units. Then, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) was employed to measure the particle size distributions of the aqueous CB dispersions. For the particle size analysis of the CB dispersions, dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed relatively lower reproducibility than AsFlFFF. AsFlFFF showed that the use of SMA-3000 yielded a CB dispersion with the most uniform particle size distribution. When the SMA-3000 dispersant was used, the particle size tended to increase after 1 h of milling as the milling time increased, probably due to the re-agglomeration of the particles by excessive milling. The particle size distributions from AsFlFFF were consistent with the colorimetric observations. With the SMA-3000 dispersant, the lowest L∗ value was observed after 1 h of milling. The AsFlFFF and colorimetric analyses suggest that a stable CB dispersion can be obtained by either 3-h of milling with the SMA-2000 or 1-h of milling with the SMA-3000.
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Plavchak CL, Smith WC, Bria CRM, Williams SKR. New Advances and Applications in Field-Flow Fractionation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:257-279. [PMID: 33770457 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-052742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of techniques that was created especially for separating and characterizing macromolecules, nanoparticles, and micrometer-sized analytes. It is coming of age as new nanomaterials, polymers, composites, and biohybrids with remarkable properties are introduced and new analytical challenges arise due to synthesis heterogeneities and the motivation to correlate analyte properties with observed performance. Appreciation of the complexity of biological, pharmaceutical, and food systems and the need to monitor multiple components across many size scales have also contributed to FFF's growth. This review highlights recent advances in FFF capabilities, instrumentation, and applications that feature the unique characteristics of different FFF techniques in determining a variety of information, such as averages and distributions in size, composition, shape, architecture, and microstructure and in investigating transformations and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Plavchak
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| | - William C Smith
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| | | | - S Kim Ratanathanawongs Williams
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
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Nwoko KC, Liang X, Perez MA, Krupp E, Gadd GM, Feldmann J. Characterisation of selenium and tellurium nanoparticles produced by Aureobasidium pullulans using a multi-method approach. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462022. [PMID: 33714080 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans was grown in liquid culture media amended with selenite and tellurite and selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) nanoparticles (NPs) were recovered after 30 d incubation. A separation method was applied to recover and characterise Se and Te NPs by asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4) with online coupling to multi-angle light scattering (MALS), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detectors. Additional characterisation data was obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Solutions of 0.2% Novachem surfactant and 10 mM phosphate buffer were compared as mobile phases to investigate optimal AF4 separation and particle recovery using Se-NP as a model sample. 88% recovery was reported for 0.2% Novachem solution, compared with 50% recovery for phosphate buffer. Different crossflow (Cflow) rates were compared to further investigate optimum separation, with recoveries of 88% and 30% for Se-NPs, and 90% and 29% for Te-NPs for 3.5 mL min-1 and 2.5 mL min-1 respectively. Zeta-potential (ZP) data suggested higher stability for NP elution in Novachem solution, with increased stability attributed to minimised NP-membrane interaction due to PEGylation. Detection with MALS showed monodisperse Se-NPs (45-90 nm) and polydisperse Te-NPs (5-65 nm).Single particle ICP-MS showed mean particle diameters of 49.7 ± 2.7 nm, and 135 ± 4.3 nm, and limit of size detection (LOSD) of 20 nm and 45 nm for Se-NPs and Te-NPs respectively. TEM images of Se-NPs and Te-NPs displayed a spherical morphology, with the Te-NPs showing a clustered arrangement, which suggested electrostatic attraction amongst neighbouring particles. Particle hydrodynamic diameters (dH) measured with dynamic light scattering (DLS) further suggested monodisperse Se-NPs and polydisperse Te-NPs distributions, showing good agreement with AF4-MALS for Se-NPs, but suggests that the Rg obtained from AF4-MALS for Te-NP was unreliable. The results demonstrate a complementary application of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), ICP-MS, light scattering, UV-Vis detection, and microscopic techniques to characterise biogenic Se and Te NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Nwoko
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratories, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom.
| | - Xinjin Liang
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Magali Amj Perez
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratories, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Krupp
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratories, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, College of Science and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratories, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom; Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Alasonati E, Caebergs T, Pétry J, Sebaïhi N, Fisicaro P, Feltin N. Size measurement of silica nanoparticles by Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering: A comparison exercise between two metrological institutes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461859. [PMID: 33465582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present a comparison exercise between two metrological institutes for size measurement of silica nanoparticles by Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) coupled to static light scattering. The work has been performed in the frame of a French inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) exercise organized by the nanoMetrology Club (CnM). The general aim of this multi-technique comparison was to improve the measurement process for each technique, after establishing a well-defined measurement procedure. The results obtained by two national metrological institutes (NMIs), the LNE (France) and the SMD (Belgium) by AF4-UV-DRI-MALS will be presented and discussed. Three different samples were characterized: the reference material ERM®-FD304, which is a suspension of colloidal silica in aqueous solution and two silica bimodal samples consisting of two populations of SiO2 nanoparticles of unknown size in aqueous solution, with different populations' ratios. The procedure for the preparation of the sample before the analysis, and main separation parameters have been previously defined between the two institutes and will be described. The principals measured parameters were the weight-average (dge_w), number-average (dge_n) and z-average (dge_z) geometric diameter; the average hydrodynamic diameter (dh); and the diameter obtained by external calibration using polystyrene latex standards (dcal). Results between the two NMIs were comparable and coherent with the expected size values of those obtained by other techniques like Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) also involved in this ILC exercise. Where discrepancies are observed, they leave the results compatible within their uncertainties and underpin the challenges in analysing data and reporting results, making AF4 a powerful tool to compare to other measurement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Alasonati
- Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75015 Paris, France; LNE Nanotech Institut, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 29 av. Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France.
| | - Thierry Caebergs
- FPS Economy, DG Quality and Safety, Metrology Division (SMD), Bvd du Roi Albert II, 16 - 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jasmine Pétry
- FPS Economy, DG Quality and Safety, Metrology Division (SMD), Bvd du Roi Albert II, 16 - 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Noham Sebaïhi
- FPS Economy, DG Quality and Safety, Metrology Division (SMD), Bvd du Roi Albert II, 16 - 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75015 Paris, France; LNE Nanotech Institut, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 29 av. Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France.
| | - Nicolas Feltin
- LNE Nanotech Institut, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 29 av. Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France.
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Chen X, Zhang W, Dou Y, Song T, Shen S, Dou H. Applications of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation for separation and characterization of polysaccharides: A review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461726. [PMID: 33250160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the most abundant natural biopolymers on the earth and are widely used in food, medicine, materials, cosmetics, and other fields. The physicochemical properties of polysaccharides such as particle size and molecular weight often affect their practical applications. In recent years, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) has been widely used in the separation and characterization of polysaccharides because it has no stationary phases or packing materials, which reduces the risk of shear degradation of polysaccharides. In this review, the principle of AF4 was introduced briefly. The operation conditions of AF4 for the analysis of polysaccharides were discussed. The applications of AF4 for the separation and characterization of polysaccharides from different sources (plants, animals, and microorganisms) over the last decade were critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuwei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Tiange Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shigang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Haiyang Dou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China.
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Wang Y, Cuss C, Shotyk W. Application of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation to the study of aquatic systems: Coupled methods, challenges, and future needs. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1632:461600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Maknun L, Sumranjit J, Siripinyanond A. Use of flow field-flow fractionation and single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for size determination of selenium nanoparticles in a mixture. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6423-6435. [PMID: 35495991 PMCID: PMC9049635 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Various analytical techniques have been used for size analysis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). These include flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF), single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For hydrodynamic diameter estimation, the FlFFF technique was used and the results were compared with those analyzed by DLS. For core diameter estimation, the results obtained from SP-ICP-MS were compared with those from TEM. Two types of FlFFF channel were employed, i.e., symmetrical FlFFF (Sy-FlFFF) and asymmetrical FlFFF (Asy-FlFFF). Considering the use of FlFFF, optimization was performed on a Sy-FlFFF channel to select the most appropriate carrier liquid and membrane in order to minimize problems due to particle membrane interaction. The use of FL-70 and 10 kDa RC provided an acceptable compromise peak quality and size accuracy for all samples of SeNPs which were coated by proteins (positively charged SeNPs) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (negatively charged SeNPs). FlFFF always yielded the lower estimate of the hydrodynamic size than DLS as a reference method. The results obtained by SP-ICP-MS were consistent with the TEM method for the core diameter estimation. The results from FlFFF and the DLS reference method were significantly different as confirmed by paired t-test analysis, while the results provided by SP-ICP-MS and the TEM reference method were not significantly different. Furthermore, consecutive size analysis by SP-ICP-MS for the fractions collected from FlFFF was proposed for sizing of SeNP mixtures. The combined technique helps to improve the size analysis in the complex samples and shows more advantages than using only SP-ICP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luluil Maknun
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand +66-2-354-7151 +66-2-201-5195
| | - Jitapa Sumranjit
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency 111 Phahonyothin Rd., Klongluang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Atitaya Siripinyanond
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Rama VI Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand +66-2-354-7151 +66-2-201-5195
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Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation on Virus and Virus-Like Particle Applications. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110555. [PMID: 31726671 PMCID: PMC6921026 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) separates sample components based on their sizes in the absence of a stationary phase. It is well suited for high molecular weight samples such as virus-sized particles. The AF4 experiment can potentially separate molecules within a broad size range (~103−109 Da; particle diameter from 2 nm to 0.5−1 μm). When coupled to light scattering detectors, it enables rapid assays on the size, size distribution, degradation, and aggregation of the studied particle populations. Thus, it can be used to study the quality of purified viruses and virus-like particles. In addition to being an advanced analytical characterization technique, AF4 can be used in a semi-preparative mode. Here, we summarize and provide examples on the steps that need optimization for obtaining good separation with the focus on virus-sized particles.
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Nwoko KC, Raab A, Cheyne L, Dawson D, Krupp E, Feldmann J. Matrix-dependent size modifications of iron oxide nanoparticles (Ferumoxytol) spiked into rat blood cells and plasma: Characterisation with TEM, AF4-UV-MALS-ICP-MS/MS and spICP-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:356-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wang J, Shen Q, Zhang W, Guo P, Li Y, Mao Z, Zhang X, Shen S, Dou H. Study on effect of salting process on egg yolk plasma using AF4 combined with ATR-FTIR and DSC. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Field flow fractionation techniques to explore the “nano-world”. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2501-2518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dou H, Li Y, Choi J, Huo S, Ding L, Shen S, Lee S. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multiple detections: A complementary approach in the characterization of egg yolk plasma. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:165-74. [PMID: 27582461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The capability of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with UV/VIS, multiangle light scattering (MALS) and quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) (AF4-UV-MALS-QELS) for separation and characterization of egg yolk plasma was evaluated. The accuracy of hydrodynamic radius (Rh) obtained from QELS and AF4 theory (using both simplified and full expression of AF4 retention equations) was discussed. The conformation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and its aggregates in egg yolk plasma was discussed based on the ratio of radius of gyration (Rg) to Rh together with the results from bio-transmission electron microscopy (Bio-TEM). The results indicate that the full retention equation is more relevant than simplified version for the Rh determination at high cross flow rate. The Rh from online QELS is reliable only at a specific range of sample concentration. The effect of programmed cross flow rate (linear and exponential decay) on the analysis of egg yolk plasma was also investigated. It was found that the use of an exponentially decaying cross flow rate not only reduces the AF4 analysis time of the egg yolk plasma, but also provides better resolution than the use of either a constant or linearly decaying cross flow rate. A combination of an exponentially decaying cross flow AF4-UV-MALS-QELS and the utilization of full retention equation was proved to be a useful method for the separation and characterization of egg yolk plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Dou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Yueqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jaeyeong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon 305811, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuying Huo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Liang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shigang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Seungho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon 305811, Republic of Korea.
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