1
|
Gherdaoui CE, Bouberka Z, Delbarre JP, Hutin O, Sansano R, Leclercq L, Supiot P, Maschke U. A simple and reliable method for separation of mineral oil/polychlorobiphenyl mixtures. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:182-194. [PMID: 35876087 PMCID: PMC9925900 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were broadly applied worldwide as electrical insulators in transformers and power capacitors, due to their high dielectric constant and non-flammability. They were often added to mineral oils (MOs) and used as dielectric fluids, which are nowadays classified as hazardous waste. Indeed, the Stockholm Convention aims to eliminate the use of equipment with PCB content greater than 0.005 wt-% (=50 ppm) by 2025. Accurate identification and quantification of small traces of PCBs contained in MO thus represent a great analytical challenge. To achieve this goal, a simple, cost-effective and fast chromatographic process was developed to separate PCBs from MO, allowing to obtain reliable data to determine the concentration of PCBs, reduced to 2-3 ppm. Experimental and analytical methods, such as thin layer chromatography, column chromatography as well as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy, were applied to acquire a high level of qualitative and quantitative determination of PCBs in transformer MOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chems Eddine Gherdaoui
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations,
Université de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Maxei Group, Arras, France
| | - Zohra Bouberka
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations,
Université de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des
Matériaux-Catalyse et Environnement, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie
d’Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Supiot
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations,
Université de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Ulrich Maschke
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations,
Université de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laajimi H, Galli F, Patience GS, Schieppati D. Experimental methods in chemical engineering: gas
chromatography‐GC. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hela Laajimi
- Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. “CV”, Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Federico Galli
- Département de génie chimique et génie biotechnologique Université de Sherbrooke 2500, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke Québec Canada
| | - Gregory S. Patience
- Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. “CV”, Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Dalma Schieppati
- Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. “CV”, Montréal Québec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pan Y, Deng FF, Fang Z, Chen HJ, Long Z, Hou XD. Integration of cryogenic trap to gas chromatography-sulfur chemiluminescent detection for online analysis of hydrogen gas for volatile sulfur compounds. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
4
|
Ni L, Li S, Ding K, Geng X, Duan C, Guan Y. Enhancement of Chemiluminescence Intensity of S 2* in Non-premixed Hydrogen Microjet Flame in the Photometric Detector for Sulfur Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1969-1975. [PMID: 33427460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A transparent quartz rod (q) placed vertically on top of a non-premixed hydrogen microjet flame in a flame photometric detector (qFPD) was developed and evaluated for sulfur detection. The microjet flame burned around the quartz rod because of Coanda effect, forming an extended downstream flame zone with a relatively low temperature between 550 and 650 °C, which is favorable to the formation of S2*. The emission intensity of S2* and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of sulfur response were enhanced 2.6- and 2.1-fold, respectively. It was found that the quartz rod of diameter 4 mm with a tip shape of semicircle placed 6 mm above the nozzle yielded the highest SNR. The limits of detection (LOD) for seven kinds of tested sulfur-containing compounds of qFPD were 0.3-0.5 pg S s-1, which is 5-7 times better than that of commercially available FPD detectors (LOD: 1.6-2.8 pg S s-1). The selectivity of sulfur over carbon was 105 on qFPD when the SNR for the mass flow rate of S and C atoms was ∼3 times. It was the first time that a quartz rod was used vertically on top of a microjet hydrogen-rich flame in FPD to enhance the chemiluminescence of S2* and improve the LOD down to 0.3-0.5 pg S s-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiu Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kun Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xuhui Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunfeng Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ni L, Geng X, Li S, Ning H, Gao Y, Guan Y. A flame photometric detector with a silicon photodiode assembly for sulfur detection. Talanta 2020; 207:120283. [PMID: 31594573 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A flame photometric detector with a silicon photodiode assembly instead of a photomultiplier tube for sulfur detection was developed and evaluated. The photosensitive area of photodiode, the optical design, and band-pass filters, were optimized. It was found that the optimal photosensitive area of the photodiode was 100 (mm)2, and three focus lenses combined with a broad band-pass filter of 378/52 nm and a QB21 glass yielded the best result. This design fully utilized the wide emission spectrum of S2*, the response characteristics of silicon photodiode, and effective absorption of strong emission spectrums of OH* at wavelength around 310 nm by QB21 glass. The limits of detection for nine kinds of sulfur containing compounds were between 5.8 × 10-12 to 9.5 × 10-12 g s-1. This mode provided a linear response of 3 orders of magnitude for compounds being tested and a selectivity of sulfur over carbon of 105. It is demonstrated for the first time that the overall performance of the flame photometric detector integrated with a silicon photodiode assembly work at room temperature was comparable to a conventional detector coupled with a photomultiplier tube, with advantages of short equilibration time, robust to electromagnetic interference and vibration, and low cost. The new detector can find wide application in gas chromatography and on-line monitoring instruments for sulfur measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiu Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xuhui Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Haijing Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McKelvie KH, Thurbide KB. A Rapid Analytical Method for the Selective Quenching-Free Determination of Thiols by GC-FPD. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Zavahir JS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Molecular spectroscopy – Information rich detection for gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|