1
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Leśko M, Kaczmarski K, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. Prediction of overloaded concentration profiles under ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464704. [PMID: 38330725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, overloaded elution profiles under ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) conditions and accounting for the severe pressure and temperature gradients generated, are compared with experimental data. The model system consisted of an C18 column packed with 1.7-µm particles (i.e., a UHPLC column) and the solute was 1,3,5-tri‑tert-butylbenzene eluted with a mobile phase composed of 85/15 (v/v) acetonitrile/water. Two thermal modes were considered, and the solute was eluted at the very high inlet pressures necessary to achieve a highly efficient and rapid chromatographic process, as provided by using columns packed with small particles. However, the high inlet pressure and high linear velocity of the mobile phase caused the production of a significant amount of heat, and consequently, the formation of axial and radial temperature gradients. Due to these gradients, the retention and the mobile phase velocity were no longer constant. Thus, simple mathematical models consisting only of the mass balance equations are unsuitable to properly model the elution profiles. Here, the elution concentration profiles were predicted using a combined two-dimensional heat and mass transfer model, also including the calculation of the mobile phase velocity distribution. The isotherm adsorption model was the bi-Langmuir isotherm model with Henry constants that depended on the local temperature and pressure in the column. These adjustments allowed us to precisely account for changes in the shape and retention of the overloaded concentration profiles in the mobile phase. The proposed model provided accurate predictions of the overloaded concentration profiles, demonstrating good agreement with experimental profiles eluted under severe pressure and temperature gradients in the column even in the most extreme cases where the pressure drops reached 846 bar and the temperature gradients equaled 0.15 K mm-1 and 0.95 K mm-1 in the axial and the radial directions, respectively. In such cases 36 % decrease of the retention factor was observed along the column and 2 % increase in radial direction. These changes, combined with the velocity distribution, shifted the overloaded elution profile's shock towards the center of the column, advancing approximately 3 mm from its initial position close to the column wall. Ultimately, this resulted in the broadening of the elution band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Leśko
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarski
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, PL-35 959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
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2
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Prediction of surface excess adsorption and retention factors in reversed-phase liquid chromatography from molecular dynamics simulations. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Moussa A, Deridder S, Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Detailed computational fluid dynamics study of the parameters contributing to the viscous heating band broadening in liquid chromatography at pressures up to 2500 bar in 2.1 mm columns. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462683. [PMID: 34883357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years viscous heating band broadening occurring in high pressure liquid chromatography has been studied extensively. In the present numerical study, we investigate the fine details of this band broadening contribution under extreme high-pressure conditions (2500 bar). To analyze the results, we first show that viscous heating leads to two clearly distinguishable band broadening effects, one originating from the radial differences in the species migration velocity and the other from the axial variations. It was found that the radial contribution is independent of the intrinsic band broadening of the bed (i.e. band broadening in absence of viscous heating) while it strongly depends on the radial dispersion coefficient and the retention enthalpy of the analytes. On the other hand, the axial contribution is strongly dependent on the bed intrinsic band broadening and it is found to be 4 to 5 times lower than the radial contribution. We also show the strong effect of the endfittings on the temperature gradients inside the column thus on the resulting viscous heating band broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moussa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sander Deridder
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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4
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Enmark M, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. A Retention-Matching Strategy for Method Transfer in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Introducing the Isomolar Plot Approach. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6385-6393. [PMID: 33844504 PMCID: PMC8153393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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A strategy to match
any retention shifts due to increased or decreased
pressure drop during supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method
transfer is presented. The strategy relies on adjusting the co-solvent
molarity without the need to adjust the back-pressure regulator. Exact
matching can be obtained with minimal changes in separation selectivity.
To accomplish this, we introduce the isomolar plot approach, which
shows the variation in molar co-solvent concentration depending on
the mass fraction of co-solvent, pressure, and temperature, here exemplified
by CO2–methanol. This plot allowed us to unify the
effects of the co-solvent mass fraction and density on retention in
SFC. The approach, which was verified on 12 known empirical retention
models for each enantiomer of six basic pharmaceuticals, allowed us
to numerically calculate the apparent retention factor for any column
pressure drop. The strategy can be implemented either using a mechanistic
approach if retention models are known or empirically by iteratively
adjusting the co-solvent mass fraction. As a rule of thumb for the
empirical approach, we found that the relative mass fraction adjustment
needed is proportional to the relative change in the retention factor
caused by a change in the pressure drop. Different proportionality
constants were required to match retention in the case of increasing
or decreasing pressure drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Enmark
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden
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5
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Gritti F. Perspective on the Future Approaches to Predict Retention in Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5653-5664. [PMID: 33797872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The demand for rapid column screening, computer-assisted method development and method transfer, and unambiguous compound identification by LC/MS analyses has pushed analysts to adopt experimental protocols and software for the accurate prediction of the retention time in liquid chromatography (LC). This Perspective discusses the classical approaches used to predict retention times in LC over the last three decades and proposes future requirements to increase their accuracy. First, inverse methods for retention prediction are essentially applied during screening and gradient method optimization: a minimum number of experiments or design of experiments (DoE) is run to train and calibrate a model (either purely statistical or based on the principles and fundamentals of liquid chromatography) by a mere fitting process. They do not require the accurate knowledge of the true column hold-up volume V0, system dwell volume Vdwell (in gradient elution), and the retention behavior (k versus the content of strong solvent φ, temperature T, pH, and ionic strength I) of the analytes. Their relative accuracy is often excellent below a few percent. Statistical methods are expected to be the most attractive to handle very complex retention behavior such as in mixed-mode chromatography (MMC). Fundamentally correct retention models accounting for the simultaneous impact of φ, I, pH, and T in MMC are needed for method development based on chromatography principles. Second, direct methods for retention prediction are ideally suited for accurate method transfer from one column/system configuration to another: these quality by design (QbD) methods are based on the fundamentals and principles of solid-liquid adsorption and gradient chromatography. No model calibration is necessary; however, they require universal conventions for the accurate determination of true retention factors (for 1 < k < 30) as a function of the experimental variables (φ, T, pH, and I) and of the true column/system parameters (V0, Vdwell, dispersion volume, σ, and relaxation volume, τ, of the programmed gradient profile at the column inlet and gradient distortion at the column outlet). Finally, when the molecular structure of the analytes is either known or assumed, retention prediction has essentially been made on the basis of statistical approaches such as the linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) and the quantitative structure retention relationships (QSRRs): their ability to accurately predict the retention remains limited within 10-30%. They have been combined with molecular similarity approaches (where the retention model is calibrated with compounds having structures similar to that of the targeted analytes) and artificial intelligence algorithms to further improve their accuracy below 10%. In this Perspective, it is proposed to adopt a more rigorous and fundamental approach by considering the very details of the solid-liquid adsorption process: Monte Carlo (MC) or molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are promising tools to explain and interpret retention data that are too complex to be described by either empirical or statistical retention models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
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6
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Assessing effects of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography instrument configuration on dispersion, system pressure, and retention. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461660. [PMID: 33189961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study involves the systematic assessment of the effects of system configuration on dispersion, pressure, and retention characteristics while operating a 1500 bar UHPLC system with 2.1 mm i.d. × 100 mm long columns packed with 1.5 µm core-shell particles in isocratic and gradient mode. Altering the system configuration by changing the i.d. of connection tubing and flow cells affects the elution time, dispersion characteristics, and the kinetic performance limits of the system. The gain in separation efficiency when decreasing tubing i.d. from 100 to 75 µm was found to contribute more to the decrease in separation impedance and the position of the kinetic performance curve than the loss in available column pressure induced by the narrower tubing. When applying steep gradients, characterized by gradient-to-column dead-time ratio < 7, optimizing instrument configuration leads to either a significant time gain factor of 3.9 without compromising peak capacity, or a gain in peak capacity with a gain factor of 1.3 while maintaining the analysis time constant. Due to the reduced fluidic volume of connection tubing of smaller i.d., a decrease in residence time is obtained. At the same time, an increase in k was observed due to a pressure-induced retention effect, and this effect is significant for late-eluting analytes.
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Glenne E, Leśko M, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. Impact of Methanol Adsorption on the Robustness of Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Transfer from SFC to UHPSFC. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15429-15436. [PMID: 33170667 PMCID: PMC7711781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
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In supercritical fluid chromatography
(SFC), the retention of a
solute depends on the temperature, density, pressure, and cosolvent
fraction. Here, we investigate how the adsorption of the cosolvent
MeOH changes with pressure and temperature and how this affects the
retention of several solutes. The lower the pressure, the stronger
the MeOH adsorption to the stationary phase; in addition, at low pressure,
perturbing the pressure results in significant changes in the amounts
of MeOH adsorbed to the stationary phase. The robustness of the solute
retention was lowest when operating the systems at low pressures,
high temperatures, and low cosolvent fractions in the eluent. Here,
we found a clear relationship between the sensitivity of MeOH adsorption
to the stationary phase and the robustness of the separation system.
Finally, we show that going from classical SFC to ultrahigh-performance
SFC (UHPSFC), that is, separations conducted with much smaller packing
diameters, results in retention factors that are more sensitive to
fluctuations in the flow rate than with traditional SFC. The calculated
density profiles indicate only a slight density drop over the traditional
SFC column (3%, visualized as lighter → darker blue in the
TOC), whereas the drop for the UHPSFC one was considerably larger
(20%, visualized as dark red → light green in the TOC). The
corresponding temperature drops were calculated to be 0.8 and 6.5
°C for the SFC and UHPSFC systems, respectively. These increased
density and temperature drops are the underlying reasons for the decreased
robustness of UHPSFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Glenne
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Marek Leśko
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
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8
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Leśko M, Samuelsson J, Åsberg D, Kaczmarski K, Fornstedt T. Evaluating the advantages of higher heat conductivity in a recently developed type of core-shell diamond stationary phase particle in UHPLC. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461076. [PMID: 32291077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent studies, the nature and magnitude of the temperature gradients developed in ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC), were found to be dependent on the heat conductivity properties of the column matrices, but also, on the principle used for controlling the temperature over the column. Here, we investigated the potential of using highly heat conductive diamond-based stationary phases (85 times higher than silica), for reducing the temperature gradients. The stationary phases investigated were a (i) Diamond Analytics FLARE column, based on particles comprised of a graphite core surrounded by a very thin diamond shell, and two silica hybrid columns: (ii) a core-shell silica Kromasil Eternity Shell column and (iii) a fully porous silica Kromasil Eternity XT column. Models were developed based on two-dimensional heat transfer theory and mass transfer theory, which were used to model the temperature profiles and the migration of an analyte band accounting for column efficiencies at different flow rates. For the silica-based columns, using water-controlled temperature mode, the temperature gradients along the column axes are suppressed whereas temperature gradients in the radial direction prevails resulting in decreased column efficiencies. Using these columns with air-controlled temperature mode, the radial temperature gradients are reduced whereas temperature gradients along the column prevails resulting in decreased retention times. With the Diamond FLARE column, there was no loss in column efficiency using the water-controlled temperature mode and the van Deemter curves are almost identical using both temperature control modes. Thus, for the Diamond FLARE column, in contrast to the silica-based columns, there are almost no losses of column efficiencies due to reduced radial temperature gradients independent on how the column temperature was controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Leśko
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, PL-35 959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Dennis Åsberg
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, PL-35 959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
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9
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Lievore G, Pasti L, Chenet T, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Investigation of mass transfer properties and kinetic performance of high‐efficiency columns packed with C
18
sub‐2 μm fully and superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1737-1745. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology“Sapienza” University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology“Sapienza” University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
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10
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Johansson E, Karlsson A, Ludvigsson JW. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography method development for separation of omeprazole and related substances on core‐shell columns using a Quality by Design approach. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:696-707. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Johansson
- Global Product DevelopmentPharmaceutical Technology and DevelopmentAstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Anders Karlsson
- Global Product DevelopmentPharmaceutical Technology and DevelopmentAstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Jufang Wu Ludvigsson
- Manufacturing Science and TechnologyPharmaceutical Technology and DevelopmentAstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
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11
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De Luca C, Felletti S, Macis M, Cabri W, Lievore G, Chenet T, Pasti L, Morbidelli M, Cavazzini A, Catani M, Ricci A. Modeling the nonlinear behavior of a bioactive peptide in reversed-phase gradient elution chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1616:460789. [PMID: 31874699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic behavior of octreotide, a cyclic octapeptide with important pharmaceutical functions, has been simulated under reversed-phase gradient elution conditions. To this end, adsorption behavior was firstly investigated in isocratic conditions, under a variety of water/acetonitrile + 0.02% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) mixtures as mobile phase by using a Langmuir isotherm. Organic modifier was varied in the range between 23 and 28% (v/v). Adsorption isotherms were determined by means of the so-called Inverse Method (IM) with a minimum amount of peptide. The linear solvent strength (LSS) model was used to find the correlation between isotherm parameters and mobile phase composition. This study contributes to enlarge our knowledge on the chromatographic behavior under nonlinear gradient conditions of peptides. In particular, it focuses on a cyclic octapeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Marco Macis
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
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12
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Samuelsson J, Eiriksson FF, Åsberg D, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Fornstedt T. Determining gradient conditions for peptide purification in RPLC with machine-learning-based retention time predictions. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1598:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Gritti F. Gradient method transfer after changing the average pore diameter of the chromatographic stationary phase I – One-dimensional sample mixture. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:119-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Kristl A, Lokošek P, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of pressure on the retention of macromolecules in ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:89-99. [PMID: 30926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Shorter analysis times and greater resolving power are contributing factors for transfer of separation methods from an HPLC to a UHPLC system when performing analysis in biopharmaceutical or clinical research. The effect of pressure on separations in reversed phase chromatography is well described, however such investigations on ion exchange columns were previously not conducted. In this study we describe the effect of pressure on retention properties of proteins, oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA in ion exchange chromatography. Different column inlet pressures were obtained by coupling restriction capillaries with column outlet and performing separations at a constant temperature and mobile phase flow rate. Macromolecules were separated in isocratic mode as well as with various linear gradients of salt concentration at a constant pH value. The measured retention time increase was up to 80% for isocratic and 20% for gradient separations for a 500 bar increase in pressure. The effect of pressure was validated on a separate instrument after few months from initial experiments. The influence of pressure on retention properties seems to be dependent on the size, shape and flexibility of the macromolecule and causes different retention shifts when separating a sample with diverse analytes. Such changes in retention time can sometimes exceed the criteria set by European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) for the allowable method adjustment and are thus considered to be a result of a different separation method. Therefore, the pressure effect that follows method transfer from HPLC to UHPLC conditions should not be neglected even for gradient separations in ion exchange chromatography, as the resulting retention change may cause revalidation of the separation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Lokošek
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia.
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15
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Vera C, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T, Dennis G, Shalliker R. Visualisation of axial temperature gradients and heat transfer process of different solvent compositions in ultra high performance liquid chromatography using thermography. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Using Superficially Porous Particles and Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography in Pharmacopeial Monograph Modernization of Common Analgesics. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Sakai-Kato K, Nanjo K, Goda Y. Rapid Analysis of Cyclic Peptide Cyclosporine A by HPLC Using a Column Packed with Nonporous Particles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:805-809. [PMID: 30068800 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a rapid and efficient analytical technique for cyclosporine A using HPLC on a column packed with 2-µm nonporous octadecylsilyl silica particles. Under optimized conditions, cyclosporine A was separated with high resolution from other cyclic peptides within 3 min, because the mass transfer resistance in the stationary phase was reduced by the use of the small, nonporous particles. Although the plate number increased greatly with the increase in the column temperature, the retention times were not affected. This behavior is different from other cyclic peptides or linear peptides. Based on its physicochemical characteristics, cyclosporine A is a poor hydrogen bond donor, and has a small topological polar surface area, low rotatable bond count, and high log P value. These results show that cyclosporine A is structurally rigid and undergoes poor water solvation even at high temperature. In the context of the rapid development of cyclic peptides with similar physicochemical characteristics to cyclosporine A, our developed method is useful for the development of cyclic peptide therapeutics.
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18
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Åsberg D, Chutkowski M, Leśko M, Samuelsson J, Kaczmarski K, Fornstedt T. A practical approach for predicting retention time shifts due to pressure and temperature gradients in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Creese ME, Creese MJ, Foley JP, Cortes HJ, Hilder EF, Shellie RA, Breadmore MC. Longitudinal On-Column Thermal Modulation for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1123-1130. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari E. Creese
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Mathew J. Creese
- Allison Laboratories Pty Ltd., Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Joe P. Foley
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Hernan J. Cortes
- HJ Cortes Consulting LLC, Midland, Michigan 48642, United States
| | - Emily F. Hilder
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Robert A. Shellie
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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20
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A quality control method enhancement concept—Continual improvement of regulatory approved QC methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:273-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Combining Chemometric Models with Adsorption Isotherm Measurements to Study Omeprazole in RP-LC. Chromatographia 2016; 79:1283-1291. [PMID: 27738352 PMCID: PMC5039227 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of the proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole was investigated using RP-LC with chemometric models combined with adsorption isotherm modelling to study the effect of pH and type of organic modifier (i.e., acetonitrile or methanol). The chemometric approach revealed that omeprazole was tailing with methanol and fronting with acetonitrile along with increased fronting at higher pH. The increased fronting with higher pH for acetonitrile was explored using a pH-dependent adsorption isotherm model that was determined using the inverse method and it agreed well with the experimental data. The model indicated that the peaks exhibit more fronting at high pH due to a larger fraction of charged omeprazole molecules. This model could accurately predict the shape of elution profiles at arbitrary pH levels in the studied interval. Using a two-layer adsorption isotherm model, the difference between acetonitrile and methanol was studied at the lowest pH at which almost all omeprazole molecules are neutral. Omeprazole had adsorbate–adsorbate interactions that were similar in strength for the acetonitrile and methanol mobile phases, while the solute–adsorbent interactions were almost twice as strong with methanol. The difference in the relative strengths of these two interactions likely explains the different peak asymmetries (i.e., tailing/fronting) in methanol and acetonitrile. In conclusion, thermodynamic modelling can complement chemometric modeling in HPLC method development and increase the understanding of the separation.
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Experimental evidence of the kinetic performance achievable with columns packed with new 1.9μm fully porous particles of narrow particle size distribution. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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ÿsberg D, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. A fundamental study of the impact of pressure on the adsorption mechanism in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Shalliker RA, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. Sample introduction for high performance separations. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Catani M, Ismail OH, Cavazzini A, Ciogli A, Villani C, Pasti L, Bergantin C, Cabooter D, Desmet G, Gasparrini F, Bell DS. Rationale behind the optimum efficiency of columns packed with new 1.9μm fully porous particles of narrow particle size distribution. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Yui Y, Miyazaki S, Ma Y, Ohira M, Fiehn O, Ikegami T, McCalley DV, Tanaka N. Distinction of synthetic dl-α-tocopherol from natural vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Enhanced selectivity of a polymeric C18 stationary phase at low temperature and/or at high pressure. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1450:45-52. [PMID: 27157422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Separation of diastereomers of dl-α-tocopherol was studied by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using three types of stationary phases, polymeric ODS, polymeric C30, and monomeric ODS. Polymeric ODS stationary phase (Inertsil ODS-P, 3mmID, 20cm) was effective for the separation of the isomers created by the presence of three chiral centers on the alkyl chain of synthetic dl-α-tocopherol. Considerable improvement of the separation of isomers was observed on ODS-P phase at high pressure and at low temperature. Complete separation of four pairs of diastereomers was achieved at 12.0°C, 536bar, while three peaks were observed when the separation was carried out either at 12.0°C at low pressure or at 20°C at 488bar. Higher temperature (30.0°C) with the ODS-P phase resulted in only partial separation of the diastereomers even at high pressure. Only slight resolution was observed for the mixture of diastereomers with the C30 stationary phase (Inertsil C30) at 12.0°C and 441bar, although the stationary phase afforded greater resolution for β- and γ-tocopherol than ODS-P. A monomeric C18 stationary phase did not show any separation at 12.0°C and 463bar. The results suggest that the binding site of the polymeric ODS-P phase is selective for flexible alkyl chains that provided the longest retention for the natural form, (R,R,R) form, and the enantiomer, (S,S,S) form, of dl-α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yui
- GL Sciences Inc., Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | | | - Yan Ma
- University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Oliver Fiehn
- University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; University of Jeddah, Biochemistry Department, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tohru Ikegami
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | | | - Nobuo Tanaka
- GL Sciences Inc., Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan.
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27
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Berek D. Critical assessment of “critical” liquid chromatography of block copolymers. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:93-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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