1
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Rutz A, Wolfender JL. Automated Composition Assessment of Natural Extracts: Untargeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolite Profiling Integrating Semiquantitative Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18010-18023. [PMID: 37949451 PMCID: PMC10683005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling allow unprecedented qualitative coverage of complex biological extract composition. However, the electrospray ionization used in metabolite profiling generates multiple artifactual signals for a single analyte. This leads to thousands of signals per analysis without satisfactory means of filtering those corresponding to abundant constituents. Generic approaches are therefore needed for the qualitative and quantitative annotation of a broad range of relevant constituents. For this, we used an analytical platform combining liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with Charged Aerosol Detection (CAD). We established a generic metabolite profiling for the concomitant recording of qualitative MS data and semiquantitative CAD profiles. The MS features (recorded in high-resolution tandem MS) are grouped and annotated using state-of-the-art tools. To efficiently attribute features to their corresponding extracted and integrated CAD peaks, a custom signal pretreatment and peak-shape comparison workflow is built. This strategy allows us to automatically contextualize features at both major and minor metabolome levels, together with a detailed reporting of their annotation including relevant orthogonal information (taxonomy, retention time). Signals not attributed to CAD peaks are considered minor metabolites. Results are illustrated on an ethanolic extract of Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst., a bitter plant of industrial interest, exhibiting the typical complexity of plant extracts as a proof of concept. This generic qualitative and quantitative approach paves the way to automatically assess the composition of single natural extracts of interest or broader collections, thus facilitating new ingredient registrations or natural-extracts-based drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Rutz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute
of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Taylor MR, Kawakami J, McCalley DV. Managing sample introduction problems in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464006. [PMID: 37167803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sample injection can cause serious problems in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) when the injection solvent has higher elution strength than the mobile phase (mp). It can lead to asymmetric peak shapes and poor efficiency. The problem can occur when the mp contains a high proportion of organic e.g. 95% acetonitrile (a weak solvent) whereas the injection solvent contains a higher proportion of water (a strong solvent) that is necessary to dissolve polar samples. We investigated different strategies to overcome this problem. A simple method is pre-column dilution where the injector is programmed to deliver a plug of weak solvent (e.g. pure acetonitrile) along with the sample dissolved in a solvent with higher water content than the mp. Another option is to use alternative organic solvents to acetonitrile in the injection solvent, e.g. isopropanol, acetone or tetrahydrofuran, that may give enhanced sample solubility. The role of the volume of injection solvents was investigated as well as the possible effects of mass overload on the results. The use of small sample volumes is always recommended to reduce mismatch effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Taylor
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Jane Kawakami
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 280 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - David V McCalley
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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3
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Walther R, Holzgrabe U. Simplification of pharmacopoeial liquid chromatography methods for related substances of statins by hyphenated ultraviolet and charged aerosol detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115218. [PMID: 36608427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For a more comprehensive characterization of a drug substance and its impurities, multidetector approaches are a helpful tool in liquid chromatography. In particular, the relatively inexpensive hyphenation of the ultraviolet (UV) with the charged aerosol detector (CAD) extends the scope from UV-active to non- or weak chromophore analytes, respectively. In this study, the chromatographic methods of the test for related substances of simvastatin and lovastatin in the European Pharmacopoeia were adapted to UV-CAD and thus allowing a more sophisticated detection of the weak chromophore dihydro impurity besides the other UV-active impurities. The compendial gradient program for simvastatin had to be modified (lowered initial acetonitrile percentage and increased gradient slope) because an additional critical peak pair emerged with the Hypersil C18 BDS column used here. Therefore, a Plackett-Burman design with 11 factors (including 4 dummy factors) was chosen to evaluate robustness of the adapted method. The flow rate, initial acetonitrile percentage, and column temperature were identified as three critical parameters that had to be carefully observed. Finally, the validity of the method for simultaneous detection of dihydrosimvastatin with CAD and of lovastatin and simvastatin as examples of UV detection was verified according to ICH Q2 (R1). In the case of lovastatin, the direct comparison with the pharmacopoeial method reveal that a determination with CAD is the more sensitive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Walther
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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4
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Toussaint B, Immame Hassane Beck T, Surget E, Boudy V, Jaccoulet E. Exploration of the effects of chloride ions on the analysis of polar compounds at low concentrations by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to a charged aerosol detector: Application to tromethamine. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200766. [PMID: 36621867 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we discuss the origin of the slightly increased response of the charged aerosol detector when low-concentration polar drugs formulated with sodium chloride are analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to the charged aerosol detector. In the case of tromethamine mixed with saline solutions, we investigated several levels including the mobile phase, sample matrix, and detection. We show that the analysis of the rich-salted sample results in both interactions with the mobile phase modifiers and the stationary phase during the run time. With 150 mM NaCl as a compounding solution, a slight increase in the tromethamine peak area was observed (<5.5%). Our study suggests that chloride ions in excess sequentially interact firstly with the counterions from the organic modifiers and secondly with the analyte via the stationary phase and the contribution of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography retention mechanisms. Because of these effects, the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detector analysis of drugs in saline solutions requires particular attention, and a correction factor for quantitative purposes that accounts for formulation ions remains appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balthazar Toussaint
- Département recherche et développement pharmaceutique, Etablissement pharmaceutique, Agence générale des équipements et produits de santé, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Taslyne Immame Hassane Beck
- Département recherche et développement pharmaceutique, Etablissement pharmaceutique, Agence générale des équipements et produits de santé, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Surget
- Département recherche et développement pharmaceutique, Etablissement pharmaceutique, Agence générale des équipements et produits de santé, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Boudy
- Département recherche et développement pharmaceutique, Etablissement pharmaceutique, Agence générale des équipements et produits de santé, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Jaccoulet
- Département recherche et développement pharmaceutique, Etablissement pharmaceutique, Agence générale des équipements et produits de santé, AP-HP, Paris, France
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5
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Gunsch MJ, Schwalm EL, Ouimet CM, Halsey HM, Hamilton SE, Bernardoni F, Jo J. Development and validation of ion-pairing HPLC-CAD chromatography for measurement of Islatravir’s phosphorylated intermediates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 213:114684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Investigation of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector for the analysis of tromethamine. Talanta 2022; 238:123050. [PMID: 34801907 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tromethamine (TMM), often encountered in a final drug product, exhibits interesting chemical properties as a counter ion, buffer, or active ingredient. European and US pharmacopeias propose titration against hydrogen chloride for TMM assays. However, this method can be a hindrance when using drugs containing low concentrations of TMM in complex buffered formulations. Due to the lack of chromophores and the high hydrophilicity of TMM, we performed a simple and reliable hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with a charged aerosol detector (HILIC-CAD) separation approach as an alternative for TMM analysis. An amide stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of a binary mixture of acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3 (80/20, V/V) were used. As the CAD response deeply depends on parameters such as stationary phases and pH buffer, we investigated their impact and explored the optimal signal conditions. Including TMM analogs such as tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane and 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol allowed us to select these parameters appropriately. The effects of the evaporation temperature, flow rate, and power function value (PFV) on the CAD signal response were also studied and optimized. The method was validated according to the ICH Q2 R1 guidelines. A linear response (mean R2 > 0.997) covering the range for low TMM concentrations (170-520 μg/mL) was achieved. Satisfactory intra-day and inter-day precisions were obtained with RSDs lower than 1.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The trueness ranged from 99.6% to 101.2%, and the LOD was found to be 1.1 μg/mL. The HILIC-CAD method has been applied to a sterile TMM solution for injection.
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7
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Pawellek R, Holzgrabe U. Performance of ion pairing chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to charged aerosol detection for the analysis of underivatized amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1659:462613. [PMID: 34731754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The charged aerosol detector (CAD) is frequently employed in liquid chromatography for the analysis of small polar and ionizable compounds such as amino acids and amino sugars, which provide a weak chromophore only. Separation of these compounds is achieved by means of ion pair chromatography (IPC), and, more recently, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) techniques. However, as the CAD's response is highly dependent on the mobile phase composition, the substantial differences in the mobile phase composition of IPC and HILIC have a distinct impact on the detector's performance. This study was aimed at systematically comparing the performance of IPC and HILIC when coupled to the CAD. Therefore, the separation techniques characterized by their specific mobile phase compositions were evaluated for their influence on the CAD response and the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the amino acids L-alanine, L-leucine, and L-phenylalanine applying the response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM results derived from flow injection analysis (FIA) indicated that the CAD response and thus the obtainable S/N are significantly higher in HILIC compared to IPC where the S/N decreased with the chain length of the applied ion-pairing reagent. In addition, an IPC and a HILIC method, respectively, were developed for the impurity profiling of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine. The beneficial effects of the HILIC conditions on the S/N observed under FIA conditions were partly offset by moderate column bleed effects when using an amide functionalized column, which facilitates the separation in the HILIC method. Satisfactory LOQs (3-10 ng on column) were obtained with both methods; however, the HILIC method was found to be slightly superior in terms of sensitivity and separation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Pawellek
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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Pawellek R, Krmar J, Leistner A, Djajić N, Otašević B, Protić A, Holzgrabe U. Charged aerosol detector response modeling for fatty acids based on experimental settings and molecular features: a machine learning approach. J Cheminform 2021; 13:53. [PMID: 34266497 PMCID: PMC8281619 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-021-00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The charged aerosol detector (CAD) is the latest representative of aerosol-based detectors that generate a response independent of the analytes' chemical structure. This study was aimed at accurately predicting the CAD response of homologous fatty acids under varying experimental conditions. Fatty acids from C12 to C18 were used as model substances due to semivolatile characterics that caused non-uniform CAD behaviour. Considering both experimental conditions and molecular descriptors, a mixed quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) modeling was performed using Gradient Boosted Trees (GBT). The ensemble of 10 decisions trees (learning rate set at 0.55, the maximal depth set at 5, and the sample rate set at 1.0) was able to explain approximately 99% (Q2: 0.987, RMSE: 0.051) of the observed variance in CAD responses. Validation using an external test compound confirmed the high predictive ability of the model established (R2: 0.990, RMSEP: 0.050). With respect to the intrinsic attribute selection strategy, GBT used almost all independent variables during model building. Finally, it attributed the highest importance to the power function value, the flow rate of the mobile phase, evaporation temperature, the content of the organic solvent in the mobile phase and the molecular descriptors such as molecular weight (MW), Radial Distribution Function-080/weighted by mass (RDF080m) and average coefficient of the last eigenvector from distance/detour matrix (Ve2_D/Dt). The identification of the factors most relevant to the CAD responsiveness has contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of signal generation. An increased CAD response that was obtained for acetone as organic modifier demonstrated its potential to replace the more expensive and environmentally harmful acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Pawellek
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jovana Krmar
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11 221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Adrian Leistner
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nevena Djajić
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11 221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Otašević
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11 221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Protić
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11 221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Pawellek R, Holzgrabe U. Influence of the mobile phase composition on hyphenated ultraviolet and charged aerosol detection for the impurity profiling of vigabatrin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114110. [PMID: 33971590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, charged aerosol detection (CAD), a universal detection technique in liquid chromatography, has been introduced into monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), which now employs HPLC-UV-CAD for assessing the impurities of the drug vigabatrin. The separation of vigabatrin and its impurities is facilitated by ion pair chromatography (IPC) in the compendial method using tridecafluoroheptanoic acid (TDFHA) as ion-pairing reagent. However, the subsequent detection of the impurities by UV-CAD is considerably impaired due to the substantial amount of ion-pairing reagent applied in the method generating high levels of background noise. In this study, the influence of the mobile phase composition on the background noise of the CAD was evaluated applying response surface methodology. The model's results indicated that the chain length of the ion-pairing reagent is a predominant factor for noise generation. Thus, an alternative method for the impurity analysis of vigabatrin using mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) instead of IPC was developed. The dual separation mechanism of the MMC column enabled the choice of a mobile phase better suited for the individual requirements of the UV-CAD detectors, while maintaining excellent selectivity. The MMC method does not require the addition of a post-column solution to reduce the TDFHA concentration in the mobile phase, and, therefore, needs less instrumentation. Moreover, the sample concentration could be halved due to the improved LOQs of the impurities (<50 ng on column) and the analysis time could be shortened (30 to 20 min) due to improved separation efficiency. The MMC method was validated with respect to ICH guideline Q2(R1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Pawellek
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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10
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Blasko A, Wang H, Lu T, Mangion I, Regalado EL. Charged aerosol detection in early and late-stage pharmaceutical development: selection of regressionmodels at optimum power function value. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461997. [PMID: 33676111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of quantitative liquid chromatography (LC) coupled charged aerosol detection (CAD) for poor UV absorbing analytes in multicomponent mixtures has grown exponentially across academic and industrial sectors. The ballpark of previous LC-CAD reports is focused on practical applications, as well as optimization of critical parameters such as: response dependencies on temperature, nebulization process, analyte volatility, and mobile-phase composition. However, straightforward approaches to deal with the characteristic nonlinear response of CAD still scarce. A highly overlooked parameter is the power function value (PFV), whose optimization enables a detection signal that is more linear with higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and lower relative standard deviation (RSD) of area counts. Herein, a systematic investigation of different regression models (log-log, first-and second-degree polynomial) by both interpolation and extrapolation process in conjunction with PFV optimization throughout the development of LC-CAD assays is reported. The accuracy of the results via interpolation is always good (< 5%) when operating in the vicinity of the optimum PFV regardless the regression model choice. On the contrary, extrapolation process only worked when applying log-log regression at the optimum PFV (accuracy <5%). This outcome indicates that a first-order regression via interpolation can be a safe and simple choice for quantitative LC-CAD in highly regulated laboratories (GLP, GMP, etc.). Whereas a straightforward extrapolation combined with log-log regression can enable the deployment of high-throughput LC-CAD assays, especially but not limited to laboratories where the synthetic process route is undergoing rapid change and optimization (medicinal chemistry, discovery, biocatalysis, process chemistry, etc.). This approach is crucial in developing quantitative LC-CAD assays for poor UV absorbing pharmaceuticals that are sensitive, precise, accurate and robust across early and late-stage pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Andrei Blasko
- California Life Sciences Institute, FAST Advisory Program, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Tian Lu
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Dufour A, Thiébaut D, Loriau M, Ligiero L, Vial J. Corona charged aerosol detector non-uniform response factors of purified alcohol ethoxylated homologues using liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461402. [PMID: 32823107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are used in various applications: cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, environmental, etc. Many of these compounds are polydisperse, and because of this intrinsic polydispersity, it is essential to have a universal detector with a uniform response to quantify them in a simple way. Indeed, Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD) was presented as a universal detector with a uniform response. Thus, in the present study, the CAD response, in a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography - CAD configuration (HPLCCAD), was evaluated using purified alcohol ethoxylated surfactants. A semi-preparative liquid chromatography step using a Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) bare silica column (150 mm, 4.6 mm, 2.6 µm) was implemented to prepare eleven homologues of BrijC10, a nonionic surfactant. These homologues differed only by the number of ethylene oxide units. BrijC10 homologues were analyzed by HPLCCAD, using a HILIC bare silica column (150 mm, 2.1 mm, 2.6 µm) to determine the HPLCCAD response factors of purified homologues. From the calibration curves (from 100 to 500 mg.kg-1), their response factors were estimated: differences in response factors were observed and a maximum difference in response factors of 3.6 was obtained. Thus, it could be concluded that CAD hyphenated to HILIC separation did not present a uniform response for this homologue's distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Dufour
- Total S.A. Exploration & Production Lacq Research Center (PERL), 64170 Lacq, France; LSABM, UMR CBI 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL Research University CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Didier Thiébaut
- LSABM, UMR CBI 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL Research University CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Loriau
- Total S.A. Exploration & Production Lacq Research Center (PERL), 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Leticia Ligiero
- Total S.A. Exploration & Production Lacq Research Center (PERL), 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Jérôme Vial
- LSABM, UMR CBI 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL Research University CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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Qiu J, Wright EJ, Thomas K, Li A, McCarron P, Beach DG. Semiquantitation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Relative Molar Response Factors. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060398. [PMID: 32560098 PMCID: PMC7354571 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a complex class of analogs of the potent neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX). Since calibration standards are not available for many PSTs, including C-11 hydroxyl analogs called M-toxins, accurate quantitation by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be challenging. In the absence of standards, PSTs are often semiquantitated using standards of a different analog (e.g., STX), an approach with a high degree of uncertainty due to the highly variable sensitivity between analytes in electrospray ionization. Here, relative molar response factors (RMRs) were investigated for a broad range of PSTs using common LC-MS approaches in order to improve the quantitation of PSTs for which standards are unavailable. First, several M-toxins (M1-M6, M9 and dcM6) were semipurified from shellfish using preparative gel filtration chromatography and quantitated using LC-charged aerosol detection (LC-CAD). The RMRs of PST certified reference materials (CRMs) and M-toxins were then determined using selective reaction monitoring LC-MS/MS and full scan LC-high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS) methods in positive and negative electrospray ionization. In general, RMRs for PSTs with similar chemical structures were comparable, but varied significantly between subclasses, with M-toxins showing the lowest sensitivity. For example, STX showed a greater than 50-fold higher RMR than M4 and M6 by LC-HRMS. The MS instrument, scan mode and polarity also had significant impacts on RMRs and should be carefully considered when semiquantitating PSTs by LC-MS. As a demonstration of their utility, the RMRs determined were applied to the semiquantitation of PSTs in contaminated mussels, showing good agreement with results from calibration with CRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Elliott J. Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Krista Thomas
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-426-8274
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Recent applications of the Charged Aerosol Detector for liquid chromatography in drug quality control. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Blasko A, Tam J, Variankaval N, Halsey HM, Hartman R, Regalado EL. Revealing the inner workings of the power function algorithm in Charged Aerosol Detection: A simple and effective approach to optimizing power function value for quantitative analysis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:1-7. [PMID: 31196588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, charged aerosol detection (CAD) has become a valuable tool for fast and efficient quantitative chromatographic analysis of drug substances with weak UV absorption. In analytical method development using CAD, the power function settings available in the instrument software are key for linearization of the signal response with respect to analyte concentration. However, the relatively poor understanding of the power function algorithm has limited a more widespread use of CAD for quantitative assays, especially in the late stage of method validation and GMP laboratories. Herein, we present an approach to understand the inner workings of the power function value (PFV), the PFV optimization algorithm, as well as a method to determine the optimum PFV based on the signals acquired at PFV = 1 (default CAD settings). The exponent and the constant in the PFV equation used for modeling follow a trend as a function of PFV. The CAD signal at any PFV was modeled based on the signal acquired at PFV = 1, the modelling was successful for two analytes at different concentration levels on two different CAD detectors of the same model. This method reveals the functionality of the PFV which substantially simplifies the workflow needed to optimize the detector signal. The accuracy between the experimental and theoretical results showed high correlation and always resulted in the same optimum PFV determined by both ways. The approach described in this investigation simplifies the selection of the optimum PFV at which the signal is more linear, the signal-to-noise is higher, and the area reproducibility is better. The power function algorithm elucidated herein enables determination of optimum PFV from minimal experimental output and excellent overall accuracy. This paper provides an approach that includes no data transformation outside the vendor software, a very important requirement to easily validate and report results in a GMP environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Andrei Blasko
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - James Tam
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Narayan Variankaval
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Holst M Halsey
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Robert Hartman
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
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15
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Kim HS, Moon BC, Yang S, Song JH, Mi Chun J, Kwon BI, Lee AY. Determination of fatty acids in the seeds of Lepidium apetalum Willdenow, Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, and Draba nemorosa L. by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a charged aerosol detector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1571509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Seon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Cheol Moon
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyu Yang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Song
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Mi Chun
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-In Kwon
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Korea
| | - A Yeong Lee
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-si, Republic of Korea
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16
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Retention characteristics of some antibiotic and anti-retroviral compounds in hydrophilic interaction chromatography using isocratic elution, and gradient elution with repeatable partial equilibration. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1045:141-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Universal response quantification approach using a Corona Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD) – Application on linear and cyclic oligomers extractable from polycondensate plastics polyesters, polyamides and polyarylsulfones. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:187-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Quantitative analysis of underivatized amino acids in the sub- to several-nanomolar range by ion-pair HPLC using a corona-charged aerosol detector (HPLC–CAD). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1095:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Application of high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection (LC–CAD) for unified quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends and comparison with quantitative NMR results. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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McCalley DV. Understanding and manipulating the separation in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:49-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Robinson MW, Hill AP, Readshaw SA, Hollerton JC, Upton RJ, Lynn SM, Besley SC, Boughtflower BJ. Use of Calculated Physicochemical Properties to Enhance Quantitative Response When Using Charged Aerosol Detection. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1772-1777. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max W. Robinson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alan P. Hill
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Simon A. Readshaw
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - John C. Hollerton
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Richard J. Upton
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sean M. Lynn
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Steve C. Besley
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bob J. Boughtflower
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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22
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Chiral analysis of poor UV absorbing pharmaceuticals by supercritical fluid chromatography-charged aerosol detection. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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