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Aydoğan C, Beltekin B, Alharthi S, Ağca CA, Erdoğan İY. Nano-liquid chromatography with monolithic stationary phase based on naphthyl monomer for proteomics analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463804. [PMID: 36689803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic poly(2-vinylnaphthalene-co-divinylbenzene) columns were introduced, for the first time, and were evaluated as the separation media for nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC). These columns were prepared by in-situ polymerization of 2-vinylnaphthalene (2-VNA) as the functional monomer and divinylbenzene (DVB) as the crosslinker in a fused silica capillary column of 50 µm i.d. Various porogenic solvents, including tetrahydrofuran (THF), dodecanol and toluene were used for morphology optimization. Final monolithic column (referred to as VNA column) was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chromatographic analyses. Alkylbenzenes (ABs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were separated using the VNA column while the column offered excellent hydrophobic and π-π interactions under reversed-phase conditions. Theoretical plates number up to 41,200 plates/m in isocratic mode for ethylbenzene could be achieved. The potential of the final VNA column was demonstrated with a gradient elution in the separation of six intact proteins, including ribonuclease A (RNase A), cytochrome C (Cyt C), lysozyme (Lys), β-lactoglobulin (β-lac), myoglobin (My) and α-chymotrypsinogen (α-chym) in nano LC system. The column was then applied to the peptide analysis of trypsin digested cytochrome C, allowing a high peak capacity up to 1440 and the further proteomics analysis of COS-7 cell line was attempted applying the final monolithic column in nano-LC UV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Aydoğan
- Food Analysis and Research Laboratory, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye; Department of Food Engineering, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye; Department of Chemistry, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye.
| | - Büşra Beltekin
- Food Analysis and Research Laboratory, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - Sarah Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Can Ali Ağca
- Department of Molecular Biology, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - İbrahim Y Erdoğan
- Department of Chemistry, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye; Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
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Effect of phenyl numbers in polyphenyl ligand on retention properties of aromatic stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1674:463152. [PMID: 35597197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic phase, as one type of reversed-phase stationary phases, shows complementary selectivity to the n-alkyl counterparts especially for certain challenging separation tasks. However, effect of phenyl numbers in aromatic ligands on retention behaviors has rarely been addressed compared with the alkyl stationary phases. To illustrate the issue, a series of polyphenyl stationary phases were facially prepared via the coupling chemistry of isocyanate with amine, including aniline (π1), 4-aminobiphenyl (π2), 4-amino-p-terphenyl (π3) and [1,1':4',1'':4'',1'''-quaterphenyl]-4-amine (π4), respectively. The chromatographic behaviors of the new stationary phases as well as the traditional C18 were systematically compared in terms of retention mode, hydrophobic and aromatic selectivity, shape selectivity and π-π interaction by various analytes, including alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons congeners and substituted benzenes with electron-withdrawing groups. Due to the homologous structure of four polyphenyl ligands, the hydrophobic selectivity, aromatic selectivity and shape selectivity of stationary phases increase with phenyl numbers in the bonded polyphenyl ligands, whereas the increment becomes insignificant from U-π3 to U-π4. This phenomenon is explained by the insertion degree of analytes in the polyphenyl ligand brushes. Compared with the homemade C18, the polyphenyl phases indicate insignificant changes of shape selectivity with temperature. Notably, the new polyphenyl phases demonstrate the great selective separation towards the electron-deficient compounds through the π-π interaction. These findings make up for the understanding of the retention behavior of aromatic stationary phases.
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Paranamana N, El Rassi Z. Precursor carboxy-silica for functionalization with interactive ligands. I. Carbodiimide-assisted preparation of silica-bonded stationary phases with octadecyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl ligands: Comparison of their selectivity and retentivity. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4424-4433. [PMID: 33079439 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A precursor carboxy-silica support was introduced for grafting retentive ligands for use in high-performance liquid chromatography. This support was prepared by sequentially reacting 5 μm silica particles with vinyltrimethoxysilane and then thioglycolic acid. The carboxy-silica thus obtained was subsequently functionalized with octadecylamine, 2-naphthylamine, or 2-aminoanthracene by on-column reactions via a carbodiimide conjugation reaction. The carbodiimide with its zero-length carboxyl-to-amine coupling ability works by activating the surface carboxyl groups of the precursor support for direct reaction with the primary amines of octadecylamine, 2-naphthylamine, or 2-aminoanthracene via amide bond formation. These reactions series, which are applied for the first time in high-performance liquid chromatography column fabrication, yielded the octadecyl-, naphthyl-, and anthracenyl-silica columns. The three columns were evaluated for their reversed-phase chromatography retention properties with alkylbenzenes, alkylphenyl ketones, nitroalkanes, benzene and toluene derivatives, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and nitro-substituted amino acids. The naphthyl- and anthracenyl-silica exhibited a good selectivity and efficiency toward most of the aromatic analytes when compared to the octadecyl-silica. Nitro-substituted amino acids containing electron withdrawing groups showed greater selectivity than other analytes on the aromatic-based columns than the C18 column. This is because of the ability of the π electron system of the analyte to accept electrons from the aromatic-based stationary phase (a Lewis base).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilushi Paranamana
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Paranamana N, El Rassi Z. Imidazolium ionic liquid bonded silica stationary phases. Part II. 1-Ethylimidazolium stationary phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1827427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilushi Paranamana
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Kim YS, Kim JS, Sun G, Cheong WJ. Development of Ground Organic Monolith Particles as Packing Material in High Performance Liquid Chromatography. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yune Sung Kim
- Department of ChemistryInha University Incheon 22212 South Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Kim
- Department of ChemistryInha University Incheon 22212 South Korea
| | - Genlin Sun
- Department of ChemistryInha University Incheon 22212 South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- Department of ChemistryInha University Incheon 22212 South Korea
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Navarro-Huerta J, Carrasco-Correa E, Torres-Lapasió J, Herrero-Martínez J, García-Alvarez-Coque M. Modelling retention and peak shape of small polar solutes analysed by nano-HPLC using methacrylate-based monolithic columns. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1086:142-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Preparation, characterization, and application of a porous poly (TAIC-co-MMA-co-EDMA) monolithic column for small molecules of aromatics and Chinese herbal medicine notoginseng by HPLC. Talanta 2019; 194:649-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jiang X, Jiao X, Zhang D, Bai L, Liu H, Yan H. Fabrication of a polymer monolithic column via redox system and its application in efficient separation of Chinese herb Rheum palmatumL. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- College of Science; Hebei North University; Zhangjiakou 075000 China
| | - Doudou Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Ligai Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
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Wang H, Hu W, Zheng Q, Bian W, Lin Z. One-pot preparation of mercaptotetrazole-silica hybrid monoliths by the thiol-ene click reaction for mixed-mode capillary liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2344-2354. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haojiang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Wenli Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Qiong Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Wei Bian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
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Jonnada M, El Rassi GD, El Rassi Z. Selective precolumn derivatization of fatty acids with the fluorescent tag 6-aminoquinoline and their determination in some food samples by reversed-phase chromatography. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1592-1601. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murthy Jonnada
- Department of Chemistry; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
| | | | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
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Li H, Zhang X, Zhang L, Wang X, Kong F, Fan D, Li L, Wang W. Preparation of a silica stationary phase co-functionalized with Wulff-type phenylboronate and C12 for mixed-mode liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 962:104-113. [PMID: 28231874 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A silica stationary phase was designed and synthesized through the co-functionalization of silica with Wulff-type phenylboronate and C12 for mixed-mode liquid chromatography applications. The as-synthesized stationary phase was characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier Transform-InfraRed Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Retention mechanisms, including boronate affinity (BA), reversed-phase (RP) and anion-exchange (AE), were involved. Retention mechanism switching was easily realized by adjustment of the mobile phase constitution. Cis-diol compounds could be selectively captured under neutral conditions in BA mode and off-line separated in RP mode. Neutral, basic, acidic and amphiprotic compounds were chromatographed on the column in RP chromatography, while inorganic anions were chromatographed in AE chromatography to characterize the mixed-mode nature of the prepared stationary phase. In addition, the RP performance was compared with an octadecyl silica column in terms of column efficiency (N/m), asymmetry factor (Af), retention factor (k) and resolution (Rs). The prepared stationary phase offered multiple interactions with analytes in addition to hydrophobic interactions under RP elution conditions. Based on the mixed-mode properties, off-line 2D-LC, for selective capture and separation of urinary nucleosides, was successfully realized on a single column, demonstrating its powerful application potential for complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China
| | - Xuemeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Yancheng Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Xiaojin Wang
- Huai'an Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Huai'an, 223001, China
| | - Fenying Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China
| | - Dahe Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, China.
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Preparation of a Polymer Monolithic Column Using Ionic Liquid as Porogen and Its Application in Separations of Proteins and Small Molecules. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Rathnasekara R, Khadka S, Jonnada M, El Rassi Z. Polar and nonpolar organic polymer-based monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:60-79. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Murthy Jonnada
- Department of Chemistry; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
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14
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Khadka S, El Rassi Z. Postpolymerization modification of a hydroxy monolith precursor. Part II. Epoxy biphenyl modified poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-pentaerythritol triacrylate) monolithic capillary columns for reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography based on π-π. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:3172-3177. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
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Aydoğan C, El Rassi Z. Monolithic stationary phases with incorporated fumed silica nanoparticles. Part II. Polymethacrylate-based monolithic column with “covalently” incorporated modified octadecyl fumed silica nanoparticles for reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1445:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Jiao X, Shen S, Shi T. One-pot preparation of a novel monolith for high performance liquid chromatography applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1007:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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