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Sang M, Pan N, Wu J, Chen X, Cai S, Fang H, Xiao M, Jiang X, Liu Z. Reversed-Phase Medium-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Purification of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Using AQ-C18. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:285. [PMID: 38921596 PMCID: PMC11205217 DOI: 10.3390/md22060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are in high demand due to their efficacy in treating hypertriglyceridemia and preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, the growth of the industry is hampered by low purity and insufficient productivity. This study aims to develop an efficient RP-MPLC purification method for omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters with high purity and capacity. The results indicate that the AQ-C18 featuring polar end-capped silanol groups outperformed C18 and others in retention time and impurity separation. By injecting pure fish oil esters with a volume equivalent to a 1.25% bed volume on an AQ-C18 MPLC column using a binary isocratic methanol-water (90:10, v:v) mobile phase at 30 mL/min, optimal omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters were obtained, with the notable purity of 90.34% and a recovery rate of 74.30%. The total content of EPA and DHA produced increased from 67.91% to 85.27%, meeting the acceptance criteria of no less than 84% set by the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. In contrast, RP-MPLC significantly enhanced the production efficiency per unit output compared to RP-HPLC. This study demonstrates a pioneering approach to producing omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters with high purity and of greater quantity using AQ-C18 RP-MPLC, showing this method's significant potential for use in industrial-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Sang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (M.S.); (M.X.)
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Nan Pan
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Jingna Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Marine Biopharmaceutical Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China;
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Shuilin Cai
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Huan Fang
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (X.C.); (S.C.); (H.F.)
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Meitian Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (M.S.); (M.X.)
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Quanzhou Institute of Marine Bioresources Industry, Quanzhou 362000, China;
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China
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Yi M, You Y, Zhang Y, Wu G, Karrar E, Zhang L, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020672. [PMID: 36677730 PMCID: PMC9865908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, as the demand for precision nutrition is continuously increasing, scientific studies have shown that high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE) functions more efficiently than mixed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid preparations in diseases such as hyperlipidemia, heart disease, major depression, and heart disease; therefore, the market demand for EPA-EE is growing by the day. In this paper, we attempt to review EPA-EE from a whole-manufacturing-chain perspective. First, the extraction, refining, and ethanolysis processes (fish oil and ethanol undergo transesterification) of EPA-EE are described, emphasizing the potential of green substitute technologies. Then, the method of EPA enrichment is thoroughly detailed, the pros and cons of different methods are compared, and current developments in monomer production techniques are addressed. Finally, a summary of current advanced strategies for dealing with the low oxidative stability and low bioavailability of EPA-EE is presented. In conclusion, understanding the entire production process of EPA-EE will enable us to govern each step from a macro perspective and accomplish the best use of EPA-EE in a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yue You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yiren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-510-85876799 (G.W.); +86-510-85351730 (L.Z.)
| | - Emad Karrar
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Wuxi Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-510-85876799 (G.W.); +86-510-85351730 (L.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Kou J, Xiang H, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Wang G, Dai K, Yang P, Zhuang W, Ying H, Wu J. Mass transfer process and separation mechanism of sulfuric acid and aluminum sulfate mixture based on IEC technology: Modeling. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wei B, Wang S. Separation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid by three-zone simulated moving bed chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461326. [PMID: 32709355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are essential fatty acids for human body, which are widely used in the field of healthy food and medicine. Meanwhile, there are some differences in their physiological functions, such as "scavenger for blood vessel" of EPA and "brain protector" of DHA. In order to make full use of EPA and DHA, it is necessary to prepare their high-purity component. In this paper, EPA and DHA were separated and purified by three-zone simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography with C18 used as stationary phase and ethanol-water as mobile phase. For the single column experiment, a separation unit of SMB, the effects of the ratio of ethanol to water, pH value and temperature on the separation were investigated. The equilibrium dispersion (ED) model was used to obtain the adsorption parameters of EPA and DHA by inverse method and genetic algorithm, and the accuracy of the adsorption parameters was verified by fitting the overloaded elution curves under different conditions. Based on the acquired nonlinear adsorption isotherms the complete separation region was found according to triangle theory. The effects of sample concentration, flow ratios of adsorption zone and rectification zone, and column distribution mode of SMB on the separation were investigated. Under the optimized SMB conditions, the experimental result was that without regard to the other components, the chromatographic purity and recovery values of EPA and DHA exceeded 99% with the productivity of 4.15 g/L/h, and the solvent consumption of 1.11 L/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofeng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Shaoyan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
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Li Y, Zhao L, Huang X, Zhang L, Li J, Zhang J. Preparation of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester from fish oil ethyl esters by continuous batch chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3697-3702. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceSoochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceSoochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceSoochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Liguang Zhang
- College of PharmacySuzhou Vocational Health College Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceSoochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceSoochow University Suzhou P. R. China
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Aniceto J, Azenha I, Domingues F, Mendes A, Silva C. Design and optimization of a simulated moving bed unit for the separation of betulinic, oleanolic and ursolic acids mixtures: Experimental and modeling studies. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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