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Souza ID, Queiroz MEC. Organic-silica hybrid monolithic sorbents for sample preparation techniques: A review on advances in synthesis, characterization, and applications. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464518. [PMID: 38000199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic-silica hybrid monolithic materials have attracted considerable attention as potential stationary phases in separation science. These materials combine the advantages of organic polymer and silica-based monoliths, including easy preparation, lower back pressure, high permeability, excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, and tunable surface chemistry with high surface area and selectivity. The outstanding chromatographic efficiency as stationary phase of hybrid monolithic capillary columns for capillary liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography has been reported in many papers. Organic-silica hybrid monolithic materials have also been extensively used in the field of sample preparation. Owing to their surface functionalities, these porous sorbents offer unique selectivity for pre-concentration of different analytes in the most complex matrixes by fast dynamic transport. These sorbents not only improve the analytical method sensitivity, but also introduce novelties in terms of extraction devices and instrument coupling strategies. The current review covers the period spanning from 2017 to 2023 and describes the properties of organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic materials, the present status of this technology and summarizes recent developments in their use as innovative sorbents for microextraction sample preparation techniques (solid phase microextraction with pipette tip, offline in-tube SPME, in-tube SPME online with LC, and in-tube SPME directly coupled with mass spectrometry). Aspects such as the synthesis methods (sol-gel process, one-pot approach, and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes-based procedure), characterization techniques, and strategies to improve extraction efficiency in various applications in different areas (environmental, food, bioanalysis, and proteomics) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel D Souza
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eugênia C Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
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2
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El-Nouby MAM, Lim LW. Mixed-mode chromatographic performance using nicotinic acid-functionalized chito-oligosaccharide-bonded Ti/Si hybrid monolithic capillary columns. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:2019-2029. [PMID: 37672170 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the fabrication of porous nicotinic acid-functionalized chito-oligosaccharide-bonded titania/silica hybrid monoliths (TiO2/SiO2@ChO-N) through a co-gelation sol-gel process. A capillary monolith with a well-defined and homogeneous structure was obtained by controlling the hydrolysis speed of titanium alkoxides in a sol mixture by using glycerol and acetylacetone. As a result of the functionalization with chito-oligosaccharides (ChO)-modified nicotinic acid, the obtained stationary phase provides superior physiochemical properties, such as a cationic hydrophilic surface, porosity, and mechanical strength. Scanning electron microscope and attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the functionalized monolithic columns. The produced capillary columns showed high chromatographic performance with acceptable selectivity for charged analytes as well as organic polar compounds such as nucleic bases, nucleosides, carbamate pesticides, and strobilurin fungicides. The obtained results also indicated that the functionalized ChO's amino, amide, hydroxyl, and pyridinium ring moieties served as hydrophilic electrostatic traps for charged substances, in addition to stroing π-π interaction with the carbamate pesticides and strobilurin fungicides analytes via hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A M El-Nouby
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Lee Wah Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- International Joint Department of Materials Science and Engineering Between National University of Malaysia and Gifu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Chromatographic separation of peptides and proteins for characterization of proteomes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:270-281. [PMID: 36504223 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of proteomes aims to comprehensively characterize proteins in cells or tissues via two main strategies: (1) bottom-up strategy based on the separation and identification of enzymatic peptides; (2) top-down strategy based on the separation and identification of intact proteins. However, it is challenged by the high complexity of proteomes. Consequently, the improvements in peptide and protein separation technologies for simplifying the sample should be critical. In this feature article, separation columns for peptide and protein separation were introduced, and peptide separation technologies for bottom-up proteomic analysis as well as protein separation technologies for top-down proteomic analysis were summarized. The achievement, recent development, limitation and future trends are discussed. Besides, the outlook on challenges and future directions of chromatographic separation in the field of proteomics was also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Wang Y, Yao M, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Monolithic Silica Microbands Enable Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis of Single Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13489-13497. [PMID: 36121711 PMCID: PMC9789895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A picoliter thin-layer chromatography (pTLC) platform was developed for analyzing extremely miniature specimens, such as assay of the contents of a single cell of 1 picoliter volume. The pTLC chip consisted of an array of microscale bands made from highly porous monolithic silica designed to accept picoliter-scale volume samples. pTLC bands were fabricated by combining sol-gel chemistry and microfabrication technology. The width (60-80 μm) and depth (13 μm) of each band is comparable to the size of single cells and acted to reduce the lateral diffusion and confine the movement of compounds along the microbands. Ultrasmall volumes (tens of pL) of model fluorescent compounds were spotted onto the microband by a piezoelectric microdispenser and successfully separated by pTLC. The separation resolution and analyte migration were dependent on the macropore size (ranging from 0.3 to 2.3 μm), which was adjustable by changing the porogen concentration during the sol-gel process. For a 0.3 μm macropore size, attomoles of analyte were detectable by fluorescence using standard microscopy methods. The separation resolution, theoretical plate number, and separation times ranged from 1.3 to 2.1, 4 to 357, and 2 to 8 min, respectively, for the chosen model biological lipids. To demonstrate the capability of pTLC for separating analytes from single mammalian cells, cells loaded with fluorescent lipophilic dyes or sphingosine kinase reporter were spotted on microbands, and the single-cell contents separated by pTLC were detected from their fluorescence. These results demonstrate the potential of pTLC for applications in many areas where miniature specimens and high-throughput parallel analyses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Wang C, Liang Y, Yang X, Zhong B, Zhang X, Zhao B, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Surface-Charged Hybrid Monolithic Column for MS-Compatible Peptide Separation with High Peak Capacity and Its Application in Proteomic Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9525-9529. [PMID: 35762876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For bottom-up proteomics, peptide separation with high peak capacity under MS-compatible conditions is of vital significance to increase proteome coverage. Herein, a surface-charged ethane-bridged hybrid monolithic column was prepared based on the efficient ring-opening reaction of N-methyl-aza-2,2,4-trimethyl-silacyclopentane after C18-functionalization. The existence of secondary amino groups on the surface was beneficial to reduce the secondary interactions of silanol groups and increase peak capacity for peptide separation with MS-compatible mobile phases (e.g., using 0.1% FA as the mobile phase modifier). Such columns offered a 4-fold increase in peak capacity compared with ethane-bridged hybrid monolithic columns without surface charge modification. By a 100 cm length surface-charged ethane-bridged hybrid capillary column, high peak capacity of 700 was achieved within a 240 min gradient for the separation of Hela tryptic peptides with 0.1% FA-containing mobile phases, under the low backpressure of ∼200 bar. On average, 44493 ± 459 peptides corresponding to 5148 ± 47 proteins were identified from 750 ng Hela tryptic digests. Finally, the surface-charged ethane-bridged hybrid monolithic column was successfully applied in the quantitative proteomic analysis of dopaminergic neuron death model of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide induced SH-SY5Y cells. These results demonstrated great promise of such surface-charged ethane-bridged hybrid monolithic columns for bottom-up proteomic analysis in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Yang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bowen Zhong
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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6
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Olsen C, Wiborg E, Lundanes E, Abadpour S, Scholz H, Wilson SR. On‐line reduction of insulin disulfide bonds with photoinduced radical reactions, upstream to nano liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Olsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Elisa Wiborg
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Shadab Abadpour
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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7
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Wang C, Liang Y, Zhao B, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Ethane-Bridged Hybrid Monolithic Column with Large Mesopores for Boosting Top-Down Proteomic Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6172-6179. [PMID: 35412811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Top-down proteomics is challenged by the high complexity of biological samples. The coelution of intact proteins results in overlapped mass spectra, and hence, an increased peak capacity for protein separation is needed. Herein, ethane-bridged hybrid monoliths with well-defined large mesopores were successfully prepared based on the sol-gel condensation of 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane and tetramethoxysilane, followed by two-step base etching of the Si-O-Si domain while maintaining the Si-C-C-Si domain in the structure. Relatively homogeneous macropores of 1.1 μm and large mesopores of 24 nm were obtained, permitting fast mass transfer of large molecules and efficient diffusion without obstruction. The use of less hydrophobic C1 ligand further sharpened the peak shape and improved peak capacity. A 120 cm-long capillary column was used for top-down proteomic analysis of E. coli lysates under low backpressure with 16 MPa. High peak capacity of 646 was achieved within 240 min gradient. With MS/MS analysis, 959 proteoforms corresponding to 263 proteins could be unambiguously identified from E. coli lysates in a single run. Furthermore, to illustrate the separation performance for large proteoforms, such monoliths were applied to top-down analysis of the SEC fraction of E. coli lysates with Mw ranging from 30 to 70 kDa. With highly effective separation, 347 large proteoforms with Mw higher than 30 kDa were detected in the single 75 min run. These results showed great potential for top-down proteomic analysis in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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8
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Hara T, Baron GV, Hata K, Izumi Y, Bamba T, Desmet G. Performance of functionalized monolithic silica capillary columns with different mesopore sizes using radical polymerization of octadecyl methacrylate. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462282. [PMID: 34144397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on the possibility to enhance the phase ratio and retention factor in silica monoliths. According to pioneering work done by Núñez et al. [1], this enhancement is pursued by applying a stationary phase layer via radical polymerization with octadecyl methacrylate (ODM) as an alternative to the customary octadecylsilylation (C18-derivatization). The difference in band broadening, retention factor and separation selectivity between both approaches was compared. Different hydrothermal treatment temperatures for the column preparation were applied to produce monolithic silica structures with three different mesopore sizes (resp. 10, 13, and 16 nm, as determined by argon physisorption) while maintaining similar domain size (sum of through-pore and skeleton size). It has been found that the columns with the poly(octadecyl methacrylate)-phase (ODM columns) provided a 60 to 80% higher retention factor in methanol-water mixture compared to the octadecylsilylated (ODS) columns produced by starting from similar silica backbone structures. In acetonitrile-water mixture, the enhancement is smaller (15 to 30% times higher), yet significant. By adjusting the fabrication conditions (for both the preparation of the monolithic backbones and the surface functionalization), the achieved retention factors (up k = 4.89 for pentylbenzene in 80:20% (v/v) methanol/water) are obviously higher than obtained in the pioneering study on ODM monoliths of Núñez et al. [1], and column clogging could be completely avoided. In addition, also separation efficiencies were significantly higher than shown in Ref. [1], with plate heights as low as 5.8 μm. These plate heights are however inferior to those observed on the ODS-modified sister columns. The difference can be explained by the slower intra-skeleton diffusion displayed by the ODM-modified columns, in turn caused by the larger obstruction to diffusion originating from the thicker stationary phase layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Gino V Baron
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Kosuke Hata
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium.
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Advancements in the preparation and application of monolithic silica columns for efficient separation in liquid chromatography. Talanta 2021; 224:121777. [PMID: 33379011 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fast and efficient separation remains a big challenge in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The need for higher efficiency and resolution in separation is constantly in demand. To achieve that, columns developed are rapidly moving towards having smaller particle sizes and internal diameters (i.d.). However, these parameters will lead to high back-pressure in the system and will burden the pumps of the HPLC instrument. To address this limitation, monolithic columns, especially silica-based monolithic columns have been introduced. These columns are being widely investigated for fast and efficient separation of a wide range of molecules. The present article describes the current methods developed to enhance the column efficiency of particle packed columns and how silica monolithic columns can act as an alternative in overcoming the low permeability of particle packed columns. The fundamental processes behind the fabrication of the monolith including the starting materials and the silica sol-gel process will be discussed. Different monolith derivatization and end-capping processes will be further elaborated and followed by highlights of the performance such monolithic columns in key applications in different fields with various types of matrices.
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Innovations in Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phase Supports. Anal Chem 2020; 93:257-272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Hara T, Izumi Y, Hata K, V. Baron G, Bamba T, Desmet G. Performance of small-domain monolithic silica columns in nano-liquid chromatography and comparison with commercial packed bed columns with 2 µm particles. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1616:460804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Well-Defined Materials for High-Performance Chromatographic Separation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:451-473. [PMID: 30939031 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation has been widely applied in various fields, such as chemical engineering, precision medicine, energy, and biology. Because chromatographic separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile phase and stationary phase and affected by band dispersion and mass transfer resistance from these two phases, the materials used as the stationary phase play a decisive role in separation performance. In this review, we discuss the design of separation materials to achieve the separation with high efficiency and high resolution and highlight the well-defined materials with uniform pore structure and unique properties. The achievements, recent developments, challenges, and future trends of such materials are discussed. Furthermore, the surface functionalization of separation ma-terials for further improvement of separation performance is reviewed. Finally, future research directions and the challenges of chromatographic separation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
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13
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Chromatographic study of the structural properties of mesoporous silica layers deposited on radially elongated pillars. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Study of peak capacities generated by a porous layered radially elongated pillar array column coupled to a nano-LC system. Analyst 2019; 144:1809-1817. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a porous-layered radially elongated pillar (PLREP) array column in a commercial nano-LC system was examined by performing separation of alkylphenones and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Futagami
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- Division of Metabolomics
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Department of Applied Physics and Photonics
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Materials and Chemistry
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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15
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Abstract
Nano liquid chromatography (nanoLC), with columns having an inner diameter (ID) of ≤100 μm, can provide enhanced sensitivity and enable analysis of limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- Oslo
- Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence
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16
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Hara T, Izumi Y, Nakao M, Hata K, Baron GV, Bamba T, Desmet G. Silica-based hybrid porous layers to enhance the retention and efficiency of open tubular capillary columns with a 5 μm inner diameter. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Rodriguez ES, Lam SC, Haddad PR, Paull B. Reversed-Phase Functionalised Multi-lumen Capillary as Combined Concentrator, Separation Column, and ESI Emitter in Capillary-LC–MS. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hara T, Futagami S, De Malsche W, Baron GV, Desmet G. Exploring the effect of mesopore size reduction on the column performance of silica-based open tubular capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1552:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Futagami S, Hara T, Ottevaere H, Baron GV, Desmet G, De Malsche W. Preparation and evaluation of mesoporous silica layers on radially elongated pillars. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:234-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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da Silva CGA, Grespan Bottoli CB, Collins CH. 3-Dimensional X-ray microtomography methodology for characterization of monolithic stationary phases and columns for capillary liquid chromatography - A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:30-45. [PMID: 29031297 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this tutorial we describe a fast, nondestructive, three-dimensional (3-D) view approach to be used in morphology characterization of capillary monoliths and columns by reconstruction from X-ray microtomography (XMT) obtained by acquiring projection images of the sample from a number of different directions. The method comprises imaging acquisition, imaging reconstruction using specific algorithms and imaging analysis by generation of a 3-D image of the sample from radiographic images. The 3-D images show the morphological data for bulk macropore space and skeleton connectivity of the monoliths and were compared with other images from imaging techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and with chromatographic performance. The 3-D XMT methodology is applicable for organic and inorganic capillary chromatographic monolithic materials and it allows the acquisition of many hundreds (in our case 1001 projections) of longitudinal and cross-sectional images in a single session, resolving morphological details with a 3D-view of the monolithic structure, inclusive inside the column in a sectional structure with volume (three dimensions) when compared to the sectional structure area (with only two dimensions) when using SEM and FESEM techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G A da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Cuiabá, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | - Carol H Collins
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil.
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21
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Hara T, Futagami S, De Malsche W, Eeltink S, Terryn H, Baron GV, Desmet G. Chromatographic Properties of Minimal Aspect Ratio Monolithic Silica Columns. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10948-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Division
of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1
Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shunta Futagami
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Materials
and Chemistry, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Pleinlaan
2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Meinusch R, Ellinghaus R, Hormann K, Tallarek U, Smarsly BM. On the underestimated impact of the gelation temperature on macro- and mesoporosity in monolithic silica. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:14821-14834. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01846k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating pore formation in monolithic SiO2: small variations in gelation temperature have a surprisingly strong impact on the meso- and macroporosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Meinusch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)
| | - Rüdiger Ellinghaus
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)
| | - Kristof Hormann
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Bernd M. Smarsly
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)
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23
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Hara T, Futagami S, Eeltink S, De Malsche W, Baron GV, Desmet G. Very High Efficiency Porous Silica Layer Open-Tubular Capillary Columns Produced via in-Column Sol-Gel Processing. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10158-10166. [PMID: 27642813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that 5 μm i.d. capillaries can be coated with mesoporous silica layers up to 550 nm thickness. All the columns produced using in-column sol-gel synthesis with tetramethoxysilane provide plate height curves that closely follow the Golay-Aris theory. In 60 cm long columns, efficiencies as high as N = 150 000 and N = 120 000 were obtained, respectively, for a 300 and 550 nm thick porous layer. An excellent retention and plate height reproducibility was obtained when the recipes were subsequently applied to produce very long (1.9 and 2.5 m) capillaries. These columns produced efficiencies up to N = 600 000 plates for a retained and around N = 1 000 000 plates for an unretained component. Given the good reproducibility on the long capillaries, and considering that mesoporous silica is still the preferred support for LC, it is believed the present study could spur a renewed interest in open-tubular LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shunta Futagami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gino V Baron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Hara T, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Exploring the pressure resistance limits of monolithic silica capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1446:164-9. [PMID: 27086284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on an experimental approach to measure the pressure stability and mechanical strength of monolithic silica capillary columns with different diameters (50 and 100μm i.d.) and considering two different domain sizes, typical for the second generation monoliths or smaller. The approach consists of exposing the capillaries to ultra-high pressures (gradually stepwise increased from 20 to 80MPa), with intermediate measurements of the column efficiency, permeability and retention factors to check the mechanical stability of the bed. It was observed that all tested columns withstood the imposed pressure stress, i.e., all the tested parameters remained unaffected up till the maximal test pressure of 80MPa. The applied pressure gradient corresponded to 320MPa/m. The two 100μm i.d.-capillary columns were also exposed to pressures between 80 and 90MPa for a prolonged time (8h), and this did not cause any damage either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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