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Berger TA. The Evolution and Current State of Instrumentation for Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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2
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Pepermans V, Januarius T, Desmet G, Broeckhoven K. Diffusion coefficients of an extensive set of pharmaceutical compounds in supercritical fluid chromatography over a wide range of mobile phase compositions. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463327. [PMID: 35872536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion data are essential for adequate analysis of the kinetic separation performance of any chromatographic system. Unfortunately, for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC), very little data is available of the diffusion coefficients in mobile phases typically used in contemporary methods, i.e. with a non-negligible amount of polar modifier such as methanol. In this work, a relative simple method which only requires minor modifications to a standard commercially available SFC instrument is used to determine the diffusion coefficient of an extensive set of pharmaceutical compounds in the range of 10-50 vol% of modifier (methanol) in CO2. By using a traditional SFC column, the solute is first separated from the sample solvent plug, before entering a long capillary, where the band broadening can be linked to its diffusion coefficient using the Taylor-Aris equation. By using two UV-detectors, before and after the capillary, the effect of the dispersion in the column can be eliminated and the true volumetric flow rate determined. It was found that in the investigated range of conditions, the change in mobile phase viscosity in a first approximation allows to predict the variation in diffusion coefficient. Chemical structure and more particularly functional groups can however have a significant effect on the diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium.
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A perspective on enantioselective chromatography by comparing ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and normal-phase liquid chromatography through the use of a Pirkle-type stationary phase. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Berger TA. Diffusion and Dispersion in Tubes in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using Sub-2 µm Packings. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kaplitz AS, Mostafa ME, Calvez SA, Edwards JL, Grinias JP. Two‐dimensional separation techniques using supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:426-437. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha A. Calvez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro NJ USA
| | | | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro NJ USA
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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Berger TA. Reduced Plate Height of 1.65 on a 20 × 3 mm Column Packed with 1.8 µm Particles in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zajickova Z, Špánik I. Applications of monolithic columns in gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:999-1011. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Physical Sciences; Barry University; Miami Shores FL USA
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
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High-Speed, High-Efficiency Achiral SFC on a 3 × 20-mm Column Packed with 1.8-µm Particles Facilitated by a Low-Dispersion Chromatograph. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ismail OH, Losacco GL, Mazzoccanti G, Ciogli A, Villani C, Catani M, Pasti L, Anderson S, Cavazzini A, Gasparrini F. Unmatched Kinetic Performance in Enantioselective Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by Combining Latest Generation Whelk-O1 Chiral Stationary Phases with a Low-Dispersion in-House Modified Equipment. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10828-10836. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar H. Ismail
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gioacchino L. Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet, 1, 1211 Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Scott Anderson
- Regis Technologies, Inc., 8210 Austin Avenue, Morton Grove, Illinois 60053, United States
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Berger TA. Effect of density on kinetic performance in supercritical fluid chromatography with methanol modified carbon dioxide. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:188-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Current trends in supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Berger TA. Preliminary kinetic evaluation of an immobilized polysaccharide sub-2μm column using a low dispersion supercritical fluid chromatograph. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1510:82-88. [PMID: 28652002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a 3×50mm, 1.6μm dp column with an immobilized polysaccharide stationary phase (ChiralPak IA-U) was evaluated for efficiency, and pressure drop, with respect to flow rate and modifier concentration using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). This appears to be the first such report using such a column in SFC. A unique low dispersion (ultra-high performance) SFC was used for the evaluation. The minimum reduced plate height of 2.78, indicates that the maximum efficiency was similar to or better than coated polysaccharide columns. Selectivity was different from ChiralPak AD, with the same chiral selector, as reported by many others. At high flows and high methanol concentrations, pump pressures sometimes approached 600bar. With 5% methanol, pressure vs. flow rate was non-linear suggesting turbulent flow in the connector tubing. The optimum flow rate (Fopt) at 40% methanol was ≈0.8mL/min, where the column efficiency was highest. At 5% methanol, Fopt increased to ≈1.6mL/min, but efficiency degraded noticeably. The differences in Fopt suggests that the solute diffusion coefficients are a strong function of modifier concentration. Several sub-1min separations, including a 7.5s separation, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Berger
- SFC Solutions Inc., 9435 Downing St., Englewood, FL 34224, USA.
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Berger TA. Characterizing pressure issues due to turbulent flow in tubing, in ultra-fast chiral supercritical fluid chromatography at up to 580bar. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1475:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gritti F, Fogwill M, Gilar M, Jarrell JA. Maximizing performance in supercritical fluid chromatography using low-density mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1468:217-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barhate CL, Wahab MF, Tognarelli DJ, Berger TA, Armstrong DW. Instrumental Idiosyncrasies Affecting the Performance of Ultrafast Chiral and Achiral Sub/Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8664-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan L. Barhate
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - M. Farooq Wahab
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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Berger TA. Kinetic performance of a 50mm long 1.8μm chiral column in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1459:136-144. [PMID: 27423775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reduced plate heights (hr) of <2 were observed for the first time during the chiral separation of enantiomers, on sub-2μm particles with supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The enantiomers of trans-stilbene oxide, were separated on a 4.6×50mm, 1.8μm R,R-Whelk-O1 column, with hr as low as 1.93. The plumbing of a commercial SFC instrument was modified to create a low dispersion version. Without the modification performance was considerably worse. vanDeemter like plots of reduced plate height vs. flow rate, for trans-stilbene oxide, indicate that the optimum flow varied with% modifier. On a 4.6×250mm, 5μm R,R- Whelk-O1 column, the optimum flow was >4mL/min for 5% methanol in CO2, decreasing to <2mL/min for 40% methanol (more than a factor of 2). For a 4.6×50mm column packed with 1.8μm particles the optimum appeared to be near, or >5mL/min with 2.5%, 5%, and 10% methanol, decreasing to between 3 and 3.5mL/min at 40% methanol. This is the first time such shifts have been characterized. Since the solutes were the same in all cases, the differences are likely due to changes in solute diffusion coefficients caused by changes in modifier concentration, and pressure. Pump pressure requirements sometimes exceeded 500bar. It is shown that a 5mL/min flow rate is inadequate for use with 1.8μm particles in a 4.6mm ID column format. Instead, it is suggested to decrease the ID of the column to 3mm, where the optimum flow rates are on the order of 2mL/min with decreased tubing variance. Nevertheless, a number of sub-1min chromatograms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Berger
- SFC Solutions, Inc., 9435 Downing St, Englewood, FL 34224, USA.
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