1
|
Kumar V, Umapathy G. Development of an enzyme immunoassay to measure urinary and faecal 5α-androst-16-en-3-one in pigs. MethodsX 2023; 10:102178. [PMID: 37122363 PMCID: PMC10133744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Androstenone, a volatile steroid that possesses pheromonal activity, is responsible for boar taint, sexual interactions, and reproduction in pigs. A wide range of analytical methods has been developed to quantify and detect androstenone in adipose tissue and blood, which are invasive procedures. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a non-invasive method to detect and quantify the androstenone. We produced group-specific polyclonal androstenone antibody to standardize and validate an enzyme immunoassay to measure faecal and urinary androstenone in Yorkshire boars and sows. Parallelism was performed to determine the immunoreactivity between faecal and urinary immunoreactive androstenone and respective antibody. In boars, urinary and faecal androstenone concentrations were higher on the day of mounting and copulation with sows. In sows, we also measured faecal progesterone metabolites to confirm the oestrus and mating. Faecal androstenone concentrations were peaked on the day of oestrus and mating in sows. Our results suggest that androstenone could be detected and quantified in faecal and urine samples of boars and sows. •Developed an enzyme immunoassay for measuring 5α-androst-16-en-3-one as a marker of boar taint and sex pheromone in urine and faeces of pigs•Detection of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one using a non-invasive method.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bhatt K, Dejong T, Dubois LM, Markey A, Gengler N, Wavreille J, Stefanuto PH, Focant JF. Lipid Serum Profiling of Boar-Tainted and Untainted Pigs Using GC×GC-TOFMS: An Exploratory Study. Metabolites 2022; 12:1111. [PMID: 36422251 PMCID: PMC9693814 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques, including liquid chromatography coupling, shotgun lipidomics, MS imaging, and ion mobility, are widely used to analyze lipids. However, with enhanced separation capacity and an optimized chemical derivatization approach, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) can be a powerful tool to investigate some groups of small lipids in the framework of lipidomics. This study describes the optimization of a dedicated two-stage derivatization and extraction process to analyze different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in plasma by two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) using a full factorial design. The optimized condition has a composite desirability of 0.9159. This optimized sample preparation and chromatographic condition were implemented to differentiate between positive (BT) and negative (UT) boar-tainted pigs based on fatty acid profiling in pig serum using GC×GC-TOFMS. A chemometric screening, including unsupervised (PCA, HCA) and supervised analysis (PLS-DA), as well as univariate analysis (volcano plot), was performed. The results suggested that the concentration of PUFA ω-6 and cholesterol derivatives were significantly increased in BT pigs, whereas SFA and PUFA ω-3 concentrations were increased in UT pigs. The metabolic pathway and quantitative enrichment analysis suggest the significant involvement of linolenic acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Bhatt
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Dejong
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lena M. Dubois
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alice Markey
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Gengler
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - José Wavreille
- Animal Production Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Formation and Analysis of Volatile and Odor Compounds in Meat-A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196703. [PMID: 36235239 PMCID: PMC9572956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The volatile composition and odor of meat and meat products is based on the precursors present in the raw meat. These are influenced by various pre-slaughter factors (species, breed, sex, age, feed, muscle type). Furthermore, post-mortem conditions (chiller aging, cooking conditions, curing, fermentation, etc.) determine the development of meat volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this review, the main reactions leading to the development of meat VOCs such as the Maillard reaction; Strecker degradation; lipid oxidation; and thiamine, carbohydrate, and nucleotide degradation are described. The important pre-slaughter factors and post-mortem conditions influencing meat VOCs are discussed. Finally, the pros, cons, and future perspectives of the most commonly used sample preparation techniques (solid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, dynamic headspace extraction) and analytical methods (gas chromatography mass spectrometry and olfactometry, as well as electronic noses) for the analysis of meat VOCs are discussed, and the continued importance of sensorial analysis is pinpointed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Development of an analytical method for the determination of sterol compounds in boars’ saliva. Anal Biochem 2022; 658:114932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
5
|
Osada K, Miyazono S, Ohata M, Noguchi T, Kashiwayanagi M. Changes in gaseous concentration of alkylpyrazine analogs affect mouse avoidance behavior. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2343-2351. [PMID: 34647591 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We developed a rapid and accurate method for quantifying gaseous phase odorants using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in conjunction with GC-MS and used our system to quantify alkylpyrazine analogs in the Y-maze. Rapid extraction of volatile compounds in the vapor phase achieved accurate quantitative analysis of gaseous alkylpyrazine analogs at several locations in the Y-maze. We also used a series of three SPME fibers to quantify changes in the concentration over time. We conducted a behavioral test of mice in response to these alkylpyrazines and identified a positive relationship between the rate of increase in gaseous concentration and the avoidance rate induced. Our results demonstrate that the Y-maze is a simple but reliable apparatus for behavioral studies of olfaction. The HS-SPME fast extraction method can quantify how gaseous concentrations of alkylpyrazines change over time, and the time-dependent increase of alkylpyrazine concentration is correlated with induction of aversive behavior in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Osada
- Laboratory of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sadaharu Miyazono
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Motoko Ohata
- Laboratory of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Noguchi
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Kashiwayanagi
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burgeon C, Markey A, Debliquy M, Lahem D, Rodriguez J, Ly A, Fauconnier ML. Comprehensive SPME-GC-MS Analysis of VOC Profiles Obtained Following High-Temperature Heating of Pork Back Fat with Varying Boar Taint Intensities. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061311. [PMID: 34200407 PMCID: PMC8227496 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Boar taint detection is a major concern for the pork industry. Currently, this taint is mainly detected through a sensory evaluation. However, little is known about the entire volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile perceived by the assessor. Additionally, many research groups are working on the development of new rapid and reliable detection methods, which include the VOCs sensor-based methods. The latter are susceptible to sensor poisoning by interfering molecules produced during high-temperature heating of fat. Analyzing the VOC profiles obtained by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) after incubation at 150 and 180 °C helps in the comprehension of the environment in which boar taint is perceived. Many similarities were observed between these temperatures; both profiles were rich in carboxylic acids and aldehydes. Through a principal component analysis (PCA) and analyses of variance (ANOVAs), differences were highlighted. Aldehydes such as (E,E)-nona-2,4-dienal exhibited higher concentrations at 150 °C, while heating at 180 °C resulted in significantly higher concentrations in fatty acids, several amide derivatives, and squalene. These differences stress the need for standardized parameters for sensory evaluation. Lastly, skatole and androstenone, the main compounds involved in boar taint, were perceived in the headspace at these temperatures but remained low (below 1 ppm). Higher temperature should be investigated to increase headspace concentrations provided that rigorous analyses of total VOC profiles are performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Burgeon
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (A.M.); (M.-L.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alice Markey
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (A.M.); (M.-L.F.)
| | - Marc Debliquy
- Service de Science des Matériaux, Faculté Polytechnique, Université de Mons, Rue de l’Epargne 56, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (M.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Driss Lahem
- Materia Nova ASBL, Materials R&D Centre, Parc Initialis, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (D.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Justine Rodriguez
- Service de Science des Matériaux, Faculté Polytechnique, Université de Mons, Rue de l’Epargne 56, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (M.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Ahmadou Ly
- Materia Nova ASBL, Materials R&D Centre, Parc Initialis, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (D.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (A.M.); (M.-L.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Burgeon C, Debliquy M, Lahem D, Rodriguez J, Ly A, Fauconnier ML. Past, present, and future trends in boar taint detection. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
8
|
Lund BW, Borggaard C, Birkler RID, Jensen K, Støier S. High throughput method for quantifying androstenone and skatole in adipose tissue from uncastrated male pigs by laser diode thermal desorption-tandem mass spectrometry. FOOD CHEMISTRY-X 2021; 9:100113. [PMID: 33511339 PMCID: PMC7817497 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Boar taint is mainly caused by the compounds, skatole and androstenone. Analysis for at-line industrial measurement of boar taint in pigs. High throughput quantitative analysis of skatole and androstenone. Low cost, robust and selective analytical results.
The study aims at developing a rapid and robust mass spectrometric method capable of measuring the malodorous boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole in fat samples from male pig carcasses. The developed method is suited for use in commercial abattoirs as an at-line method to detect the presence of these compounds in carcasses or as a high-speed analysis in laboratories with high sample turnover. The chemical assay is based on salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and direct measurement with Laser Diode Thermal Desorption-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LDTD-MS/MS). When fully automated as an at-line method, a single LDTD-MS/MS system will have a measuring capacity of >420 male pig carcasses per hour. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.05 µg/g and 0.10 µg/g for skatole and androstenone, respectively, which is well below the expected sorting thresholds. The reproducibility of the method (%RSD) meets the industry requirement for an RSD of below 10%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Winther Lund
- Danish Technological Institute, Danish Meat Research Institute (DMRI), Gregersensvej 9, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Claus Borggaard
- Danish Technological Institute, Danish Meat Research Institute (DMRI), Gregersensvej 9, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Rune Isak Dupont Birkler
- Danish Technological Institute, Danish Meat Research Institute (DMRI), Gregersensvej 9, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jensen
- Danish Technological Institute, Danish Meat Research Institute (DMRI), Gregersensvej 9, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Susanne Støier
- Danish Technological Institute, Danish Meat Research Institute (DMRI), Gregersensvej 9, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feasibility of on/at Line Methods to Determine Boar Taint and Boar Taint Compounds: An Overview. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101886. [PMID: 33076492 PMCID: PMC7602555 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Due to welfare issues, the physical castration of male pigs is decreasing, and the entire male pig production is increasing. Fattening entire male pigs requires control due to the possibility of accumulating off odour/flavour called boar taint, which is mainly due to two compounds - skatole and androstenone. If carcasses with boar taint reach the market, it can cause a negative consumer reaction which may have economic consequences for the whole meat chain. Thus, it is necessary to sort out carcasses at the slaughter line. Today, a sensory quality control (human nose method) is used in some slaughter plants for this purpose. Detection by physical or chemical methods is also envisaged. A colorimetric method to determine skatole has been used in Danish abattoirs for decades, but it is foreseen that it will soon be replaced by the laser diode thermal desorption ion source coupled with a mass spectrometry equipment that allows a fully automated classification based on skatole and androstenone levels at speed line, with a delay of less than 40 min. Other potential methods such as the electrochemical biosensors, rapid evaporative ionization mass spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, still need further development and validation for an application at abattoir level. Abstract Classification of carcasses at the slaughter line allows an optimisation of its processing and differentiated payment to producers. Boar taint is a quality characteristic that is evaluated in some slaughter plants. This odour and flavour is mostly present in entire males and perceived generally by sensitive consumers as unpleasant. In the present work, the methodologies currently used in slaughter plants for boar taint classification (colorimetric method and sensory quality control-human nose) and the methodologies that have the potential to be implemented on/at the slaughter line (mass spectrometry, Raman and biosensors) have been summarized. Their main characteristics are presented and an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) has been carried out. From this, we can conclude that, apart from human nose, the technology that arises as very promising and available on the market, and that will probably become a substitute for the colorimetric method, is the tandem between the laser diode thermal desorption ion source and the mass spectrometry (LDTD-MS/MS) with automation of the sampling and sample pre-treatment, because it is able to work at the slaughter line, is fast and robust, and measures both androstenone and skatole.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ross A, Brunius C, Chevallier O, Dervilly G, Elliott C, Guitton Y, Prenni JE, Savolainen O, Hemeryck L, Vidkjær NH, Scollan N, Stead SL, Zhang R, Vanhaecke L. Making complex measurements of meat composition fast: Application of rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry to measuring meat quality and fraud. Meat Sci 2020; 181:108333. [PMID: 33067082 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demands are being placed on meat producers to verify more about their product with regards to safety, quality and authenticity. There are many methods that can detect aspects of these parameters in meat, yet most are too slow to keep up with the demands of modern meat processing plants and supply chains. A new technology, Rapid Evaporative Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (REIMS), has the potential to bridge the gap between advanced laboratory measurements and technology that can screen for quality, safety and authenticity parameters in a single measurement. Analysis with REIMS generates a detailed mass spectral fingerprint representative of a meat sample without the need for sample processing. REIMS has successfully been used to detect species fraud, detect use of hormones in meat animals, monitor meat processing and to detect off flavours such as boar taint. The aim of this review is to summarize these and other applications to highlight the potential of REIMS for meat analysis. Sampling methods and important considerations for data analysis are discussed as well as limitations of the technology and remaining challenges for practical adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Ross
- Food and Biobased Products Group, AgResearch, Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | - Carl Brunius
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science and Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
| | | | - Nanna Hjort Vidkjær
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
| | - Nigel Scollan
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Sara L Stead
- Scientific Operations, Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK.
| | - Renyu Zhang
- Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Buttinger G, Wenzl T. Validation by collaborative trial of a method for the determination by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS of boar taint marker compounds in pork tissue. FOOD CHEMISTRY-X 2020; 6:100083. [PMID: 32211608 PMCID: PMC7082526 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous determination of indole, skatole, and androstenone in pork tissue. Sensorial thresholds are within working ranges of the method. Choice of sample measurement by GC–MS or LC–MSMS. Method validation by collaborative trial with participants from 10 countries. Method performance parameters are compliant with EU legislation on food contaminants.
Meat from male pigs may develop an off-flavour, commonly known as boar taint. Castration of male piglets prevents the potential formation of off-flavour. In the suggested method, three marker compounds for boar taint (skatole, androstenone and indole) are quantified in pork fat by isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). This method was validated by collaborative trial according to ISO 5725-2:1994. The studied concentration ranges included sensorial thresholds. The repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) ranges from 3% to 10% and the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) from 10% to about 30%. The method has proven to be robust and free from matrix interferences. The method performance characteristics are compliant with requirements for official control methods in the area of food contaminants; therefore, the method is regarded as fit for its intended purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Buttinger
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Retieseweg 111, B 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Thomas Wenzl
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Retieseweg 111, B 2440 Geel, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Verplanken K, Stead S, Jandova R, Poucke CV, Claereboudt J, Bussche JV, Saeger SD, Takats Z, Wauters J, Vanhaecke L. Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry for high-throughput screening in food analysis: The case of boar taint. Talanta 2017; 169:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|