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Gritti F, Chen EY, Datta SS. Harnessing an elastic flow instability to improve the kinetic performance of chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1735:465326. [PMID: 39236358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite decades of research and development, the optimal efficiency of slurry-packed HPLC columns is still hindered by inherent long-range flow heterogeneity from the wall to the central bulk region of these columns. Here, we show an example of how this issue can be addressed through the straightforward addition of a semidilute amount (500 ppm) of a large, flexible, synthetic polymer (18 MDa partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, HPAM) to the mobile phase (1% NaCl aqueous solution, hereafter referred to as "brine") during operation of a 4.6 mm × 300 mm column packed with 10μm BEHTM 125 Å particles. Addition of the polymer imparts elasticity to the mobile phase, causing the flow in the interparticle pore space to become unstable above a threshold flow rate. We verify the development of this elastic flow instability using pressure drop measurements of the friction factor versus Reynolds number. In prior work, we showed that this flow instability is characterized by large spatiotemporal fluctuations in the pore-scale flow velocities that may promote analyte dispersion across the column. Axial dispersion measurements of the quasi non-retained tracer thiourea confirm this possibility: they reveal that operating above the onset of the instability improves column efficiency by greater than 100%. These experiments thereby suggest that elastic flow instabilities can be harnessed to mitigate the negative impact of trans-column flow heterogeneities on the efficiency of slurry-packed HPLC columns. While this approach has its own inherent limitations and constraints, our results lay the groundwork for future targeted development of polymers that can impart elasticity when dissolved in commonly used liquid chromatography mobile phases, and can thereby generate elastic flow instabilities to help improve the resolution of HPLC columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA.
| | - Emily Y Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 41 Olden Street, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sujit S Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 41 Olden Street, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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2
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Anderson BG, Hancock TA, Kennedy RT. Preparation of high-efficiency HILIC capillary columns utilizing slurry packing at 2100 bar. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464856. [PMID: 38579610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Complex mixture analysis requires high-efficiency chromatography columns. Although reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the dominant approach for such mixtures, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is an important complement to RPLC by enabling the separation of polar compounds. Chromatography theory predicts that small particles and long columns will yield high efficiency; however, little work has been done to prepare HILIC columns longer than 25 cm packed with sub-2 μm particles. In this work, we tested the slurry packing of 75 cm long HILIC columns with 1.7 μm bridged-ethyl-hybrid amide HILIC particles at 2,100 bar (30,000 PSI). Acetonitrile, methanol, acetone, and water were tested as slurry solvents, with acetonitrile providing the best columns. Slurry concentrations of 50-200 mg/mL were assessed, and while 50-150 mg/mL provided comparable results, the 150 mg/mL columns provided the shortest packing times (9 min). Columns prepared using 150 mg/mL slurries in acetonitrile yielded a reduced minimum plate height (hmin) of 3.3 and an efficiency of 120,000 theoretical plates for acenaphthene, an unretained solute. Para-toluenesulfonic acid produced the lowest hmin of 1.9 and the highest efficiency of 210,000 theoretical plates. These results identify conditions for producing high-efficiency HILIC columns with potential applications to complex mixture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tate A Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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3
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Two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for lipidomics using off-line coupling of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with 50 cm long reversed phase capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463707. [PMID: 36516490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of the lipidome remains a challenge requiring development of new analytical approaches to expand lipid coverage in complex samples. In this work, offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was investigated for lipidomics from human plasma. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was implemented in the first dimension to fractionate lipid classes. Nine fractions were collected and subjected to a second-dimension separation utilizing 50 cm capillary columns packed with 1.7 µm C18 particles operated on custom-built instrumentation at 35 kpsi. Online coupling with time-of-flight mass spectrometry allowed putative lipid identification from precursor-mass based library searching. The method had good orthogonality (fractional coverage of ∼40%), achieved a peak capacity of approximately 1900 in 600 min, and detected over 1000 lipids from a 5 µL injection of a human plasma extract while consuming less than 3 mL of solvent. The results demonstrate the expected gains in peak capacity when employing long columns and two-dimensional separations and illustrate practical approaches for improving lipidome coverage from complex biological samples.
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4
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Lenčo J, Jadeja S, Naplekov DK, Krokhin OV, Khalikova MA, Chocholouš P, Urban J, Broeckhoven K, Nováková L, Švec F. Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography of Peptides for Bottom-Up Proteomics: A Tutorial. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2846-2892. [PMID: 36355445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the current bottom-up liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses has undoubtedly been fueled by spectacular progress in mass spectrometry. It is thus not surprising that the MS instrument attracts the most attention during LC-MS method development, whereas optimizing conditions for peptide separation using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) remains somewhat in its shadow. Consequently, the wisdom of the fundaments of chromatography is slowly vanishing from some laboratories. However, the full potential of advanced MS instruments cannot be achieved without highly efficient RPLC. This is impossible to attain without understanding fundamental processes in the chromatographic system and the properties of peptides important for their chromatographic behavior. We wrote this tutorial intending to give practitioners an overview of critical aspects of peptide separation using RPLC to facilitate setting the LC parameters so that they can leverage the full capabilities of their MS instruments. After briefly introducing the gradient separation of peptides, we discuss their properties that affect the quality of LC-MS chromatograms the most. Next, we address the in-column and extra-column broadening. The last section is devoted to key parameters of LC-MS methods. We also extracted trends in practice from recent bottom-up proteomics studies and correlated them with the current knowledge on peptide RPLC separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Denis K Naplekov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg V Krokhin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, WinnipegR3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria A Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chocholouš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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5
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Perchepied S, Ritchie H, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Insights in column packing processes of narrow bore and capillary-scale columns: Methodologies, driving forces, and separation performance – A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1235:340563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Dembek M, Szumski M, Bocian S, Buszewski B. Optimization of the packing process of microcolumns with the embedded phosphodiester stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3310-3318. [PMID: 35665599 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of new home-made stationary phases involves their packaging procedure and is crucial to obtain satisfactory working parameters. The parameter that illustrates the quality of the packed bed is its efficiency measured as the height equivalent to the theoretical plate. According to the Van Deemetr's equation, it depends on three factors, but only one of them, eddy diffusion, does not depend on the linear flow velocity. Therefore, in order to obtain it as low as possible, it is necessary to focus on a good filling of the column. Among many parameters affecting the quality of column packing, in our work we have focused on the choice of slurry solvent. Novel stationary phases with an embedded phosphodiester group were investigated. The suspensions in 16 solvents and solvent mixtures were studied for their stability, aggregation, sedimentation and viscosity comparison. The efficiency of the packed microcolumns and its comparison was determined by chromatographic analyses using a polar (thymidine) and a non-polar compound (naphthalene). The results obtained led to the conclusion that for these stationary phases, the best slurry solvent is the one that aggregates the phase while maintaining stability and having high viscosity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Dembek
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Michał Szumski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University
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7
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Liu Y, Wen H, Chen S, Wang X, Zhu X, Luo L, Wang X, Zhang B. Mass Fabrication of Capillary Columns Based on Centrifugal Packing. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8126-8131. [PMID: 35650662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Packed capillary columns have become the standard front-end separation device for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. The development of simple, fast, and robust capillary column technology, especially that with mass-fabrication capacity, can greatly improve analytical throughput and reproducibility in omics research. In this technical note, we report a centrifugal packing technology, which has the capability to mass fabricate high quality capillary columns with a 2886 columns/day fabrication throughput. The centrifugally packed columns presented significantly improved efficiency (reduced plate height hmin = 1.6, 37%-40% improvement compared with slurry packed columns), advanced kinetic performance limit, and excellent column-to-column reproducibility (2.0% RSD for retention time, 50 columns). Such columns enabled ∼5300 HeLa proteins identified in single-shot proteomic analysis, displaying both intercolumn and inter-run retention time stability (retention time RSD = 0.94% between nine replicates on three columns for probing peptide sequence). The mass-fabrication technology reported in this technical note may support disposable use of high quality chromatographic columns in large-scale bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hanrong Wen
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | | | | | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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8
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Misiura A, Shen H, Tauzin L, Dutta C, Bishop LDC, Carrejo NC, Zepeda O J, Ramezani S, Moringo NA, Marciel AB, Rossky PJ, Landes CF. Single-Molecule Dynamics Reflect IgG Conformational Changes Associated with Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11200-11207. [PMID: 34346671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conformational changes of antibodies and other biologics can decrease the effectiveness of pharmaceutical separations. Hence, a detailed mechanistic picture of antibody-stationary phase interactions that occur during ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) can provide critical insights. This work examines antibody conformational changes and how they perturb antibody motion and affect ensemble elution profiles. We combine IEX, three-dimensional single-protein tracking, and circular dichroism spectroscopy to investigate conformational changes of a model antibody, immunoglobulin G (IgG), as it interacts with the stationary phase as a function of salt conditions. The results indicate that the absence of salt enhances electrostatic attraction between IgG and the stationary phase, promotes surface-induced unfolding, slows IgG motion, and decreases elution from the column. Our results reveal previously unreported details of antibody structural changes and their influence on macroscale elution profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Misiura
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 800 E Summit Street, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
| | - Lawrence Tauzin
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chayan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Logan D C Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Nicole C Carrejo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jorge Zepeda O
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Shahryar Ramezani
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Nicholas A Moringo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Amanda B Marciel
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter J Rossky
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christy F Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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9
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Wang X, Zhu J, Yang C, Qin F, Zhang B. Segmented Microfluidics-Based Packing Technology for Chromatographic Columns. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8450-8458. [PMID: 34111926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS) has become the method of choice for the analysis of complex biological systems, especially when the available sample amount is limited. The preparation of high-performance capillary columns for nanoLC use is still a technical challenge. Here, we report a segmented microfluidic method for the preparation of packed capillary columns, where liquid segments were used as soft, dynamic, and well-dispersed slurry reservoirs for carrying and delivering micrometer packing particles. Based on this microfluidic packing technology, the column bed was assembled layer-by-layer at a 50 μm resolution, and ultralong capillary columns of 3, 5, and 10 m were fabricated in such a manner. The microfluidically packed columns demonstrated excellent separation efficiencies of 116 000 plates/m. The higher efficiencies obtained at higher slurry concentrations also indicate that a high-quality packed bed can be obtained without sacrificing the packing speed. Kinetic performance limit analysis shows that the microfluidic packed columns have higher peak capacity production efficiency in the high-resolution region, presenting an improved separation impedance of 2800, which is significantly better than columns packed with the conventional slurry packing method. In comparison with a commercial nanoLC column, a 5 m long microfluidic packed column was evaluated for proteomic analysis using a standard HeLa protein digest and presented 261% improvement in peptide identification capability, resulting in significantly enhanced protein identification confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chenyuhu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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10
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Vitorino R, Guedes S, da Costa JP, Kašička V. Microfluidics for Peptidomics, Proteomics, and Cell Analysis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1118. [PMID: 33925983 PMCID: PMC8145566 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is the advanced microtechnology of fluid manipulation in channels with at least one dimension in the range of 1-100 microns. Microfluidic technology offers a growing number of tools for manipulating small volumes of fluid to control chemical, biological, and physical processes relevant to separation, analysis, and detection. Currently, microfluidic devices play an important role in many biological, chemical, physical, biotechnological and engineering applications. There are numerous ways to fabricate the necessary microchannels and integrate them into microfluidic platforms. In peptidomics and proteomics, microfluidics is often used in combination with mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. This review provides an overview of using microfluidic systems for peptidomics, proteomics and cell analysis. The application of microfluidics in combination with MS detection and other novel techniques to answer clinical questions is also discussed in the context of disease diagnosis and therapy. Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip (electro)separation methods in proteomic and peptidomic analysis are summarized. The state of the art of microchip platforms for cell sorting and single-cell analysis is also discussed. Advances in detection methods are reported, and new applications in proteomics and peptidomics, quality control of peptide and protein pharmaceuticals, analysis of proteins and peptides in biomatrices and determination of their physicochemical parameters are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Vitorino
- UnIC, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4785-999 Porto, Portugal
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 00351234 Aveiro, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 00351234 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Sofia Guedes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 00351234 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - João Pinto da Costa
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 00351234 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemigovo n. 542/2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Sorensen MJ, Kennedy RT. Capillary ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for fast and high resolution metabolomics separations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461706. [PMID: 33229007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS is an important tool for metabolomics due its high sensitivity and broad metabolite coverage. The goal of improving resolution and decreasing analysis time in HPLC has led to the use of 5 - 15 cm long columns packed with 1.7 - 1.9 µm particles requiring pressures of 8 - 12 kpsi. We report on the potential for capillary LC-MS based metabolomics utilizing porous C18 particles down to 1.1 µm diameter and columns up to 50 cm long with an operating pressure of 35 kpsi. Our experiments show that it is possible to pack columns with 1.1 µm porous particles to provide predicted improvements in separation time and efficiency. Using kinetic plots to guide the choice of column length and particle size, we packed 50 cm long columns with 1.7 µm particles and 20 cm long columns with 1.1 µm particles, which should produce equivalent performance in shorter times. Columns were tested by performing isocratic and gradient LC-MS analyses of small molecule metabolites and extracts from plasma. These columns provided approximately 100,000 theoretical plates for metabolite standards and peak capacities over 500 in 100 min for a complex plasma extract with robust interfacing to MS. To generate a given peak capacity, the 1.1 µm particles in 20 cm columns required roughly 75% of the time as 1.7 µm particles in 50 cm columns with both operated at 35 kpsi. The 1.1 µm particle packed columns generated a given peak capacity nearly 3 times faster than 1.7 µm particles in 15 cm columns operated at ~10 kpsi. This latter condition represents commercial state of the art for capillary LC. To consider practical benefits for metabolomics, the effect of different LC-MS variables on mass spectral feature detection was evaluated. Lower flow rates (down to 700 nL/min) and larger injection volumes (up to 1 µL) increased the features detected with modest loss in separation performance. The results demonstrate the potential for fast and high resolution separations for metabolomics using 1.1 µm particles operated at 35 kpsi for capillary LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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12
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Miller KE, Jorgenson JW. Comparison of microcapillary column length and inner diameter investigated with gradient analysis of lipids by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4094-4102. [PMID: 32946185 PMCID: PMC7727313 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological samples in lipidomic studies can consist of extremely complex mixtures due to the diverse range of species and isomerism. Herein, highly efficient, in-house packed microcapillary columns introduce the potential to better separate these complex mixtures. We compared the effects of changing column length (15, 30, and 60 cm) and inner diameter (75 and 100 μm) on lipid separation efficiency by reversed-phase gradient analysis using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with operating pressures ranging from 450 to 2200 bar. Seven lipid standards composed of phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol species were analyzed at four different gradient rates to calculate conditional peak capacity. The longest column, 60 cm, at the shallowest gradient of 2% gave the highest peak capacity of 359 with a separation window of 2 h. The intermediate column length of 30 cm with 75 μm inner diameter provided a peak capacity of 287 with a separation window of 1 h. There was no significant difference in peak capacity between 75 and 100 μm inner diameter columns. This study showed that using highly efficient microcapillary columns increased peak capacity and resolution of lipids, and thus, this technique seems promising for enhancing lipid coverage and enabling better discovery of lipid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Miller
- Center for Environmental Measurement and ModelingU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina27709USA
| | - James W. Jorgenson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina27599USA
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13
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Sanders KL, Edwards JL. Nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and recent applications in omics investigations. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4404-4417. [PMID: 32901622 PMCID: PMC7530103 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is one of the most powerful tools in identifying and quantitating molecular species. Decreasing column diameter from the millimeter to micrometer scale is now a well-developed method which allows for sample limited analysis. Specific fabrication of capillary columns is required for proper implementation and optimization when working in the nanoflow regime. Coupling the capillary column to the mass spectrometer for electrospray ionization (ESI) requires reduction of the subsequent emitter tip. Reduction of column diameter to capillary scale can produce improved chromatographic efficiency and the reduction of emitter tip size increased sensitivity of the electrospray process. This improved sensitivity and ionization efficiency is valuable in analysis of precious biological samples where analytes vary in size, ion affinity, and concentration. In this review we will discuss common approaches and challenges in implementing nLC-MS methods and how the advantages can be leveraged to investigate a wide range of biomolecules.
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14
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Sorensen MJ, Miller KE, Jorgenson JW, Kennedy RT. Ultrahigh-Performance capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry at 35 kpsi for separation of lipids. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460575. [PMID: 31607445 PMCID: PMC6980658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in sample preparation, separation, and mass spectrometry continue to expand the coverage in LC-MS based lipidomics. While longer columns packed with smaller particles in theory give higher separation performance compared to shorter columns, the implementation of this technology above commercial limits has been sparse due to difficulties in packing long columns and successfully operating instruments at ultrahigh pressures. In this work, a liquid chromatograph that operates up to 35 kpsi was investigated for the separation and identification of lipid species from human plasma. Capillary columns between 15-50 cm long were packed with 1.7 µm BEH C18 particles and evaluated for their ability to separate lipid isomers and complex lipid extracts from human plasma. Putative lipid class identifications were assigned using accurate mass and relative retention time data of the eluting peaks. Our findings indicate that longer columns packed and operated at 35 kpsi outperform shorter columns packed and run at lower pressures in terms of peak capacity and numbers of features identified. Packing columns with relatively high concentration slurries (200 mg/mL) while sonicating the column resulted in 6-34% increase in peak capacity for 50 cm columns compared to lower slurry concentrations and no sonication. For a given analysis time, 50 cm long columns operated at 35 kpsi provided a 20-95% increase in chromatographic peak capacity compared with 15 cm columns operated at 15 kpsi. Analysis times up to 4 h were evaluated, generating peak capacities up to 410 ± 5 (n = 3, measured at 4σ) and identifying 480 ± 85 lipids (n = 2). Importantly, the results also show a correlation between the peak capacity and the number of lipids identified from a human plasma extract. This correlation indicates that ionization suppression is a limiting factor in obtaining sufficient signal for identification by mass spectrometry. The result also shows that the higher resolution obtained by shallow gradients overcomes possible signal reduction due to broader, more dilute peaks in long gradients for improving detection of lipids in LC-MS. Lastly, longer columns operated at shallow gradients allowed for the best separation of both regional and geometrical isomers. These results demonstrate a system that enables the advantages of using longer columns packed and run at ultrahigh pressure for improving lipid separations and lipidome coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kelsey E Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Continued improvements in HPLC have led to faster and more efficient separations than previously possible. One important aspect of these improvements has been the increase in instrument operating pressure and the advent of ultrahigh pressure LC (UHPLC). Commercial instrumentation is now capable of up to ~20 kpsi, allowing fast and efficient separations with 5-15 cm columns packed with sub-2 μm particles. Home-built instruments have demonstrated the benefits of even further increases in instrument pressure. The focus of this review is on recent advancements and applications in liquid chromatography above 20 kpsi. We outline the theory and advantages of higher pressure and discuss instrument hardware and design capable of withstanding 20 kpsi or greater. We also overview column packing procedures and stationary phase considerations for HPLC above 20 kpsi, and lastly highlight a few recent applicatioob pressure instruments for the analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brady G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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16
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Martinez A, Knaub K, Monter M, Hekmat D, Weuster-Botz D. Improved packing of preparative biochromatography columns by mechanical vibration. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2950. [PMID: 31845490 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The bioprocessing industry relies on packed-bed column chromatography as its primary separation process to attain the required high product purities and fulfill the strict requirements from regulatory bodies. Conventional column packing methods rely on flow packing and/or mechanical compression. In this work, the application of ultrasound and mechanical vibration during packing was studied with respect to packing density and homogeneity. We investigated two widely used biochromatography media, incompressible ceramic hydroxyapatite, and compressible polymethacrylate-based particles, packed in a laboratory-scale column with an inner diameter of 50 mm. It was shown that ultrasonic irradiation led to reduced particle segregation during sedimentation of a homogenized slurry of polymethacrylate particles. However, the application of ultrasound did not lead to an improved microstructure of already packed columns due to the low volumetric energy input (~152 W/L) caused by high acoustic reflection losses. In contrast, the application of pneumatic mechanical vibration led to considerable improvements. Flow-decoupled axial linear vibration was most suitable at a volumetric force output of ~1,190 N/L. In the case of the ceramic hydroxyapatite particles, a 13% further decrease of the packing height was achieved and the reduced height equivalent to a theoretical plate (rHETP) was decreased by 44%. For the polymethacrylate particles, a 18% further packing consolidation was achieved and the rHETP was reduced by 25%. Hence, it was shown that applying mechanical vibration resulted in more efficiently packed columns. The application of vibration furthermore is potentially suitable for in situ elimination of flow channels near the column wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Martinez
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Konstantin Knaub
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Marc Monter
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Dariusch Hekmat
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
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17
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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18
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Ali A, Sun G, Kim JS, Cheong WJ. Polystyrene bound silica monolith particles of reduced size as stationary phase of excellent separation efficiency in high performance liquid chromatograhy. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1594:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Kovalchuk SI, Jensen ON, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A. FlashPack: Fast and Simple Preparation of Ultrahigh-performance Capillary Columns for LC-MS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:383-390. [PMID: 30373789 PMCID: PMC6356079 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.tir118.000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (cUHPLC) is essential for in-depth characterization of complex biomolecule mixtures by LC-MS. We developed a simple and fast method called FlashPack for custom packing of capillary columns of 50-100 cm length with sub- 2 μm sorbent particles. FlashPack uses high sorbent concentrations of 500-1,000 mg/ml for packing at relatively low pressure of 100 bar. Column blocking by sorbent aggregation is avoided during the packing by gentle mechanical tapping of the capillary proximal end by a slowly rotating magnet bar. Utilizing a standard 100-bar pressure bomb, Flashpack allows for production of 15-25 cm cUHPLC columns within a few minutes and of 50 cm cUHPLC columns in less than an hour. Columns exhibit excellent reproducibility of back-pressure, retention time, and resolution (CV 8.7%). FlashPack cUHPLC columns are inexpensive, robust and deliver performance comparable to commercially available cUHPLC columns. The FlashPack method is versatile and enables production of cUHPLC columns using a variety of sorbent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Kovalchuk
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ole N Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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20
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Dams M, Dores-Sousa JL, Lamers RJ, Treumann A, Eeltink S. High-Resolution Nano-Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection for the Bottom-Up Analysis of Complex Proteomic Samples. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Power Law Approach as a Convenient Protocol for Improving Peak Shapes and Recovering Areas from Partially Resolved Peaks. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Characterization of radial and axial heterogeneities of chromatographic columns by flow reversal. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1567:164-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Axial heterogeneities in capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography columns: Chromatographic and bed morphological characterization. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based liquid chromatographic separations in microfluidic devices - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1021:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Gritti F. A stochastic view on column efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1540:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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On the relationship between radial structure heterogeneities and efficiency of chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1533:112-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Groskreutz SR, Horner AR, Weber SG. Development of a 1.0 mm inside diameter temperature-assisted focusing precolumn for use with 2.1 mm inside diameter columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Reising AE, Schlabach S, Baranau V, Stoeckel D, Tallarek U. Analysis of packing microstructure and wall effects in a narrow-bore ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography column using focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Wahab MF, Patel DC, Wimalasinghe RM, Armstrong DW. Fundamental and Practical Insights on the Packing of Modern High-Efficiency Analytical and Capillary Columns. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8177-8191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Darshan C. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rasangi M. Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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30
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Blue LE, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias JP, Grinias KM, Lunn DB, Moore SM. Recent advances in capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:17-39. [PMID: 28599863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the twenty years since its initial demonstration, capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has proven to be one of most powerful separation techniques for the analysis of complex mixtures. This review focuses on the most recent advances made since 2010 towards increasing the performance of such separations. Improvements in capillary column preparation techniques that have led to columns with unprecedented performance are described. New stationary phases and phase supports that have been reported over the past decade are detailed, with a focus on their use in capillary formats. A discussion on the instrument developments that have been required to ensure that extra-column effects do not diminish the intrinsic efficiency of these columns during analysis is also included. Finally, the impact of these capillary UHPLC topics on the field of proteomics and ways in which capillary UHPLC may continue to be applied to the separation of complex samples are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Blue
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Edward G Franklin
- HPLC Research & Development, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Kaitlin M Grinias
- Department of Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Daniel B Lunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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31
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Reising AE, Godinho JM, Jorgenson JW, Tallarek U. Bed morphological features associated with an optimal slurry concentration for reproducible preparation of efficient capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1504:71-82. [PMID: 28511930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Column wall effects and the formation of larger voids in the bed during column packing are factors limiting the achievement of highly efficient columns. Systematic variation of packing conditions, combined with three-dimensional bed reconstruction and detailed morphological analysis of column beds, provide valuable insights into the packing process. Here, we study a set of sixteen 75μm i.d. fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.9μm, C18-modified, bridged-ethyl hybrid silica particles slurried in acetone to concentrations ranging from 5 to 200mg/mL. Bed reconstructions for three of these columns (representing low, optimal, and high slurry concentrations), based on confocal laser scanning microscopy, reveal morphological features associated with the implemented slurry concentration, that lead to differences in column efficiency. At a low slurry concentration, the bed microstructure includes systematic radial heterogeneities such as particle size-segregation and local deviations from bulk packing density near the wall. These effects are suppressed (or at least reduced) with higher slurry concentrations. Concomitantly, larger voids (relative to the mean particle diameter) begin to form in the packing and increase in size and number with the slurry concentration. The most efficient columns are packed at slurry concentrations that balance these counteracting effects. Videos are taken at low and high slurry concentration to elucidate the bed formation process. At low slurry concentrations, particles arrive and settle individually, allowing for rearrangements. At high slurry concentrations, they arrive and pack as large patches (reflecting particle aggregation in the slurry). These processes are discussed with respect to column packing, chromatographic performance, and bed microstructure to help reinforce general trends previously described. Conclusions based on this comprehensive analysis guide us towards further improvement of the packing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arved E Reising
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States.
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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32
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Huckabee AG, Yerneni C, Jacobson RE, Alzate EJ, Chen TH, Wirth MJ. In-column bonded phase polymerization for improved packing uniformity. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2170-2177. [PMID: 28387037 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to pack chromatographic particles having polymeric-bonded phases because solvents used for making a stable slurry cause the polymer layer to swell. Growth of the polymer inside the column (in situ) after packing was investigated and compared with conventional, ex situ polymer growth. The method of activators generated by electron transfer, along with atom-transfer radical polymerization, enabled polymerization under ambient conditions. Nonporous, 0.62 μm silica particles with silane initiators were used. Polyacrylamide films with a hydrated thickness of 23 nm in 75:25 water/isopropanol grew in 55 min for both in situ and ex situ preparations, and the same carbon coverage was observed. Higher chromatographic resolution and better column-to-column reproducibility were observed for in situ polymer growth, as evaluated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the model glycoprotein, ribonuclease B. In situ polymer growth was also found to give lower eddy diffusion, as shown by a narrower peak width for injected acetonitrile in 50:50 acetonitrile/water. When columns were packed more loosely, bed collapse occurred quickly for ex situ, but not for in situ, polymer growth. The higher resolution and stability for in situ polymer growth is explained by packing with hard, rather than soft, contacts between particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charu Yerneni
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Edwin J Alzate
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tse-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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