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Sanchez M, Rouvière F, Crepier J, Faure K. LCxSFC Valve Technologies: Guidelines toward a Successful Online Modulation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:15692-15701. [PMID: 39302415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Online two-dimensional liquid chromatography can be used under various separation modes but is sometimes limited in terms of orthogonality, especially for the analysis of neutral compounds. The use of SFC in the second dimension offers a wide choice of mobile and stationary phases, suggesting retention properties complementary to those of the first dimension. Initial works on online LCxSFC coupling published in the literature highlighted the first difficulties of solvent compatibility or potential problems with bubbles created by CO2 in loops. The present work highlights the impact of the interface between the LC and SFC dimensions on the performance of the 2D separation. Six different configurations have been evaluated, differing by the addition of a makeup flow in the first dimension, a division, or a separation of flow paths in the second dimension. Their performances with empty loops eliminated the need for complex trapping columns, regardless of the LC mobile phase nature. Injection in partial fill mode was possible without any problems of CO2 bubble formation, solvent miscibility, pressure, or modulation repeatability in each of the studied configurations. Selected configurations even allowed for the use of a mobile phase split upstream of the valve, so that the online LCxSFC configuration could be as flexible as LCxLC instrumentation in terms of the first dimension flow rate or second dimension injected volume. The obtained results allowed for building guidelines presenting the best interfaces to set up depending on the nature of the mobile phases in both dimensions. Two applications on monomers of lignin and industrial polymers confirmed preliminary results on configuration testing and illustrated that online LCxSFC could now be easily implemented. Precision tests on retention time were conclusive and are promising for the future use of this technique in industrial routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Sanchez
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France
- TotalEnergies One Tech, Centre de Recherches de Solaize TotalEnergies, Chemin du canal, Solaize 69360, France
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Julien Crepier
- TotalEnergies One Tech, Centre de Recherches de Solaize TotalEnergies, Chemin du canal, Solaize 69360, France
| | - Karine Faure
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France
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2
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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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3
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Aly AA, Górecki T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography with reversed phase in both dimensions: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464824. [PMID: 38522405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), and in particular comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC), offers increased peak capacity, resolution and selectivity compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. It is commonly accepted that the technique produces the best results when the separation mechanisms in the two dimensions are completely orthogonal; however, the use of similar separation mechanisms in both dimensions has been gaining popularity as it helps avoid difficulties related to mobile phase incompatibility and poor column efficiency. The remarkable advantages of using reversed phase in both dimensions (RPLC×RPLC) over other separation mechanisms made it a promising technique in the separation of complex samples. This review discusses some physical and practical considerations in method development for 2D-LC involving the use of RP in both dimensions. In addition, an extensive overview is presented of different applications that relied on RPLC×RPLC and 2D-LC with reversed phase column combinations to separate components of complex samples in different fields including food analysis, natural product analysis, environmental analysis, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A Aly
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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4
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Neumann J, Schmidtsdorff S, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Controlling the elution order of insulin and its analogs in sub-/supercritical fluid chromatography using methanesulfonic acid and 18-crown-6 as mobile phase additives. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300520. [PMID: 37775313 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The purity analysis of therapeutic peptides can often be challenging, demanding the application of more than a single analytical technique. Supercritical fluid chromatography nowadays is a promising alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography, providing orthogonal and complementary information. This study investigated its applicability for the separation of human insulin, its analogs and degradation products. A previously published method development protocol for peptides up to 2000 Da was successfully applied to the higher molecular weight insulins (6 kDa). A single gradient method was optimized for all insulins using a Torus DEA column (100 × 3.0 mm, 1.7 μm), carbon dioxide and a modifier consisting of methanol/acetonitrile/water/methanesulfonic acid (65:35:2:0.1, v/v/v/v). Consecutively, the crown ether 18-crown-6, which is well known to complex charged lysine sidechains and other amino functionalities, was added to the modifier to evaluate its impact on selectivity. A decreased retention and a shift in the elution order for the insulins were observed. An inverse effect on retention was found when combined with a neutral stationary phase chemistry (Viridis BEH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neumann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Chromicent GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Chromicent GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria K Parr
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Papatheocharidou C, Samanidou V. Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Powerful Tool for Bioanalysis: The Paradigm of Antibiotics. Molecules 2023; 28:5056. [PMID: 37446719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The technique of two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography has managed to gain the recognition it deserves thanks to the advantages of satisfactory separations it can offer compared to simple one-dimensional. This review presents in detail key features of the technique, modes of operation, and concepts that ensure its optimal application and consequently the best possible separation of even the most complex samples. Publications focusing on the separation of antibiotics and their respective impurities are also presented, providing information concerning the analytical characteristics of the technique related to the arrangement of the instrument and the chromatographic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Papatheocharidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Stoll DR, Sylvester M, Euerby MR, Buckenmaier SMC, Petersson P. A Strategy for assessing peak purity of pharmaceutical peptides in reversed-phase chromatography methods using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Part II: Development of second-dimension gradient conditions. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1693:463873. [PMID: 36871316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The importance of therapeutic peptides continues to increase in the marketplace for treating a range of diseases including diabetes and obesity. Quality control analyses for these pharmaceutical ingredients usually depends on reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and it is critically important to ensure that no impurities coelute with the target peptide at levels that would compromise the safety or effectiveness of the drug products. This can be challenging due to the broad range of properties of impurities that can be present on one hand (e.g., amino acid substitutions, chain cleavages, etc.), and the similarity of other impurities on the other hand (e.g., d-/l-isomers). Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is a powerful analytical tool that is well suited to address this particular problem; the first dimension can be used to detect impurities over a broad range in properties, while the second dimension can be used to focus specifically on those species that might coelute with the target peptide in the first dimension. While hundreds of papers have been published on the use of 2D-LC for proteomics applications, there are very few papers that have focused on its use for characterisation of therapeutic peptides. This paper is the second in a two-part series. In Part I of the series, we studied several different column / mobile phase combinations that could be useful in 2D-LC separations of therapeutic peptides, with a focus on selectivity, peak shape, and complementarity to other combinations, particularly for isomeric peptides under mass spectrometry-friendly conditions (i.e., volatile buffers). In this second part in the series, we describe a strategy to derive second-dimension (2D) gradient conditions that both, ensure elution from the 2D column, and increase the likelihood of resolving peptides with very similar properties. We find that a two-step process yields conditions that place the target peptide in the middle of the 2D chromatogram. This process begins with two scouting gradient elution conditions in the second dimension of a 2D-LC system, followed by building and refining a retention model for the target peptide using a third separation. The process is shown to be generically useful by developing methods for four model peptides, and application to a sample of degraded model peptide to demonstrate its utility for resolving impurities in a real sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA.
| | - Maria Sylvester
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Melvin R Euerby
- Faculty of Science, Walton Hall, The Open University, MK7 6AA, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Patrik Petersson
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, 2770 Kastrup 2760, Denmark
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7
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Zhang L, Shen L, Zhong Q, Zhou T. Diluting modulation-based two dimensional-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for simultaneously determining multiclass prohibited substances in cosmetics. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463954. [PMID: 37011524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and comprehensive screening methods for prohibited substances in cosmetics is critical for ensuring the quality and safety of cosmetics used in everyday life. This study proposed a heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS) method based on online diluting modulation for detecting multiclass prohibited substances in cosmetics. The 2D-LC-MS method combines HILIC and RPLC techniques. Compounds near the dead time that the first dimensional HILIC could not separate were transferred to the second dimensional RPLC by valve switch, achieving good separation with a wide range of polarities. Moreover, the online diluting modulation solved the problem of mobile phase incompatibility, realizing an excellent column-head focusing effect and reducing the loss of sensitivity. Besides, the first dimensional analysis did not restrict the flow rate of the second dimensional analysis owing to the diluting modulation. We demonstrated the 2D-LC-MS system by determining 126 prohibited substances in cosmetic products, including hormones, local anesthetics, anti-infectives, adrenergic agents, antihistamines, pesticides, and other chemicals. All correlation coefficients of the compounds were above 0.9950. The LODs and the LOQs ranged from 0.000259 ng/mL to 16.6 ng/mL and 0.000864 ng/mL to 55.3 ng/mL, respectively. The RSDs% for intra-day and inter-day precision were within 6% and 14%, respectively. Compared with conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography methods, the established method expanded the analytical coverage of cosmetics-prohibited substances with reduced matrix effects for most compounds and improved sensitivity for polar analytes. The results indicated that the 2D-LC-MS method was a powerful tool for screening multiclass prohibited substances in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingling Shen
- Guangzhou Analytical Center, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Guangzhou Analytical Center, Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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8
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Enhancing the compatibility of normal-phase chromatography x reversed-phase chromatography by combination of low-temperature sensitive aqueous-phase compatible normal- phase chromatography and at-column dilution modulation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463821. [PMID: 36724722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The nearly opposite retention mechanism in the two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), which combines normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), shows extremely high orthogonality and theoretical peak capacity. However, peak breakthrough and peak distortion caused by the highly incompatible 2D mobile phases counteracts the advantages offered by high orthogonality. To address this difficulty, this study proposes a comprehensive two-dimensional NPLC × RPLC integrating temperature-sensitive aqueous-phase compatible normal-phase chromatography (TSACNPLC) and at-column dilution modulation (ACDM). The proposed 2D-LC system uses an aqueous-miscible acetonitrile/methanol eluent in the 1st D NPLC, instead of an aqueous-phase immiscible eluent, such as n-hexane/methanol, to increase the miscibility with the RP mobile phase system. Additionally, the system exploits temperature-sensitive retention behavior to enhance the retention ability of aqueous-phase compatible NPLC. To verify the feasibility of the proposed 2D-LC, this study selected three multi-component samples with mid-to-low polarity, including ethoxylated (n ≈ 6) bisphenol A (BPA-6EO), ethoxylated (n ≈ 6) tristearylphenol (TSP-6EO), and safflower methanol extract. Next, the effectiveness of the constructed 2D-LC was systematically investigated, including low temperature-induced retention enhancement of NPLC, overcoming solvent incompatibility by ACDM, and optimization of 2 D separation conditions, was systematically investigated.
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9
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Gu X, Yang L, Tao Q, Ai J, Yan C, Zheng J, Hong L. Application of heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the characterization of highly polar impurities in calcium gluconate injection. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Buckenmaier S, Petersson P. Dealing with Wandering First-Dimension Peaks in 2D-LC Separations. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.me6285m3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The retention of large molecules, such as peptides and proteins, is strongly dependent on mobile-phase composition and temperature. Consequently, the retention times (tR) of these molecules often fluctuate from one separation to the next. In two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), this fluctuation can be challenging to deal with, especially if only one or a few specific peaks in the first dimension (1D) separation are targeted for further separation. In this installment, we describe instrumental concepts that are useful for coping with this challenge.
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11
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Lambiase G, Inman SE, Muroni M, Lindo V, Dickman MJ, James DC. High-throughput multiplex analysis of mAb aggregates and charge variants by automated two-dimensional size exclusion-cation exchange chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462944. [PMID: 35344792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are extremely complex due to the presence of structural modifications resulting from enzymatic and chemical reactions such as glycosylation, glycation, deamidation, isomerisation, oxidation, aggregation and fragmentation. Size and charge variants analysis are carried out from the early stages of drug development throughout product lifetime to investigate product degradation pathways and optimise process conditions. However, conventional analytical workstreams for size and charge variant characterization are both time and sample demanding, requiring the application of multiple analytical methods. This study presents the development of a novel 2D-LC/MS approach combining both aggregate and charge variant profiling of a mAb candidate in a single method. Aggregate quantification was performed in the first dimension (1D) by size exclusion chromatography SEC, followed by online fraction transfer of the monomer peak to the second dimension (2D) by a heart-cutting for charge variant analysis by cation exchange chromatography (CEX). Aiming to maximise the information obtained from minimal sample and time required for analysis, a salt-based separation with UV detection was developed for supporting the processing of a large number of samples to facilitate high-throughput process development (HTPD). In addition, a mass spectrometry (MS) compatible SEC-CEX separation was developed enabling online charge variant peak identification. This study presented the ability to multiplex mAb size and charge variants analysis by coupling SEC with CEX in a 2D-LC set-up. To date, this is the first 2D SEC-CEX-UV(-MS) application for intact mAb analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lambiase
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E Inman
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Muroni
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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12
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Online pressurized liquid extraction enables directly chemical analysis of herbal medicines: A mini review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114332. [PMID: 34455204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extraction is responsible for transferring components from solid materials into solvent. Tedious extraction procedures are usually involved in liquid chromatography-based chemical analysis of herbal medicines (HMs), resulting in extensive consumptions of organic solvents, time, energy, and materials, as well as the significant chemical degradation risks for those labile compounds. Fortunately, an emerging online pressurized liquid extraction (OLE, also known as online liquid extraction) technique has been developed for the achievement of directly chemical analysis for solid matrices in recent years, and in a short period, this versatile technique has been widely applied for the chemical analysis of HMs. In the present mini-review, we aim to briefly summarize the principles, the instrumentation, along with the application progress of this robust and flexible extraction technique in the latest six years, and the emerging challenges and future prospects are discussed as well. Special attention is paid onto the hyphenation of the versatile OLE module with LC-MS instrument. The described information is expected to introduce a promising OLE approach and to provide the guidance for the achievement of directly chemical analysis of, but not limited to, HMs.
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13
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Chapel S, Heinisch S. Strategies to circumvent the solvent strength mismatch problem in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:7-26. [PMID: 34525266 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a powerful technique for the separation of highly complex samples. Due to the addition of the second dimension of separation, impressive peak capacities can be obtained within a reasonable analysis time compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. In online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, the separation power is maximized by selecting two separation dimensions as orthogonal as possible, which most often requires the combination of different mobile phases and stationary phases. The online transfer of a given solvent from the first dimension to the second dimension may cause severe injection effects in the second dimension, mostly due to solvent strength mismatch. Those injection effects may include peak broadening, peak distortion, peak splitting or breakthrough phenomenon. They are often found to reduce significantly the peak capacity and the peak intensity. To overcome such effects, arising specifically in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, different methods have been developed over the years. In this review, we focused on the most recently reported ones. A critical discussion, supported by a theoretical approach, gives an overview of their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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14
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Makey DM, Wang H, Shchurik V, Singh AN, Stoll DR, Mangion I, Regalado EL. In Silico Multifactorial Modeling for Streamlined Development and Optimization of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11532-11539. [PMID: 34375071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continued adoption of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) in industrial laboratories will depend on the development of approaches to make method development for 2D-LC more systematic, less tedious, and less reliant on user expertise. In this paper, we build on previous efforts in these directions by describing the use of multifactorial modeling software that can help streamline and simplify the method development process for 2D-LC. Specifically, we have focused on building retention models for second dimension (2D) separations involving variables including gradient time, temperature, organic modifier blending, and buffer concentration using LC simulator (ACD/Labs) software. Multifactorial retention modeling outcomes are illustrated as resolution map planes or cubes that enable straightforward location of 2D conditions that maximize resolution while minimizing analysis time. We also illustrate the practicality of this approach by identifying conditions that yield baseline separation of all compounds co-eluting from a first dimension (1D) separation using a single combination of 2D stationary phase and elution conditions. The multifactorial retention models were found to be very accurate for both the 1D and 2D separations, with differences between experimental and simulated retention times of less than 0.5%. Pharmaceutical applications of this approach for multiple heartcutting 2D-LC were demonstrated using IEC-IEC or achiral RPLC-chiral RPLC for 2D separations of multicomponent mixtures. The framework outlined here should help make 2D-LC method development more systematic and streamline development and optimization for a variety of 2D-LC applications in both industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Devin M Makey
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew N Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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15
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A selective comprehensive reversed-phase×reversed-phase 2D-liquid chromatography approach with multiple complementary detectors as advanced generic method for the quality control of synthetic and therapeutic peptides. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Wasalathanthri DP, Rehmann MS, Song Y, Gu Y, Mi L, Shao C, Chemmalil L, Lee J, Ghose S, Borys MC, Ding J, Li ZJ. Technology outlook for real‐time quality attribute and process parameter monitoring in biopharmaceutical development—A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3182-3198. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S. Rehmann
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Yuanli Song
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Yan Gu
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Luo Mi
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Chun Shao
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Letha Chemmalil
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael C. Borys
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Julia Ding
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company Devens Massachusetts
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17
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Cacciola F, Rigano F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography as a powerful tool for the analysis of food and food products. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Nardiello D, Melfi MT, Pignatelli C, Centonze D. Enhancing online protein isolation as intact species from soy flour samples by actively modulated two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112976. [PMID: 31757574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an enhanced fully automated approach is described for the protein isolation from soy flour samples by two-dimensional liquid chromatography with active modulation interface. The use of two multi-port switching valves is proposed to on-line connect the first to the second dimension column, thus overcoming the problems associated with the re-mixing effects and incompatibility of eluent composition and pH. A 5-cm long C4 analytical column installed in the interface device allows to focus the proteins coming from the first column (size exclusion chromatography), before their selective elution in the second column (reversed-phase). A trap washing step was included in the total workflow, as a desalting step to remove buffer residues from the eluent of the first column and to enhance the chromatographic performances of the second column. The experimental conditions were optimized by analyses of mixed standard solutions of bovine serum albumin, glucose oxidase, immunoglobulin A, thyroglobulin and myoglobin. Then, the optimized 2D-LC method was applied to the protein analysis in extracts of soy flour, known worldwide as one of the major food allergen sources, with the final aim to recovery sufficient protein amounts for the molecular characterization and the assessment of the pattern of allergenic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Nardiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Melfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carla Pignatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
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20
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Application of the new at-column dilution (ACD) modulator for the two-dimensional RP×HILIC analysis of Buddleja davidii. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1483-1495. [PMID: 31965244 PMCID: PMC7026260 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study was the analysis of the complex chemical composition from different parts of Buddleja davidii, whose species are commonly known as ornamental plants and herbal medicines in many countries. As an herbal medicine, it has been utilized for stroke treatments, headache, wound healing, neurological disorder, etc. However, the understanding of its chemical matrices is still insufficient. Therefore, an online two-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography x hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (RPLCxHILIC) system coupled with mass spectrometry was applied for further detailed investigation of the chemical constituents in Buddleja dividii. In this two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) method, a new at-column dilution (ACD) modulator was introduced in the 2D-LC system to solve the incompatibility problem of the mobile phase between two dimensions, which resulted in a 2D-LC analysis with high orthogonality. For the root extract, as one of the analyzed samples, the optimization of the 1D and 2D gradients was carried out carefully. With this new modulator, much better peak separation and better peak shape were achieved compared to two-dimensional liquid chromatography system using a traditional standard (TS) modulator. With a similar approach, the other four parts of Buddleja davidii were well separated. Comparing the different analyzed parts, flowers and leaves showed the most complex profiles. MS and MS/MS data were obtained successfully, which demonstrated the potential of the proposed RPLCxHILIC-MS system in the constituents’ analysis of herbal medicine. However, due to the lack of reported reference information, 24 compounds could be tentatively identified.
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21
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Beccaria M, Cabooter D. Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis. Analyst 2020; 145:1129-1157. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) based techniques in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) detection have had a large impact on the development of new pharmaceuticals in the past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beccaria
- KU Leuven
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Leuven
- Belgium
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22
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Montero L, Herrero M. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography approaches in Foodomics – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1083:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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Chen Y, Montero L, Schmitz OJ. Advance in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography modulation technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Chen Y, Li J, Schmitz OJ. Development of an At-Column Dilution Modulator for Flexible and Precise Control of Dilution Factors to Overcome Mobile Phase Incompatibility in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10251-10257. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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25
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Separation and Characterization of New Components and Impurities in Leucomycin by Multiple Heart-Cutting Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Combined with Ion Trap/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Liu G, Xu Y, Sang J, Zhu B, Wang J. Characterization of a new component and impurities in josamycin by trap-free two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1058-1066. [PMID: 30907019 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The toxicities of the impurities of a drug will affect the clinical effects and cause potential health risk; therefore, it is essential to study profiles of the impurities. In this study, a new structural type of component and two acid degradation impurities in josamycin were discovered and characterized for the further improvement of official monographs in pharmacopoeias. METHODS The component and acid degradation impurities in josamycin were separated and preliminary characterized by trap-free two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D LC/IT-TOF MS) in both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode. The eluent of each peak from the first dimensional chromatographic system was trapped by a switching valve and subsequently transferred to the second dimensional chromatographic system, which was connected to the mass spectrometer. Full scan MS was firstly conducted to obtain the exact m/z values of the molecules. Then LC/MS/MS and LC/MS/MS/MS experiments were performed on the compounds of interest. RESULTS A new structural type of component, which was named as josamycin A, and two acid degradation impuritiess, which were identified as impurity I and impurity II, were discovered in josamycin. Their structures and fragmentation pattern were deduced according to MSn data. Furthermore, josamycin A was synthesized and impurity I was separated by preparative HPLC. The structures of josamycin A and the impurities were confirmed by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR data. CONCLUSIONS Josamycin A was produced when the hydroxyl group on the macrolide of josamycin was oxidized into a carbonyl group. Impurity I and impurity II were produced by the loss of one molecule of acetyl mycaminose from josamycin and josamycin A, respectively. Compared with josamycin, the experimental results showed that josamycin A had a higher antibacterial activity with similar cytotoxicity, while impurity I had no antibacterial activity but a higher cytotoxicity. As a result, the control of impurity I is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jing Sang
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
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27
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W. J. Pirok
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Long Z, Zhan Z, Guo Z, Li Y, Yao J, Ji F, Li C, Zheng X, Ren B, Huang T. A novel two-dimensional liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry method for direct drug impurity identification from HPLC eluent containing ion-pairing reagent in mobile phases. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1049:105-114. [PMID: 30612641 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel two dimensional liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS) method with use of a weak anion exchange column between the 1st DLC RP column and the 2nd DLC RP column (RP1-WAX-RP2) was developed and applied to identify drug impurities from MS incompatible mobile phases containing sodium 1-octanesulfonate and non-volatile buffer. The 1st DLC conditions follow exactly the original standard HPLC method recorded in Chinese Pharmacopeia (ChP), European Pharmacopeia (EP) or US Pharmacopeia (USP). An impurity fraction was collected with a built-in sample loop (100 μL) and transferred to the WAX column where 1-octanesulfonate and phosphate were trapped and removed. While, the impurity and other cations were eluted to the 2nd D column (RP2) for separation and identification by connected IT-TOF MS. Methods were programmed and applied to identify impurities in two generic drugs, sulpiride (hydrophilic drug with logP 0.57) and dobutamine (hydrophobic drug with logP 3.6). The results indicate that the methods based on RP1-WAX-RP2 column configuration offer a feasible solution for direct impurity identification in generic drug product or API without needs of off-line desalting from the MS incompatible mobile phases containing ion-pairing reagent and non-volatile buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Long
- Shimadzu Scientific Instrument Company, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhan
- Shimadzu (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd, 118264, Singapore
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yueqi Li
- Shimadzu Scientific Instrument Company, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Jinting Yao
- Shimadzu Scientific Instrument Company, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Shimadzu Scientific Instrument Company, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Changkun Li
- Shimadzu Scientific Instrument Company, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Shimadzu Scientific Instrument Company, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Biao Ren
- Shimadzu Scientific Instrument Company, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Taohong Huang
- Shimadzu Scientific Instrument Company, Beijing, 100020, China
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29
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Wang Z, Ma H, Smith K, Wu S. Two-Dimensional Separation Using High-pH and Low-pH Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography for Top-down Proteomics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 427:43-51. [PMID: 31097918 PMCID: PMC6516780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in chromatographic separation are critical to in-depth top-down proteomics of complex intact protein samples. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography is the most prevalent technique for top-down proteomics. However, in cases of high complexities and large dynamic ranges, 1D-RPLC may not provide sufficient coverage of the proteome. To address these challenges, orthogonal separation techniques are often combined to improve the coverage and the dynamic range of detection. In this study, a "salt-free" high-pH RPLC was evaluated as an orthogonal dimension of separation to conventional low-pH RPLC with top-down MS. The RPLC separations with low-pH conditions (pH=2) and high-pH conditions (pH=10) were compared to confirm the good orthogonality between high-pH and low-pH RPLC's. The offline 2D RPLC-RPLC-MS/MS analyses of intact E. coli samples were evaluated for the improvement of intact protein identifications as well as intact proteoform characterizations. Compared to the 163 proteins and 328 proteoforms identified using a 1D RPLC-MS approach, 365 proteins and 886 proteoforms were identified using the 2D RPLC-RPLC top-down MS approach. Our results demonstrate that the 2D RPLC-RPLC top-down approach holds great potential for in-depth top-down proteomics studies by utilizing the high resolving power of RPLC separations and by using mass spectrometry compatible buffers for easy sample handling for online MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma,
101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Hongyan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma,
101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma
Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma,
101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Si
Wu, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson
Parkway, Room 2210, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-5251, United States, Phone: (405)
325-6931, , Fax: (405) 325-6111
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30
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Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2D-LC) in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Applications Beyond Increasing Peak Capacity. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Stoll DR, Shoykhet K, Petersson P, Buckenmaier S. Active Solvent Modulation: A Valve-Based Approach To Improve Separation Compatibility in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9260-9267. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Konstantin Shoykhet
- R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co KG, Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Str. 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Patrik Petersson
- Global
Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Stephan Buckenmaier
- R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co KG, Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Str. 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
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32
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Wang H, Xu T, Yuan J. The use of online heart-cutting high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry in the identification of impurities in vidarabine monophosphate. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1674-1685. [PMID: 28211639 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to identify unknown impurities in nucleotide analogues by mass spectrometry because mass-spectrometry-incompatible mobile phases need to be used to separate the major ingredient from impurities. In this study, vidarabine monophosphate was selected, and unknown impurities were identified by online heart-cutting two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography and linear ion trap mass spectrometry. The one-dimensional reversed-phase column was filled with a mobile phase containing nonvolatile salt. In two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, we used an Acclaim Q1 column with volatile salt, and the detection wavelength was 260 nm. The mass spectrum was scanned in positive- and negative-ion mode. The online heart-cutting and online demineralization technique ensured that the mobile phase was compatible with mass spectrometry; seven impurities were identified by MS2 and MS3 fragments. The mass fragmentation patterns of these impurities were investigated. The two isomers were semiprepared and complemented by nuclear magnetic resonance. The results were further compared with those of normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The online heart-cutting two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was superior in identifying more impurities. The method solves the problem of incompatibility between the mobile phase and mass spectrometry, so it is suitable for identifying unknown impurities. This method may also be used for investigating impurities in other nucleotide analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tongzhou Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojian Yuan
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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33
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Barhate CL, Regalado EL, Contrella ND, Lee J, Jo J, Makarov AA, Armstrong DW, Welch CJ. Ultrafast Chiral Chromatography as the Second Dimension in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Experiments. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3545-3553. [PMID: 28192943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation and analysis of complex mixtures of closely related species is one of the most challenging tasks in modern pharmaceutical analysis. In recent years, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has become a valuable tool for improving peak capacity and selectivity. However, the relatively slow speed of chiral separations has limited the use of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) as the second dimension in 2D-LC, especially in the comprehensive mode. Realizing that the recent revolution in the field of ultrafast enantioselective chromatography could now provide significantly faster separations, we herein report an investigation into the use of ultrafast chiral chromatography as a second dimension for 2D chromatographic separations. In this study, excellent selectivity, peak shape, and repeatability were achieved by combining achiral and chiral narrow-bore columns (2.1 mm × 100 mm and 2.1 mm × 150 mm, sub-2 and 3 μm) in the first dimension with 4.6 mm × 30 mm and 4.6 mm × 50 mm columns packed with highly efficient chiral selectors (sub-2 μm fully porous and 2.7 μm fused-core particles) in the second dimension, together with the use of 0.1% phosphoric acid/acetonitrile eluents in both dimensions. Multiple achiral × chiral and chiral × chiral 2D-LC examples (single and multiple heart-cutting, high-resolution sampling, and comprehensive) using ultrafast chiral chromatography in the second dimension are successfully applied to the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of closely related pharmaceuticals and synthetic intermediates, including chiral and achiral drugs and metabolites, constitutional isomers, stereoisomers, and organohalogenated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan L Barhate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | | | | | - Joon Lee
- Agilent Technologies, Incorporated , Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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