1
|
Sun T, Ba M, Song Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Cai Z, Hu S, Liu X, Nardiello D, Quinto M. Multipurpose new gas chromatography column based on pillararenes functionalized with imidazolium ionic liquids. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1291:342221. [PMID: 38280782 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gas chromatography is worldwide recognized as one of the most important analytical techniques, due to its high versatility and reliability. The heart of a gas chromatograph is the column, that allows analyte peak separations and, consequently, accurate qualitative and qualitative analyses. New and more efficient columns are always requested to satisfy new and challenging analytical needs. RESULTS In this work, imidazolium ionic liquids functionalized pillar [5] arenes have been used for the first time as gas chromatographic stationary phases, considering their highly symmetric pillar-shaped architecture with cavities rich in π-electrons. Four imidazolium ionic liquids functionalized pillar [5] arenes have been tested as stationary phases with numerous analytes and isomers. In particular, one of these showed superior performances if compared to commercial columns, enabling challenging isomeric separations of halogenated benzenes, aromatic aldehydes, and aromatic anilines. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of the ionic liquid P[n]A as a stationary phase in chromatography, either in GC or liquid chromatography (LC) separations. This work demonstrates the promising potential of ionic liquid P[n]A stationary phases for chromatographic separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, PR China.
| | - Mengyi Ba
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yanli Song
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wen Li
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, PR China
| | - YuanYuan Zhang
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Liaoning Province Professional and Technical Innovation Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, PR China
| | - Xianming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, PR China
| | - Donatella Nardiello
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural resource, and Engineering (DAFNE), via Napoli 25, I-71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural resource, and Engineering (DAFNE), via Napoli 25, I-71122, Foggia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saraji M, Nobakht G. Sponge-like porous manganese(II, III) oxide as a coating for solvent-assisted solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462947. [PMID: 35298937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A nanostructure sponge-like porous manganese(II, III) oxide was synthesized and applied as a new fiber coating for solvent-assisted solid-phase microextraction. The synthesized material was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and N2 adsorption/desorption techniques. To investigate the extraction performance of the prepared material, direct immersion solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the determination of the selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater samples. Three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including 1-methylnaphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene were selected as model analytes. To maximize the sensitivity of the method, key experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the analytes such as ionic strength, extraction solvent, stirring rate, extraction temperature and time, and desorption temperature and time were optimized. The applicability of the new coating material for the extraction of the selected analytes from wastewater samples was evaluated. Under the optimum conditions, detection limits between 0.7 and 1.5 ng L-1 were obtained for the model analytes. The linear dynamic range was 5.0-3.0 × 103 ng L-1 for all the analytes. Relative standard deviations were between 2 and 11%. In the case of real sample analysis, the extraction recoveries of the analytes were obtained in the range of 77-111%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran.
| | - Ghazal Nobakht
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chang G, Li J, Yang X, Zhang S, Zang X, Wang C, Wang Z. Triazine-based covalent organic polymer: A promising coating for solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3608-3617. [PMID: 34329505 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advancement of novel coating materials for solid-phase microextraction is highly needed for sample pretreatment. Herein, a triazine-based covalent organic polymer was constructed from the monomers of cyanuric chloride and trans-stilbene via the Friedel-Crafts reaction and thereafter used as a solid-phase microextraction fiber coating for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives. The newly-developed solid-phase microextraction method coupled with gas chromatography/flame ionization detection gives enhancement factors of 548-1236 and limits of detection of 0.40-2.81 ng/L for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. The one fiber precision for five replicate determinations of the analytes and the fiber-to-fiber precision with three parallel prepared fibers, expressed as relative standard deviations, was in the range of 4.6-9.4% and 6.2-10.9%, respectively. The relative recoveries of the analytes for environmental water samples were in the range of 88.6-106.4% with the relative standard deviations ranging from 4.0 to 11.7% (n = 5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Guifen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiu Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Xiumin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Shuaihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohuan Zang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jordan-Sinisterra M, Lanças FM. Microextraction by packed sorbent of selected pesticides in coffee samples employing ionic liquids supported on graphene nanosheets as extraction phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:413-423. [PMID: 33763748 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis, characterization, and use of ionic liquids supported on silica, functionalized with graphene oxide through covalent bonding (ILz/Si@GO), as sorbents for microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS). Seven selected pesticides (diazinon, heptachlor, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, endosulfan, and methoxychlor), used for the prevention of pests in coffee crops, and endosulfan sulfate-an endosulfan metabolite-were selected for this study as model compounds for evaluating the sorbent performance of the synthesized materials in the MEPS device. The cycles of each of the stages were previously optimized through univariate experiments to carry out the extraction. The ILz/Si@GO phase was compared to other sorbents used in MEPS (GO, DVB-MMA, C4/SiO2, C8/SiO2, ILz/SiO2, and bare silica) and also with graphene functionalized through other methodologies, where ILz/Si@GO showed the best results. The material was characterized using a range of techniques. The selectivity of the sorbent material and its adsorption capacity were evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The precision and accuracy of the method showed a relative standard deviation lower than 10% and recoveries from 35 to 97%. Finally, the proposed method was employed for the determination of pesticide residues in coffee samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Jordan-Sinisterra
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense 400, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Specific recognition of cationic paraquat in environmental water and vegetable samples by molecularly imprinted stir-bar sorptive extraction based on monohydroxylcucurbit[7]uril-paraquat inclusion complex. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:578. [PMID: 32975594 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted stir-bar coatings were created based on a hydroxylcucurbit[7]uril-paraquat inclusion complex. The inclusion complex that contained paraquat (PQ) as a template and monohydroxylcucurbit[7]uril ((OH)Q[7]) as a monomer was preassembled mainly through cavity inclusion interaction of (OH)Q[7] to form a one-dimensional self-assembly structure. The inclusion complex was anchored chemically on the surface of a glass stir bar with hydroxy-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) by the sol-gel technique to obtain a molecularly imprinted polymer-coated stir bar (MIP-SB). The molecularly imprinted coating showed specific adsorption for cationic PQ in aqueous media. Other quaternary amine compounds with a similar structure that coexisted in the solution, such as ethyl-viologen, diquat, and difenzoquat, were almost not extracted by the prepared MIP-SB. The sorptive capacity of the MIP-SB for PQ was nearly four times that of the non-imprinted stir bar (NIP-SB). The recognition mechanism indicated that the selectivity and extraction capacity resulted mainly from the imprinted cavity in the polymer that was formed by a one-dimensional assembly structure consisting of the (OH)Q[7]-PQ inclusion complex. The imprinted cavity was complementary to the PQ in shape, size, and functionality. A method to determine PQ in environmental water and vegetable samples was developed by combining MIP-SB sorptive extraction with HPLC-UV. The linear range was from 100 to 10,000 ng L-1 with a 8.2 ng L-1 detection limit for water samples and 0.02-0.85 mg kg-1 with a 0.005 mg kg-1 detection limit for vegetable samples. The limit of detection for both samples was lower than the EU-established maximum residual levels and that of other previously reported methods. The average recoveries were 70.0-96.1% with a relative standard deviation ≤ 7.6%, which showed the successful application in real sample analysis. Molecularly imprinted stir-bar coatings were created based on a hydroxylcucurbit[7]uril-paraquat (PQ) inclusion complex, which showed a specific recognition toward cationic PQ. A method to determine PQ in environmental water and vegetable samples was established by combining MIP-SB sorptive extraction with HPLC-UV.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jalili V, Barkhordari A, Ghiasvand A. Solid-phase microextraction technique for sampling and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
7
|
Monohydroxycucurbit[7]uril-coated stir-bar sorptive extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of apolar and polar organic compounds. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:846. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
8
|
Cucurbit[6]uril modified CdTe quantum dots fluorescent probe and its selective analysis of p-nitroaniline in environmental samples. Talanta 2019; 199:667-673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
9
|
Kędziora-Koch K, Wasiak W. Needle-based extraction techniques with protected sorbent as powerful sample preparation tools to gas chromatographic analysis: Trends in application. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1565:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
10
|
Wu Y, Xu L, Shen Y, Wang Y, Wang Q. Helianthus-like cucurbit[4]uril and cucurbit[5]uril analogues. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01595j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two cucurbituril-like macrocycles were synthesized by condensing cyclopentano-substituted propanediurea with formaldehyde in the presence and absence of Ca2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Lixi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yenan Shen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Qiaochun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|